1st Sem CWTS Revised Module 1 PDF

**Compiled by:** **ROSELYN E. SANQUI** **MINIHAHA H. HILARIO** The compiler does not own any of the contents of this learning module. Due credits and acknowledgment are given to the authors, internet sources, and researchers listed on the reference page. Such sources are reserved to further explain concepts and cannot be credited to the compiler and the school. All diagrams, charts, and images are used for educational purposes only. The sole objective of this instructional material is to facilitate independent learning and not for monetary gains because this is NOT FOR SALE. 2023 Edition CONTETABLE OF CONTENTS ***Lesson 1: Introduction*** Course Description and Grading System ***Lesson 2: NSTP Program*** Legal Basis of National Service Training Program (NSTP) Components of NSTP Seven Dimensions of NSTP -- CWTS Development ***Lesson 3. Values Formation*** Self-awareness Leadership Good Citizenship Values ***Lesson 4. National Security Concern*** Defining National Security Nation Security Vision ***Lesson 5. National Security Interests*** Public Safety, Law and Order and Justice Socio-Political Stability Economic Solidarity and Sustainable Development Territorial Integrity Ecological Balance Cultural Cohesiveness Moral and Spiritual Consensus International Peace and Cooperation ***Lesson 6. National Security Challenges*** Internal Environment External Environment Other Strategic Issues and Challenges ***Lesson 7. Health Issues*** Mental Health Drug Education ***Lesson 8. Environmental Issues*** Climate Change Solid Waste Management ***Lesson 9. Disasters Awareness and Management*** Philippines Natural Hazards Typhoons Pagasa's Color Coded Rainfall Advisories Volcanoes Earthquakes Floods Tsunamis Landslides Drought ***Lesson 10. Basic Life Support*** Basic First Aid for Medical Emergencies Not Breathing Bleeding Shock Heart Attack Choke Electrical Shock Injury/Eye Injury Burns Exposure to Hazardous Materials Broken Bones Heat Stroke Fainting Epileptic Seizure ***Lesson 11. Sports and Recreation*** Laro ng Lahi Recreation Physical Fitness Wellness **Lesson 12. Volunteering and Community Overview** Volunteerism Community Overview Subject Code : NSTP101 Description : Community Welfare Training Service 1 (CWTS 1) No. of Hours : 54 No. of Units : Three (3) Grading System : **COMPONENT** **PERCENTAGE** ------------------------------ ---------------- Attendance and Participation 50% Midterm Exam 40% Project 10% **Total** **100%** **FINAL GRADE** ----------------- ---------- Mid-term Grade 60% Pre-final Grade 40% **Total** **100%** Gender and Development (GAD) -- refers to the development perspective and process that is participatory and empowering, equitable, sustainable, free from violence, respectful of human rights, and supportive of self-determination and actualization of human potential. It seeks to achieve gender equality as a fundamental value that should be reflected in development choices and contends that women are active agents of development, not just passive recipients of development. **How Gender and Development Started?** Gender and Development was developed in the 1980's as an alternative to the Women in Development (WID) approach. Unlike WID, the GAD approach is not concerned specifically with women, but with the way in which society assigns roles, responsibilities, and expectations to both men and women. GAD applies gender analysis to uncover the ways in which men and women work together, presenting results in neutral terms of economics and competence. GAD focus primarily on two major frameworks, *Gender Roles and Social Relations Analysis*. Gender role focus on social construction of identities within the household, it also reveals the expectations from 'maleness and femaleness' in their relative access to resources. Social relations analysis exposes the social dimensions of hierarchical power relations imbedded in social institutions; also, it's determining influence on 'the relative position of men and women in society. In an attempt to create gender equality, (denoting women having same opportunities as men, including ability to participate in the public sphere) GAD policies aim to redefine traditional gender role expectations. **Gender and Development in the Philippines** Philippine Plan for Gender and Development, 1995-2025, is a National Plan that addresses, provides and pursues full equality and development for men and women. Approved and adopted by former President Fidel V. Ramos as Executive No. 273, on September 8, 1995, it is the successor of the Philippine Development Plan for Women, 1989-1992 adopted by Executive No. 348 of February 17, 1989. Three years after, DENR Administrative Order No. 98 -- 15 dated May 27, 1998 came up as the Revised Guidelines on the Implementation of Gender and Development (GAD) Activities in the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) in order to strengthen the DENR GAD Focal Point System and accomplishing the GAD vision "Partnership of Empowered Men and Women for Sustainable Development". Republic Act No. 9710, otherwise known as the Magna Carta of Women was approved on August 14, 2009 which mandates non-discriminatory and pro-gender equality and equity measures to enable women's participation in the formulation, implementation and evaluation of policies and plan for national, regional and local development. A Memorandum Circular No. 2011 -- 01 dated October 21, 2011 was released addressing to all Government Departments including their attached agencies, offices, bureaus, **State Universalities and Colleges (SUCs),** Government-Owned and Controlled Corporations (GOCCs) and all other government instrumentalities as their guidelines and procedures for the establishment, strengthening and institutionalization of the GAD Focal Point System (GFPS). **Gender Equality** Gender equality refers to the principle asserting the equality of men and women and their right to enjoy equal conditions realizing their full human potentials to contribute to and benefit from the results