Biodiversity 2 PDF

What is ? BIODIVERSITY  Bio= Life  Diversity = Variety  It is the variety of life forms on earth and the essential interdependence of all living things.  Taxonomic Classification of Organisms  Domain  Kingdom  Phylum  Class  Order  Family  Genus ...

What is ? BIODIVERSITY  Bio= Life  Diversity = Variety  It is the variety of life forms on earth and the essential interdependence of all living things.  Taxonomic Classification of Organisms  Domain  Kingdom  Phylum  Class  Order  Family  Genus  Species “Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Soup”  Father of Taxonomy  Carolus Linnaeus- a Swedish naturalist and explorer who was the first to frame principles for defining natural genera and species of organisms and to create a uniform system for naming them (binomial nomenclature).  Taxonomy – is the science of naming, describing and classifying organisms and includes all plants, animals and microorganisms in the world.  Scientific name of a species that is set by binomial nomenclature entails two parts:  Generic name (genus)  Specific name (specific epithet or species) Definition of Terms  Extinction – the end of existence of a group of organism, caused by their inability to adapt to changing environmental conditions.  Species – is a group of organisms that have the same structure and can replace with one another.  Ecosystem – is a community of living organisms in conjunction with the nonliving components of their environment, interacting as a system. Causes of Species Extinction  Taking animals for profit  Hunting and trapping  Overharvesting  Destruction of habitat  Pollution Population  Isa group of living things within a certain area that are all of the same species.  Several different populations maybe found in the community. Communities  Communities with many different species (a high index of diversity) will be able to withstand environmental changes better than communities with only few species (a low index of diversity). index of diversity = no. of species no. of trees Community Index of Diversity  Vacant lots would have low I.D, since there are fewer species distribution.  Grass lawn also would have low I.D.  The tree would also have low I.D.  Communities with many different species have a high I.D.  If humans were concerned about biological diversity, would it be best to have a low or high I.D. for a particular environment? Why? Answer:  Communities with many different species have a high index of diversity. This will enable the communities to withstand environmental changes better than communities with only a few species or with low index of diversity. Measuring Population Density  Population Density – is a measurement of population per unit area or unit volume; density = no. of individuals size of area Example:  Suppose 60 ants live in a 4 sq m plot of grass. What would be the population density of ants? What would the population density be if 100 ants live in a 4 sq m plot of grass? Solution 1: density = no. of individuals size of area = 60 4 sq m = 15 ants/sq m  Population can be of the same size, but they may have different densities.  Differences in population density may be attributed to many factors:  When new members move into the ecosystem (immigration)  When members move out of an ecosystem (emigration)  Immigration – an animal establishes a home in a habitat because it has resources it can utilize or because the habitat is ideal for them.  Emigration – an animal leaves its home because the habitat is no longer ideal for them and they need to find a more suitable environment. Limiting Factor  Anything that limits the size of a population like certain environmental conditions are called limiting factors.  Limiting factors keep population from:  Increasing in size  Help balance an ecosystem  Examples of limiting factors: 1. Availability of food 2. water 3. Living condition 4. light 5. Temperature 6. soil nutrients Carrying Capacity  Themaximum population size an environment can support is called carrying capacity. What do you think will happen if Philippines will be overpopulated?  Ifthe population size rises above the carrying capacity, organism die because they cannot meet all their needs. Endangered but not Extinct  When species, population becomes so low that only few remain, the species is considered endangered will possibly extinct. Threatened Species  Criteriaused to classify threatened species:  Present destruction and modifications of their habitat  Natural or man-made factors  Population size reduction  Species’ geographic range Threatened Species  Categories of Threatened Species:  Critically endangered  Endangered  vulnerable Critically Endangered Species  Extremely high risk of extinction  Examples:  Tamaraw  Waling-waling (Vanda sanderiana)  Philippine Eagle  Dugong Endangered Species  Criticallyendangered but whose survival in the wild is unlikely.  