Q1 _ GENBIO (1).pdf

Q1 | General Biology Cell Theory, Cell Organelles, Cell Types and Structure Origins of The Cell Theory The Cell Theory 1595 - Zacharias Janssen ✧ all living organisms are made up of one or more cells first compound microscope...

Q1 | General Biology Cell Theory, Cell Organelles, Cell Types and Structure Origins of The Cell Theory The Cell Theory 1595 - Zacharias Janssen ✧ all living organisms are made up of one or more cells first compound microscope was invented ↳ simple or complex, microscopic or macroscopic, 1665 - Robert Hooke unicellular or multicellular published Micrographia containing drawings of cork 1674 - Anton Van Leeuwenhook ✧ the cell is the basic structural and functional unit of observed organisms in drops of water through a simple life microscope ↳ all biological or living processes that occur within the 1838 - Matthias Schleiden body for it to survive occur in the cells concluded that all plants are composed of cells 1839 - Theodor Schwann ✧ cells arise from preexisting cells concluded that all animals are composed of cells ↳ postulated by Rudolf Virchow 1855 - Rudolf Virchow proposed that cells came from other existing cells, The Modern Cell Theory completing the cell theory Expansion of the original cell theory that incorporates molecular biology, biochemistry, genetics, and the like Robert Hookie (1665) 1. The cell contains hereditary information (DNA) ↳ coined cell that is passed on from cell to cell during cell ↳ small chambers within a cork under a microscope division ↳ unaware that cork cells are long dead cells with no 2. All cells are basically the same in chemical internal structures composition and metabolic activities 3. All basic chemical and physiological functions Matthias Schleidin (1838) are carried out inside the cells ↳ German Botanist 4. Cell activity depends on the activities of ↳ plants are made of cells subcellular structures within the cell (organelles) ↳ postulated that every living thing is made up of cells or a product of the cells Theodor Schwann (1839) ↳ German Physiologist ↳ all animals are made of cells ↳ realized similarities existed between plant and animal tissues Rudolf Virchow (1858) ↳ omnis cellula a cellula (all cells arise from cells) Q1 | General Biology Cell Theory, Cell Organelles, Cell Types and Structure The Cell and Its Organelles The Cell and Its Organelles Cell Wall ↳ makes the cell rigid ↳ plant - cellulose, fungi - chitin, bacteria - peptidoglycan Nucleolus ↳ produces ribosomes and RNA Nucleus ↳ command center ↳ contains DNA; arranged in threadlike structures called Prokaryotes Eukaryotes CHROMATIN term “pro” - before “eu” - body Ribosome nuclear membrane x ✓ ↳ protein factory cell wall peptidoglycan cellulose - plants, Vesicle (when present) chitin - fungi ↳ stores and transports materials membrane bound x ✓ organelle Vacuole genetic material single loop circular double stranded dna dna (linear) cytoskeleton x ✓ mitochondria x ✓ ↳ stores water, carbohydrates, proteins, and salt Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum ↳ produces proteins from RNA ↳ with attached ribosomes Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum ↳ without ribosomes ↳ synthesizes lipids ↳ stores calcium ion in muscle cells Golgi Apparatus ↳ packaging counter ↳ modifies proteins ↳ contains vesicles Cytoskeleton ↳ framework of the cell Q1 | General Biology Cell Theory, Cell Organelles, Cell Types and Structure ↳ bones and muscle ↳ holds organelles in place Mitochondria ↳ powerhouse of the cell ↳ produces ATP Cytoplasm ↳ gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of a cell Centrioles ↳ key player in cell division (animal) Plasma Membrane ↳ cell membrane ↳ boundary between the cell and its external environment Lysosomes ↳ breakdown carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids ↳ digest bacteria, viruses, and damaged cell components Cell Structure Plant Cell Animal Cell Cell Wall ✓ x Plastid ✓ x Vacuole single, large, centered small, numerous Centriole x ✓ Shape regular - rectangular Irregular - oval ✰ Chloroplast is only found in PLANT cells. ↳ produces food for the plant cell Plant Structural System Q1 | General Biology Cell Theory, Cell Organelles, Cell Types and Structure 1. Shoot System - above the ground ↳ appears longer 2. Root System - below the ground ↳ flexible and strong cell walls ↳ supports immature region of plants Plant Tissues Sclerenchyma 1. Dermal Tissues: Epidermis ↳ thick cell walls filled with lignin ↳ outer layer of tissue surrounding the entire ↳ water transport, resistance to various plant stresses ↳ covers and protects the plant ↳ makes the cell tough and hard ↳ controls gas exchange and water absorption ↳ mostly dead when they reach maturity ↳ supports mature region of the plant Cuticle ↳ minimize water loss can be classified as ↳ protects cell from bacteria and other organisms fibers - long, slender In Roots - grouped in bundles, commercially ↳ root hairs - long, slender projections important ↳ increase the surface area for