of development, and with the State recognizing that all human beings are free and equal in dignity and rights. **Gender Equity** Gender equity refers to the policies, instruments, programs, services, and actions that address the disadvantaged position of women in society by providing preferential treatment and affirmative action. Such temporary special measures aimed at accelerating de facto equality between men and women shall not be considered discriminatory but shall in no way entail as a consequence the maintenance of unequal or separate standards. These measures shall be discontinued when the objectives of equality of opportunity and treatment have been achieved. **Gender Socialization** Gender socialization is the process by which we learn our culture\'s gender-related rules, norms, and expectations. The most common agents of gender socialization---in other words, the people who influence the process---are parents, teachers, schools, and the media. Through gender socialization, children begin to develop their own beliefs about gender and ultimately form their own gender identity. **Sex vs. Gender** The terms sex and gender are often used interchangeably. However, in a discussion of gender socialization, it's important to distinguish between the two. Sex is biologically and physiologically determined based on an individual\'s anatomy at birth. It is typically binary, meaning that one\'s sex is either male or female. Gender is a social construct. An individual\'s gender is their social identity resulting from their culture\'s conceptions of masculinity and femininity. Gender exists on a continuum. Individuals develop their own gender identity, influenced in part by the process of gender socialization. **Team exercises to explore gender equality issues.** **1. Gender stereotypes** Show this video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pF1j22x-yU8 Have a discussion within your team. Ask people to share their reactions to the video, bringing out issues of gender stereotypes. You might want to talk about how: - Gender affects the way society is structured and so affects how we work with people. - We are not born knowing whether we are a girl or boy, and often understand this because of something someone does/says to us. **2. Sharing stories from our childhood** Think about the first memory you have of being a girl or a boy. Find someone to share your story with and answer the following questions and then swap round: - What was the situation? - How did it happen? - What could be the long-term effects i.e., how has/could this influence the person you are today? **What is the National Service Training Program Law?** The National Service Training Program (NSTP) Law or Republic Act 9163, promulgated in 2001, is a program aimed at enhancing civic consciousness and defense preparedness in the youth by developing the ethics of service and patriotism while undergoing training in any of its three (3) program components specially designed to enhance the youth's active to the general welfare. a\. **"National Service Training Program" (NSTP)** -- refers to the program aimed at enhancing civic consciousness and defense preparedness in the youth, by developing the ethics of service and patriotism while undergoing training in any of the three (3) Program components, especially designed to enhance the youth's active contribution to the general welfare; b\. **"Reserve Office' Training Corps (ROTC)** -- refers to the Program component, institutionalized under Section 38 and 39 of Republic Act No. 7077, designed to provide military training to tertiary level students in order to motivate, train, organize, and mobilize them for national defense preparedness; c\. **"Literary Training Services" (LTS)** - refers to the program component designed to train the students to teach literacy and other segments of society in need of their services; d\. **"Civic Welfare Training Service" (CWTS)** -- refers to the Program component or activities contributory to the general welfare and the betterment of the life for the members of the community or the enhancement of its facilities, especially those devoted to improving health, education, environment, entrepreneurship, safety, recreation and moral of the citizenry and other social welfare services; **Programs of NSTP** **Who shall take the NSTP?** All incoming freshmen students, male and female, enrolled in any baccalaureate and in at least two (2) year technical-vocational or associate courses, are required to complete one (1) NSTP component of their choice as a graduation requirement. **How will the NSTP be taken up?** Each of the NSTP components shall be undertaken for an academic period of two (2) semesters and credited for three (3) units per semester with 54 to 90 training hours per semester. **What if the NSTP cannot be taken up during the regular semester?** A one (1) summer program in lieu of the two (2) semester program may be designed, formulated and adopted by DND, CHED and TESDA subject to the capability of the school and the AFP to handle the same. **What if the NSTP program components chosen by a student is not offered in any school?** Schools that do not meet the required number of students in order to conduct a Program component or do not offer the component chosen by their students shall allow them to cross-enroll to other schools irrespective of whether that school is under CHED or TESDA and for ROTC, whether they are managed by different AFP branches of Service. **Who is responsible for supervising the NSTP?** School Authorities shall exercise academic and administrative supervision over the design, formulation, adoption and implementation of the different NSTP components in their respective schools. In the case of ROTC, the School Authorities and DND shall exercise joint supervision over its implementation. **What lead agencies will monitor the implementation of the NSTP?