Examples:  Butanding (Rhincodon typus)  Molave (Vitex parviflora)  Philippine Turtle (Siebenrockiella leytensis) Vulnerable Species  Not critically endangered but is under threat.  Examples:  Tiger cat (Prionailurus javanensis)  Apitong (Dipterocarpus grandiflorus)  Sea horse (Hippocampus pontohi and H. severnsi)  Philippine duck (Anas luzonica)  In the Philippines, some terrestrial species like: 1. Tamaraw in Mindoro 2. Mouse Deer in Palawan 3. Philippine Deer 4. Monkey-eating eagle Tamaraw in Mindoro  Alsocalled as Mindoro Dwarf Buffalo (Bubalus mindorensis) Mouse Deer in Palawan  Alsocalled as Pilandok (Balabac chevrotain) Philippine Deer  Also known as the Philippine Sambar or Philippine Brown Deer (Rusa marianna).  Monkey-eating eagle  Also known as the Philippine eagle (Pithecophaga jefferyi) Dugong  Aquatic species like: 1. Dugong (manatae) also known as sea cow (Dugong dugon) found in Negros, Batangas and Leyte are in danger of extinction. Threatened  There’s a particular species that declines so fast that it becomes endangered and it is said to be threatened.  Example: A study conducted by field biologists on population size and distribution of Philippine fauna, they reported that as of 1991, 89 species of birds Are internationally 44 species of mammals threatened 8 species of reptiles These include also the Philippines Eagle or Monkey- eating Eagle.  10 of the World’s Most Endangered Animals in 2023  Amur Leopard – most endangered in 2022; estimated to be 84  Rhino – 3 of the five species of rhino are among the most endangered; black rhino, Javan rhino, Sumatran rhino  Orangutan – Bornean & Sumatran Orangutan – have both experienced sharp declines in populations  Gorilla – 3 out of 4 are critically endangered  Saola – rarest mammal on the planet  Vaquita – smallest and is critically endangered (10 individuals)  Sunda Tiger – 3, 900 tigers, they’re only 4%  Yangtze Finless Porpoise – annual decline rate is 13% thus expected to become extinct within 10 years  Turtle – 2 species are critically endangered; Hawksbill Turtles & Kemps Ridley Turtles  Elephant – one of the world’s most endangered animals in 2022 Extinction  Isthe disappearance of a species when the last of its members die.  Causes of Extinction:  Natural – environmental factors  Anthropogenic – man-made Natural Causes of Extinction  Change on Landscape (Global Warming and Climate Change)  Meteor Impact and Cosmic Radiation  Extreme Heating and Cooling of Earth’s surface Anthropogenic Causes of Extinction H – Habitat Destruction  I – Invasive Species  P – Population Growth  P – Pollution  O – Overexploitation Anthropogenic Causes of Extinction H – Habitat Destruction  Primary cause of extinction (e.g. deforestations, oil spills) Anthropogenic Causes of Extinction I – Invasive Species  Species that are introduced by humans to affect another species  Example: Golden Kuhol (Pomacea canaliculata) Anthropogenic Causes of Extinction P – Population Growth  Resources are overused causing destruction in the environment. Anthropogenic Causes of Extinction P – Pollution  Is the introduction of harmful materials into the environment. These harmful materials are called pollutants. Pollutants can be natural, such as volcanic ash. They can also be created by human activity, such as trash or runoff produced by factories. Pollutants damage the quality of air, water, and land. Anthropogenic Causes of Extinction O – Overexploitation  Getting more that what is really needed  Extinct Animals  West African Black Rhinoceros – some believe their horns had medicinal properties – though this had no grounding in scientific fact – which lead to heavy poaching. It was declared officially extinct in 2011.  Extinct Animals  The exact cause of the Pyrenean ibex’s extinction is unknown; scientists believe factors included poaching and the inability to compete with other mammals for food and habitat. The last of it was killed by a falling tree in northern Spain in 2000.  Extinct Animals  Woolly Mammoth – an enormous mammal, believed to be closely related to the modern – day elephant. The last of the isolated woolly mammoth populations is believed to have vanished from Wrangle Island in the Arctic Ocean around 1700 BC. Local & Global Issues that contributed to Species Extinction  Deforestation  One of the country’s environmental problems is the rapid rate at which trees are cut down.  