1stQ_Philosophy-Reviewer.docx

INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON REVIEWER The word philosophy comes from two Greek words: **philos** (love) and **sophia** (wisdom). The ancient Greeks used this term to refer to "love of wisdom" and they soon applied it to the study or discipline that uses human reason to investi...

INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON REVIEWER The word philosophy comes from two Greek words: **philos** (love) and **sophia** (wisdom). The ancient Greeks used this term to refer to "love of wisdom" and they soon applied it to the study or discipline that uses human reason to investigate the ultimate causes, reasons, and principles which govern all things. **Greece** -It is considered as the birthplace of philosophy. Philosophy -It is the study of humans and the world by thinking and asking questions - **Philosophy** is the study of general and fundamental questions about existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language.\ in simple words is a way of thinking about the world, the universe, and society. It works by asking very basic questions about the nature of human thought, the nature of the universe, and the connections between them. The ideas in philosophy are often general and abstract.\ **Philosophy** is the study of humans and the world by thinking and asking questions. It is a science and an art. **Philosophy** tries to answer important questions by coming up with answers about real things and asking \"why? - traces its roots in Ancient Greece in the 6th Century BCE. Traditions had it that the word Philosophy was first coined by Pythagoras, a Greek mathematician. He used this term to classify three classes of people who attended the ancient Olympic Games as lovers of gain, lovers of honor; and lovers of knowledge or wisdom (Caraan 2016, 2). **Metaphysics** -It is only an extension of a fundamental and necessary drive in every human being to know what is re **Love of Wisdom** -It is the etymological definition of the word "Philosophy". **Epistemology** -It deals with nature, sources, limitations, and validity of knowledge **Holistic Perspective** - refers to a perspective that considers large-scale patterns in systems.\ **Holistic thinking** -refers to a perspective that considers large-scale patterns in systems. A holistic perspective requires an individual to have an open mindset and ability to get the general sense or impression regarding a situation. **Ethics**-It insists that obedience to moral law be given a rational foundation **Partial thinking** -focuses on specific aspects of a situation. The partial view is an important component of analytical thinking, as an individual focuses on certain areas or aspects of a problem in order to understand it. **Partial Point of View** -It focuses on specific aspects of a situation **Honest person** -If you describe someone as honest, you mean that they always tell the truth, and do not try to deceive people or break the law.\ **Wisdom** - the soundness of an action or decision with regard to the application of experience, knowledge, and good judgment.\ **Open-mindedness -** open-minded means welcoming new ideas, arguments, and information that you typically do not align with. Open-mindedness is a positive character quality and it enables those who use it to think critically and rationally. **Socratic Method** -It is defined as a form of inquiry and discussion between individuals, based on asking and answering questions to illuminate ideas. **Aesthetics** -It is the science of the beautiful in its various manifestations **Philosophizing** -It is to think or express oneself in a philosophical manner. - to think or express oneself in a philosophical manner. - explain or argue (a point or idea) in terms of one\'s philosophical theories. - the practice of talking or thinking about important subjects imprecisely or boringly, sometimes instead of doing something practical. **Knowledge** - clear awareness and understanding of something **Opinions** -- these are compromised statements that provide views on a certain manner **Conclusions** -- judgement based on a certain fact **Belief** -- are statements that express convictions that are not easily and clearly explained by facts **Explanations** -- are statements that assume the claim to be true and provide reasons why the statement is true. **Arguments** -- are series of statements that provide reasons to convince the reader or listener that a claim or opinion is truthful. - **Epistemology** "episteme"- knowledge or understanding - "logos"- to study - is a science devoted to the discovery of the proper method of acquiring and validating knowledge -- Ayn Rand 1990 **Pythagoras**- (531 B.C.) He was the leader of a religious cult, known as the Pythagoreans. Among the pre-Socratics, he was different because he treated philosophy in a different way, it was a way of life. For him philosophy and religion are connected and merged into one. He considered philosophy and mathematics as good for the purification of the soul. **Plato** - According to this Philosopher, there is an inherent contradiction between the body and the soul **Heraclitus**- (500 B.C.) He was known for the mystical nature of his philosophy, especially his idea about change. He believes that the only thing that is permanent in this world is change (also known as flux or becoming). He used the flames of fire to emphasize the idea of change. **Scientific method** -It is also called empirical method, is a process of determining truth or knowledge through experimentation, inductive and deductive reasoning, and hypothesis or theory testing.\ **Socratic method** -It is also known by the Greek term elenchus that means \"to inquire or to cross-examine\", **Dialectic method** -It is the act of talking back and forth, disagreeing with one another, and arguing about contentious issues. **Historical Method** - It is the process of gathering evidences, examining them, and formulating ideas about the past to come up with present truths. **Logic** - It is the study of correct thinking which focuses on the analysis of arguments. **Phenomenology** - It is a method of philosophy which espouses the idea that reality is made up of events perceived and understood by human consciousness **Existentialism** -This approach to finding the truth is heavily based on one's attitude and outlook in life. Postmodernism -Truth is treated as subjective because there is no single attribute to the word real. It can have different views or meanings. **Fallacies** - Those arguments that are based on faulty reasoning, usually intentional and are designed to persuade or convince. **St. Thomas Aquinas** According to this philosopher, the human person is an embodied spirit. - A philosopher who said that human beings have the unique power to change themselves for the better **Anthropocentrism** - It considers human beings as the center of moral consideration. **Panthocentrism** - Espoused that the realm of being morally considerable must be extended to higher forms of animals. **Biocentrism** - The view that not only humans and animals, but also plants should be morally considerable. **Ecocentrism** - All living beings as mere members of the ecosystem or community. **Critical thinking** is a process of evaluation which uses logic to separate truth from falsehood, reasonable from unreasonable beliefs.  **Coherence Theory of Truth** - A coherence theory of truth states that the truth of any (true) proposition consists in its coherence with some specified set of propositions. **Pragmatic Theory of Truth -** states that a belief/statement is true if it has a useful (pragmatic) application in the world. If it does not, then it is not true. **Person** - Refers to human being granted recognition of certain rights, protection, responsibilities and dignity above all. **Aristotle** - According to this philosopher, man is a rational animal. **George Herbert Mead** - According to him, as human beings, we do not have only rights but duties. **Murray Bookchin** proponent of Social Ecology **Frugal person** - He or she always invests time to think carefully just to save a lot of money and, therefore, uses far less money compared to an affluent person. **Prudent person** - He or she favors not only the private good of a certain person, but also the common good. **Social Ecology** - It is an offshoot of the movement against domination of existing hierarchical structures in society. **Paul Taylor** - According to him, in his article entitled, The Ethics of Respect for Nature, all living things should be considered as "teleological centers of life." - **Self --determination** It is the capability of persons to make choices and decisions based on their own preferences, monitor, and regulate their actions, and be goal -- oriented and self -- directed. - **Self- awareness** - It refers to the person having a clear perception of one's self including his thoughts, emotions, identity, and actions - **Facticity** It refers to the things in our life that are already given. - **Human Person** It is typically with a body which is tangible and has three components, composed of Soul, Body and Spirit. - **Man- It** is a general term commonly used to refer to the entire human race. - **Transcendence** It refers to the ability to change and surpass your limits. - Learning from experience is an example of possibility for transcendence - "to climb" - term scandare Here are some limitations of transcendence: - may not occur to everyone - does not come at a specified period - varies across all people - may coincide with physical limitations of the body Possibilities For Transcendence - developing a positive outlook in life - working toward reaching a goal - learning from experience