** CHED Regional Offices, TESDA Provincial and District Offices and the DND-AFP through the major Service Reserve Commands and their ROTC Units shall oversee whether if the trainings conducted are in consonance with the Republic Act. **Is the NSTP available in all Schools and Universities?** All Higher and Technical-Vocational Educational Institutions shall be offering at least one (1) of the NSTP components while State Universities and Colleges will offer the ROTC component and at least one other NSTP component. **The NSTP-CARES for CHANGE Model** **(Vidal's Framework for the Implementation of the Non-Military Components of NSTP)** The Philippine Constitution provides that the defense of the state is a prime duty of the government and the people, and in fulfillment of this duty, all citizens may be required by law to render personal military or civil service. It further states that it is the duty of the citizen to contribute to our country's development in the attainment and preservation of a just and orderly society. The National Service Training Program (NSTP) Act of 2001 mandates all citizens, both male and female, to fulfill this civic duty. To respond to the urgent needs of this developing country today and in the foreseeable future, it is equally vital to develop and enhance civic consciousness among the young generation to ensure national preparedness. NSTP therefore, enables the youth, as the most valuable resource of the Filipino nation, to be motivated, developed and utilized in regard to their responsibilities as citizens and in fulfillment of their civil obligation. In the light of the foregoing rationale, the NSTP-CARES model (The Vidal's Framework for the Implementation of the Non-Military Program Components of NSTP) is hereby postulated to serve as framework in the development of a relevant and responsive Program with emphasis to the non-military program components of NSTP, the Civic Welfare Training Service (CWTS) and Literacy Training Service (LTS). 1. ***Safety and Security* -** This area involves disaster preparedness during fire, earthquake or other calamity that needs immediate response from any trained civilians during emergency situations. Basic lifesaving seminar, fire drill and the like are some of these examples. 2. ***Education* -** This area involves enhancement of institutional support materials and facilities for the community and school such as providing materials containing basic literacy skills for preschoolers, alternative learning system for out-of-school youths and adults, mathematics and science tutorials and extended services of skilled students. 3. ***Recreation* -** This area involves sports fest, parlor games for street children and painting that enrich youth's capacities to relate with one another in the community 4. ***Values Formation and Moral Recovery* -** This involves the development of youth to be good leaders, responsible individuals imbued with good moral values and active agent of development of the community. 5. ***Industry and Entrepreneurship* -** This area includes programs and activities that are vital to economic growth. CWTS students demonstrate technical skills in communities like meat processing, silkscreen making and how to establish small business. 6. ***Care for Health* -** This area aims to give knowledge on medical-related fields and extend health services needed in the community. It includes medical services like first-aid operation, vaccination, info dissemination, basic lifesaving seminars, heath / nutrition technical assistance and training of youth to be first aid assistants. 7. ***Environment* -** This area inculcates environmental awareness and its contribution to health and related fields. It involves management of waste, environmental protection, dissemination and application of technologies supportive of the community needs and livelihood activities related to environment and other related fields supportive of the national thrust. I. **Identify if the statement is *true* or *false*. Write your answer in the space provided.** \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_1. The NSTP is part of the curriculum of all the colleges and universities in the Philippines. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_2. The student will need to take up NSTP and ROTC at the same time. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_3. The educational institution is given the authority to design its own curriculum. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_4. The NSTP is divided into four major components. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_5. The Commission on Higher Education has the right to monitor the implementation of NSTP. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_6. The Philippine Constitution recognizes the contribution of the youth in nation-building. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_7. The government has asked the educational institution to provide scholarships for the students who will take NSTP. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_8. The Republic Act Number 7874 is known as Service Training Program. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_9. The government has direct administration of ROTC and NSTP. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_10. The NSTP can be offered during the summer season. II. **Answer the following questions. Write your answer on the space provided.** 1. What are the components of NSTP? Explain each. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 2. Why is youth important in nation building? \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ **What is leadership?** ![](media/image2.jpeg)Leadership is a process by which an executive can direct, guide and influence the behavior and work of others towards accomplishment of specific goals in a given situation. Leadership is the ability of a manager to induce the subordinates to work with confidence and zeal. Leadership is the potential to influence behaviour of others. It is also defined as the capacity to influence a group towards the realization of a goal. Leaders are required to develop future visions, and to motivate the organizational members to want to achieve the visions. According to Keith Davis, "Leadership is the ability to persuade others to seek defined objectives enthusiastically. It is the human factor which binds a group together and motivates it towards goals." **Characteristics of Leadership** 1. It is an inter-personal process in which a manager is into influencing and guiding workers towards attainment of goals. 