absorption of sclereids water and minerals - shorter than fibers - in seeds of coats and nutshells In Stems - stone cells - gritty texture ↳ trichomes - hair produced by epidermal cells ↳ protects the plant from sunlight 3. Vascular Tissue ↳ reduce transpiration (conserve moisture) ↳ transport water and nutrients In Leaves Xylem ↳ guard cells (lower epidermis) ↳ transports water and minerals from roots to ↳ contains chloroplast and pores (stomata) leaves ↳ gas exchange ↳ two types of conducting cells (both hollow and nonliving): 2. Ground Tissue tracheid - elongated, obliques, tapering ↳ fills the inner part of the cell end walls parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma vessel elements - long tubes made of individual cells, open at each and are Parenchyma joined end to end to make a tube ↳ most abundant tissue Phloem ↳ big, thin - walled cells ↳ sucrose and other organic compounds from ↳ large vacuoles and air spaces in between cells roots to leaves ↳ support and storage of food sieve tube elements / sieve cells - ↳ penetration of light and regulation of gas elongated, arranged to form continuous exchange sieve tubes, has cytoplasm, no nucleus companion cells - lie adjacent to and share cytoplasm with sieve cells, Collenchyma provide metabolic support and ↳ thick - walled, uneven regulation ↳ appears in bundles underneath epidermis Q1 | General Biology Cell Theory, Cell Organelles, Cell Types and Structure Animal Structural System 2. Connective Tissue 1. Epithelial Tissue ↳ most abundant and most distributed tissue in ↳ epithelium complex animals ↳ tightly packed, continuous layers ↳ support, connect, separate different tissues and ↳ usually covers body surface, lines body organs in the body cavities and forms glands ↳ components: specialized, ground substance, ↳ secretion, absorption, excretion, filtration protein fibers ↳ can be: simple, stratified Primary Cells of Connective Tissues Simple Epithelial Tissue Fibroblasts - most common cell type (associated with the fibers ; collagen, elastic, reticular) - supports / connects other tissues or organs in the body Mast Cells - round / oval granule (secretory vesicles constituted of histamine, protease, and glycosaminoglycan) containing cells Plasma Cells - derived from B - lymphocytes (type of white blood cell) - produce large quantities of antibodies: found in the connective tissue of the Stratified Epithelial Tissue small intestine underneath the ↳ two or more layers of cells epithelium of villi Connective Tissue Cells Alveolar Macrophages (Dust Cells) - in air spaces - either ingested carbon particles or erythrocytes (red blood cells); are phagocytic cells Adipocytes (Fat Cells) - large cells specialized in storage of neutral fats or true fats that are uncharged and do not contain any acidic or basic group Leukocytes (White Blood Cells) - immunity cells Glandular Epithelial Tissue Extracellular Matrix ↳ secretes molecules ↳ ground substance and fibers ↳ can be: unicellular or multicellular Q1 | General Biology Cell Theory, Cell Organelles, Cell Types and Structure 1. Loose Connective Tissue ↳ platelets (thrombocytes), red blood cells ↳ widely distributed (erythrocytes), white blood cells (basophil, ↳ equal number of cells, fibers, ground substance neutrophil, eosinophil, monocyte, lymphocyte) ↳ collagen fibers are sparsely distributed 7. Adipose Tissue 2. Dense Connective Tissue ↳ primary energy reservoir ↳ collagens packed together ↳ primary composed of fat cells that store energy ↳ fewer cells in the form of triglycerides ↳ in tendons and ligaments Specialized Connective Tissue 8. Nervous Tissue Reticular Connective Tissue ↳ neurons (nerve cells) Cartilage - primary and practical units of the Bone sensory system: axon, cell body, Blood dendrites Adipose ↳ neurosecretory cells - specialized neurons that produce 3. Reticular Connective Tissue chemical messengers that are released ↳ present in red bone marrow, lymph nodes, and into the bloodstream and affect distant spleen target tissues ↳ neuroglia (glial cells) 4. Cartilage - developmental, physiological, and ↳ nonvascular metabolic support for neurons ↳ upper airways, external ears - responsible for maintaining homeostatic ↳ chondrocytes - principal cell control and immune surveillance in the ↳ lacunae - small chambers where chondrocytes nervous system are found 9. Muscular Tissue Types of Cartilage ↳ striated muscle or skeletal muscle cells Elastic Cartilage - most flexible [ear] - tube shaped, unbranched, multinucleated Hyaline Cartilage - 2nd most flexible ↳ heart muscle / cardiac muscle or compulsory [nose, ribs] muscle cells Fibro - Cartilage - least flexible [knee, - tube shaped, spread, uninucleated vertebrae] ↳ smooth muscle or compulsory muscle cells - long, shaft molded, solitary core 5. Bone Osteogenic Cell - stem cells, develops into an osteoblast Osteoblast - forms bone tissue Osteocyte - maintains bone tissue Osteoclast - functions in resorption, destruction of bone matrix 6. Blood ↳ fluid connective tissue in blood vessels