In the Philippines, the major causes of deforestation are:  Kaingin Farming  Illegal Logging  Conversion of agricultural lands to housing projects  Forest fires  Typhoons As a consequence of cutting down trees, the following effects are:  Soilerosion  Floods  Decrease in wildlife resources that will eventually lead to extinction  Wildlife depletion, deforestation is one of the major causes of the disappearance of wildlife species. Local & Global Issues that contributed to Species Extinction  Water Pollution  A major problem in lakes, rivers, and ponds is eutrophication – is the process by which a body of water becomes enriched in dissolved nutrients (such as phosphates) that stimulate the growth of aquatic plant, life usually resulting in the depletion of dissolved oxygen.  It happens when the concentration of organic nutrients that comes from domestic garbage and thrown in bodies of water, increases rapidly. Water Pollution Eutrophication Local & Global Issues that contributed to Species Extinction  Effect of water pollution  Mass death of fish (fish kill)  Usually happens when there’s an increase in concentration of organic nutrients in bodies of water – this condition causes algal bloom and growth of aquatic plants. When the algae die, they sink to the bottom and process of decomposition proceeds. This process uses up oxygen and as a result, aquatic animals die, due to lack of oxygen. Biological Magnification It is the build up of pollutants in organisms at higher trophic levels in a food chain. Food Chain – in ecology, it is the sequence of transfers of matter and energy in the form of food from organism to organism. Biological Magnification  PCB (polychlorinated biphenyl)  One class of dangerous chemicals present in water.  Toxic waste produced in the making of paints, inks, and electrical insulators.  Fish are unable to excrete PCB on their body. Local & Global Issues that contributed to Species Extinction  PCB (polychlorinated biphenyl)  Through the process of biological magnification, the PCB becomes concentrated in the body tissues of water organism.  Biological Magnification – is the build up of pollutants in organism at higher trophic levels in the food chain.  Other pollutants found in water are heavy metals:  Lead, mercury, and cadmium – these metals are from factories that dump their waste into rivers or lakes. Local & Global Issues that contributed to Species Extinction  Air Pollution  Cars are the one of the major contributors to air pollution.  Pollutants can enter the air as gases, liquids or solids. Cars burn fuel and produce harmful gases:  Carbon dioxide  Nitrogen oxides  Hydrocarbons Greenhouse Effect & Global Warming  Greenhouse Effect – is the natural process of warming the Earth. - is a process of trapping of heat by gases in the Earth’s atmosphere. Carbon dioxide acts like a blanket over the Earth, holding in the heat that would otherwise radiate back into space. - but as carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increases, greenhouse effect also intensifies this will lead to global warming. Air Pollution Greenhouse Effect Greenhouse Effect & Global Warming  Global Warming – is an increase in the earth’s temperature from the rapid buildup of CO2 and other gases. This in turn could change the world climate.  Climate Change – refers to long term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns. Local & Global Issues that contributed to Species Extinction  Destruction of Coastal Resources  Coral Reefs and Coastal Mangrove forest in the Philippines serve as breeding grounds and nurseries of marine fishes.  But due to man’s activities, coastal areas are getting destroyed. These activities include:  Deforestation, agricultural activities and mining activities  Dynamite fishing and muro-ami  Coastal areas’ coversion to beach resorts, and residential house Local & Global Issues that contributed to Species Extinction  Acid Precipitation  Commonly known as acid rain. Rainwater is normally acidic, because carbon dioxide is normally present. Other pollutants, mostly sulfur and nitrogen oxides, make rainwater even more acidic, with pH of 5.6 or lower.  Acid Rain – can be harmful to living things.  It causes yellowing of leaves of trees and cause leaves to fall  Nutrients can be lost from the soil  (Nitric acid) (Sulfuric acid) (Nitrogen Dioxide) (Sulfur Dioxide)  SustainableDevelopment – the rate at which society uses renewable resources does not exceed the rate at which the resources are generated. Sustainable Development People are beginning to realize that the way they interact with the environment must change to ensure the survival of all living things. This is one big challenge to maintain the resources needed for survival while ensuring that they will still be available in the future. This means that a sustainable society should live under the carrying capacity of the environment. This means that the rate at which society uses renewable resources does not exceed the rate at which the resources are generated.