2. It denotes a few qualities to be present in a person which includes intelligence, maturity and personality. 3. It is a group process. It involves two or more people interacting with each other. 4. A leader is involved in shaping and moulding the behaviour of the group towards accomplishment of organizational goals. 5. Leadership is situation bound. There is no best style of leadership. It all depends upon tackling with the situations. **Importance of Leadership** Leadership is an important function of management which helps to maximize efficiency and to achieve organizational goals. The following points justify the importance of leadership in a concern. 1. **Initiates action-** Leader is a person who starts the work by communicating the policies and plans to the subordinates from where the work actually starts. 2. **Motivation-** A leader proves to be playing an incentive role in the concern's working. He motivates the employees with economic and non-economic rewards and thereby gets the work from the subordinates. 3. **Providing guidance-** A leader has to not only supervise but also play a guiding role for the subordinates. Guidance here means instructing the subordinates the way they have to perform their work effectively and efficiently. 4. **Creating confidence-** Confidence is an important factor which can be achieved through expressing the work efforts to the subordinates, explaining them clearly their role and giving them guidelines to achieve the goals effectively. It is also important to hear the employees with regards to their complaints and problems. 5. **Building morale-** Morale denotes willing co-operation of the employees towards their work and getting them into confidence and winning their trust. A leader can be a morale booster by achieving full co-operation so that they perform with best of their abilities as they work to achieve goals. 6. **Builds work environment-** Management is getting things done from people. An efficient work environment helps in sound and stable growth. Therefore, human relations should be kept into mind by a leader. He should have personal contacts with employees and should listen to their problems and solve them. He should treat employees on humanitarian terms. 7. **Co-ordination-** Co-ordination can be achieved through reconciling personal interests with organizational goals. This synchronization can be achieved through proper and effective co-ordination which should be primary motive of a leader. **Qualities of a Leader** A leader has multidimensional traits in him, which makes him appealing and effective in behavior. The following are the requisites to be present in a good leader: 1. **Physical appearance-** A leader must have a pleasing appearance. Physique and health are very important for a good leader. 2. **Vision and foresight-** A leader cannot maintain influence unless he exhibits that he is forward looking. He has to visualize situations and thereby has to frame logical programmes. 3. **Intelligence-** A leader should be intelligent enough to examine problems and difficult situations. He should be analytical who weighs pros and cons and then summarizes the situation. Therefore, a positive bent of mind and mature outlook is very important. 4. **Communicative skills-** A leader must be able to communicate the policies and procedures clearly, precisely and effectively. This can be helpful in persuasion and stimulation. 5. **Objective-** A leader has to be having a fair outlook which is free from bias and which does not reflect his willingness towards a particular individual. He should develop his own opinion and should base his judgement on facts and logic. 6. **Knowledge of work-** A leader should be very precisely knowing the nature of work of his subordinates because it is then he can win the trust and confidence of his subordinates. 7. **Sense of responsibility-** Responsibility and accountability towards an individual's work is very important to bring a sense of influence. A leader must have a sense of responsibility towards organizational goals because only then he can get maximum of capabilities exploited in a real sense. For this, he has to motivate himself and arouse and urge to give best of his abilities. Only then he can motivate the subordinates to the best. 8. **Self-confidence and will-power-** Confidence in himself is important to earn the confidence of the subordinates. He should be trustworthy and should handle the situations with full will power. (You can read more about Self-Confidence. 9. **Humanist-**This trait to be present in a leader is essential because he deals with human beings and is in personal contact with them. He has to handle the personal problems of his subordinates with great care and attention. Therefore, treating the human beings on humanitarian grounds is essential for building a congenial environment. 10. **Empathy-** It is an old adage "Stepping into the shoes of others". This is very important because fair judgement and objectivity comes only then. A leader should understand the problems and complaints of employees and should also have a complete view of the needs and aspirations of the employees. This helps in improving human relations and personal contacts with the employees. 1. ***Autocratic-*** This is part of the old style of leadership however it could still be use and proven effective in the urgent situation or in instance that the team needed a quick solution. In this kind of style, the leader is in the one in control of everything, the members are not allowed to express their ideas nor give some input. The leader usually uses the reward and punishment system to solicit cooperation from the members. This style of leadership is effective when: a. The staff needed guidance and most of the members are new b. The time to do a certain task is limited c. The team needed to coordinate with other department d. The other members wanted to challenge the power of the leader 2. ***W***- This style of leadership style is managed by the book. The leader only relies on the policies and base the decision on the written rules or manual. This style of leadership is effective when: a. The staff needs to do a repetitive task everyday b. The transaction had something to do with money c. The work is for safety and security 3. ***Democratic***- This style of leadership is also known as participative leadership since it encourages participation from the members and staff. The leader usually solicits suggestions and ideas coming from his or her followers and he or she also informs all the staff about the different outcomes of their decisions. In this kind of style, the staff can have developed a high morale since the leader make them feel that they are essential part of the team. This style of leadership is effective when: a. The staff are responsible and productive b. The leader wants his or her staff to develop a high sense of commitment to their job c. The team is facing a large and complex problem which also needs a lot of inputs from different people. d. The leader wanted to encourage team building and participation 4. ***Laissez Faire***- This style is also known as the hands-off style, since the leader allows the staff and members to do their own, make their own solution and execute the task according to their will. The leader had no instruction or guidance to the staff and let them enjoy their total freedom. This style of leadership is effective when: a. The staffs or members are highly skilled, educated and had a lot of experience about the task or operation. b. The staff had commitment and willing to take the responsibilities in terms of the outcome of their decisions. 5. ***Transformational***- This style of encourages the members to developed their own vision and mission as essential part of the team. The leader can influence the staff and members to work beyond what is expected and to offer commitment to the attainment of the goal. This style of leadership is effective when: a. The members and staff are willing to change for the attainment of the goal. b. The members are committed to work beyond what is expected c. The members had high morale and responsible **How to be a Good Leader - What makes Leadership Effective?** Leadership is a significant aspect of management. In order to ensure organizational success, co-operation from subordinates as well as greater efficiency, it is important for a manager to be a great, effective and a true leader. An effective and true leader is one who does not put himself before others. He is very humble, deferential and altruistic. The required aspects of effective leadership are as follows: - Motivation - Commitment - Self-sacrifice - Honesty - Determination - Resourcefulness - Daring - Knowledge - Good communication skills - Passion - Responsibility - Judgement Leadership is boosting an individual's performance to a greater benchmark, the developing of an individual's personality crossing its standard boundaries. It is a combo of mind frames, traits, skills, and knowledge. Leadership means adhering to the following principles: - - - - - - - - An effective leader is one who meets the job requirements, team requirements as well as individual requirements. While concentrating on the job, a leader would synchronize the departmental goals with the organizational goals. He would ensure that the employees have the required skills and competencies for performing the job effectively and efficiently. He would provide the employees the essential resources for performing the job such as time, knowledge and equipment. He would ensure that employees have no difficulty in performing the tasks assigned to them. And finally, an effective leader would review progress and give the employees feedback of their performance. When a leader is focusing on people, he must be compassionate and empathic. He should listen to the employees with understanding. He must respect their views and ideas. He must train and coach them and make an effort to eliminate unnecessary obstacles from the employees' work responsibilities. Finally, when an effective leader focuses on team, he should coordinate team's efforts. He must celebrate team's success. He should review and promote friendly and social environment. He should develop a team spirit and achievement sense among the employees as a team. **Answer the following questions based on your own opinion.** 1. Discuss briefly the important objectives of leadership. 2. Considering the characteristics of a good leader of the Filipinos nowadays, what do you think is the best leadership style to be adopted? ![](media/image4.png)Self-awareness involves being aware of different aspects of the self, including traits, behaviors, and feelings. It is the first components of the self-concept. It becomes woven into the fabric of who you are and emerges at different points depending on the situation and your personality. People are not born completely self-aware however; research also found that infants do have a rudimentary sense of sense-awareness. Infants possess the awareness that they are a separate being from others, which is evidences by behaviors such rooting reflex in which an infant search for a nipple when something brushes against his or her face. **Types of Self-Awareness** 1. **Public Self-Awareness** This type emerges when people are aware of how they appear to others. Public self-awareness often emerges in situations when people are at the center of attention, such as giving presentation or talking to a group of friends. This type of self-awareness often compels people to adhere to social norms. When we are that we are being watched and evaluated, we often try to behave in ways that are socially acceptable and desirable. Public self-awareness can also lead to anxiety in which people become distresses, anxious, or worried how they are perceived by others. 2. **Private Self-Awareness** **Self-concept vs Self-awareness** Self-concept is generally thought of our individual perceptions of our behavior, abilities and unique characteristic. The question that we often heard "who am I?" while self-awareness is our understanding of ourselves. Our strengths, weaknesses, ideas, thoughts, beliefs, etc. **Importance of Self-awareness** Self-awareness plays a critical role in how we understand ourselves and how we relate to others. It is our first step to overcome our weaknesses and practice introspection. It will eventually lead to a meaningful and driven life. "In our personal lives, if we do not develop our own self-awareness and become responsible for first creations, we empower other people and circumstances to shape our lives by default." **STEPHEN COVEY** Answer the following questions. Write your answer on the space provided. Please take note that there is no right or wrong about your answer. It is only an exercise of assessing yourself. 1. What am I good at? 2. What am I so-so at? 3. What am I bad at? 4. What makes me tired? 5. What is the most important thing in my life? 6. Who are the most important people in my life? 7. How much sleep do I need? 8. What stresses me out? 9. What relaxes me? 10. What's my definition of success? 11. What type of worker am I? 12. How do I want others to see me? 13. What makes me sad? 14. What makes me happy? 15. What makes me angry? 16. What type of person do I want to be? 17. What type of friend do I want to be? 18. What do I think about myself? 19. What things do I value in life? 20. What makes me afraid? \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ **Good Citizenship Values from the Preamble** 2\. Respect for Life 3\. Order 4\. Work 5\. Concern for the family and future generation B. **Pro -- Country** 1. Unity 2\. Equality 3\. Respect for Law and Government 4\. Patriotism 5\. Promotion of common good C. **Pro -- People** 1. Love 2\. Freedom 3\. Peace 4\. Truth 5\. Justice D. **Pro -- Environment**1. Concern for the environment I. Identify if the person in the following situation is a Filipino or not. Write your answer on the line before the number. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_1. Evangeline Glory was born in the Philippines with Filipino parents. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_2. Lucky was born in New York with Filipino parents. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_3. Jose pledged allegiance to the US during the war. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_4. Pepe was born before January 17, 1973 of American mother but, Filipino father. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_5. Grace renounced her Filipino citizenship. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_6. Ms. Gina married a Swedish national. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_7. Mr. Ong underwent the process of naturalization. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_8. Luis served in the armed forces of other country. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_9. Geneva was expatriated. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_10. The application of Sherlyn for repatriation was approved. **Plot of the movie: Miracles from Heaven (2016)** Set in [Burleson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burleson,_Texas), [Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas), between 2008 and 2012, the film centers on a 10-year-old girl named Anna ([Kylie Rogers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kylie_Rogers)), daughter of Christy Beam ([Jennifer Garner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Garner)). One day, Anna starts to vomit, and when is examined by her doctor, he does not find anything abnormal. On March 20, 2008, Anna wakes up her family at midnight because of an intense stomach pain, severe enough that her parents decide to take her to the hospital. Doctors find no signs of illness, except to say it could be either [acid reflux](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_reflux), or [lactose intolerance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactose_intolerance), but Christy is not convinced by this. The following morning, Christy finally finds a pediatrician in the hospital that is able to diagnose Anna with an abdominal obstruction, and he tells them he must operate immediately or she will die. After the emergency surgery is performed, the doctor explains that Anna has been left with [pseudo-obstruction motility disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intestinal_pseudoobstruction) and she is unable to eat, so feeding tubes are needed for her nutrition. The doctor then tells the Beams about America\'s foremost pediatric gastroenterologist, Dr. Samuel Nurko ([Eugenio Derbez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenio_Derbez)), who practices in Boston, but explains it could take months for them to be seen. In January 2009, Christy and Anna travel to [Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston) despite not having an appointment with the doctor. Dr. Nurko has a last minute opening, and when Anna is subsequently examined at [Boston Children\'s Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Children%27s_Hospital), the extent of her chronic illness is found. She then goes through extensive treatment. During this ordeal, Anna and her mother befriend a local Massachusetts resident named Angela Bradford ([Queen Latifah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Latifah)), as well as Ben ([Wayne Peré](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayne_Per%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1)) and his daughter, Haley ([Hannah Alligood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Alligood)) who has cancer. On December 29, 2011, Anna, along with her bigger sister Abbie ([Brighton Sharbino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_Sharbino)), climb up to a very high branch of an old cotton tree. While they are on that branch, it begins to break. Anna goes to the trunk for safety, whereupon stepping on it, she falls in a hole to the base of the tree. When Christy finds out what has happened, she desperately calls her husband Kevin ([Martin Henderson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Henderson)), as well as the fire department. Anna is then rescued by the firefighters, who warn Christy to expect the worst by saying that nobody could fall 30 feet without sustaining a serious injury; broken bones or paralysis. Once out, Anna is airlifted to a hospital, where a battery of tests are run on her, and all of the tests come back negative. Other than a minor concussion, Anna is uninjured. Sometime after the fall, Anna seems to no longer be affected by her illness. When Christy and Anna go to an appointment with Dr. Nurko, he tells Christy that Anna is miraculously cured. Anna then recounts with her parents the experience she had during the fall. She describes how her soul left her body during the fall, and God promised that she would be cured of her illness upon her return to Earth. At church, Christy shares the story of how God miraculously healed her daughter with His love. As Christy finishes her speech, one of the congregation protests, stating that he does not believe Christy. Ben, who has traveled from Boston upon hearing the story about Anna, believes her and tells her that Haley died peacefully because Anna gave her faith when in the hospital, making Anna cry because Hayley was her best friend. Identify the pro-God values that shows on the movie: Miracles from Heaven. Write it on the space provided below. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Make a short poem that emphasizes the values included on pro-country. Write your answer on the space provided. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Based on the National Security Policy 2017-2022. Identify the pro-people and pro-environment measures that the government had established. Write you answer on the space provided. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ "We all want peace in our land. You and your children want a good chance of a better life, in a safer, more prosperous country." The concept of national security has changed, evolved and expanded in immerse ways over time. No longer does it exclusively refer to the traditional notions of internal and external defense, but now also encompasses virtually every aspect of national life and nation-building. In the new framework, economic development and security are inextricably linked and mutually reinforcing concepts. Development, or economic and social well-being, is a precondition for national, internal and external security -- and vice versa. Prosperity leads to a greater social peace and stability, and greater peace and stability leads to more progress. For the Philippines and the Filipino people, national security is defined as "a state or condition wherein the people's welfare, well-being, ways of life; government and its institutions; territorial integrity; sovereignty; and core values are enhanced and protected." **Three Major Pillars of National Security** 1. Safeguarding the Philippines' national unity, its democracy and its social institutions. 2. Ensuring the security of the State and preserving and protecting its sovereignty, territorial integrity, and institutions. 3. Protection of properties, infrastructures and keeping the people safe from all forms of threats, both here and abroad, and to the extent possible, creating jobs in order to bring back home overseas Filipino workers where their physical safety can be fully guaranteed by our government. "In our hope to make our country peaceful, your hope is my hope. In your hope of making our country successful, your hope is my hope. And in our hope for our brighter future and the futures of our children, your hope is my hope." The government faces a gamut of national development and security problems that would require aggressive modernization strategies to achieve the national security vision. This NSP aims to transform and change for the better the democratic institutions, society, agriculture, infrastructure, industrial outputs, rural economies, and military and police forces. This is in line with Executive Order No. 5 (s. of 2016) regarding Filipinos' Vision: **"In 2040, we will all enjoy a stable and comfortable lifestyle, secure in the knowledge that we have enough for our daily needs and unexpected expenses, that we can plan and prepare for our own and our children's future. Our family lives together in a place of our own, and we have the freedom to go where we desire, protected and enables by a clean, efficient and fair government."** This NSP establishes the Philippines' national security goals and strategic objectives with primary focus on the political, economic, socio-cultural, technological, environmental, informational, diplomatic and military aspects, which are vital to nation-building. "We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of almighty God, in order to build a just and humane society and establish a government that shall embody our ideas and aspirations, to promote the common good, conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our posterity the blessings of independence and democracy, under the rule of law and a regime of truth, justice, freedom, love equality and peace, do ordain and promulgate this constitution." The most fundamental duties of the State are to ensure public safety, maintain law and order, and dispense social justice within the purview of the constitutionally enshrined principles of democracy, rule of law and respect for human rights. The Governments seeks to enhance its ability to execute the above mandate by strengthening the five pillars of the **criminal justice system -- law enforcement, the courts, prosecution, penology and the community**. Central to this goal is the concept of participatory governance, in which all sectors are fully engaged in a meaningful partnership with the Government for the task of building a safer and more tranquil society. It speaks of collaborative relationship between the Government and the people particularly with respect to public safety issues involving the protection of human lives, private property, public assets and critical infrastructure. This is a condition where peace prevails even in diversity and where cooperation and support exist between government and the people under an atmosphere of mutual respect and empathy, bound by a strong notion of nationhood and sense of duty to respect the rule of law and serve the common good. Building an economy that is strong and capable of supporting and sustaining human livelihood and national endeavors is the overarching thrust of the Philippines' developmental plans and goals. Reducing poverty and income gaps, creating equal economic opportunities for all, and distributing the fruits of development to the broadest segments of society are key objectives of the desired economic growth and national security outcomes. This component likewise emphasizes the development of a stakeholder mind-set among the Filipinos, which can form the basis for collective economic initiatives at the community level. It encourages community groups and grassroots organizations to organize themselves around a framework of solidarity and self-reliance to confront their problems and satisfy their needs. This condition ensures that the territory of the country is intact and inviolable, and under the effective control and jurisdiction of the Philippine Government. Within the bounds of pertinent international laws, this involves the exercise of sovereign rights over land, aerial domain and maritime territories within the Philippines' exclusive economic zone (EEZ) and continental shelf. This includes the right of the Philippines government to protect and defend all land, marine and sub-marine features and resources within its territory from invasion and illegal incursions and resource exploitation. Rapid economic growth and industrialization are transforming society and improving the lives of many Filipinos, but it comes at a great cost to the environment. The impact of global warming and climate change, blamed largely on harmful patterns of industrial and human practices, could be more severe for the Philippines -- one of the most disaster-prone countries in the world. This real and present danger makes it imperative for the country to pursue a developmental path that is sustainable, and beneficial to both present and future generations. The Philippines must be able to maximize the rewards of its rich natural resources while at the same time conserving and protecting these finite resources for the sake of the future generation. National unity is an essential cornerstone of nationhood and national survival. Without it, there is no future for the country. Filipinos must continue to embrace the values and belief systems, the moral and ethical standards, the traditions and cultural heritage which have made them truly distinct and earned a respected place in the community of nations. Amid, diversity such qualities have served as the invisible but potent force that teaches the Filipino to care and work for the common good and to help their fellow Filipinos especially during times of tragedies and disasters. The Government must continue to fully harness these attributes and value systems in order to strengthen the Filipino family, promote national harmony and keep the spirit of patriotism and national pride -- the most fundamental pillars of national unity -- alive in the hearts and minds of every Filipino. This component speaks of a moral and spiritual consensus among Filipinos on the wisdom and righteousness of the national vision, as enunciated by the country's national leadership. It presupposes the people's trust and confidence in the Government's commitment and capability to lead the nation toward this desired national vision. Such trust and confidence inspire and motivates the citizens to get involves and to participate vigorously in the implementation of governmental programs that promote peace and development. The Philippines as a democratic country is committed to the promotion of global peace, development and humanitarianism. Within this framework, the security of the state is best enhancing through the pursuit of amity and cooperation with all nations and partnership with *like-minded* countries and strategic partners. The country must pursue constructive and cordial relations with all peoples, but remain free from any control, interference of aggression from any of them. a. **Law and Order and Administration of Justice** The Philippines has grappled for years with a serious peace and order problem. The national crime rate, considered as one of the highest in Southeast and East Asia. Has posed a significant deterrent to investments as well as constrained the country's overall development potential. While the number of reported crimes has been rising, the ability of the police to solve crime has decreased. The twin scourge of corruption and patronage politics plaguing law enforcement institutions and Government sector as a whole has made it extremely hard, if not impossible, to bring the crime rate down. Clearly, ensuring public security and enforcing the rule of law is one of the key governance challenges confronting the Philippine Government. This has amplified the need to undertake crucial reforms aimed at cleansing and strengthening the five pillars of criminal justice system, namely: law enforcement, the courts, prosecution, correctional institutions, and the community. b. **Internal Armed Conflicts** The communist rebellion being waged by the **Communist Party of the Philippines** and its armed wing, the **New People's Army** (NPA), continues to pose serious peace and order problems in the country. The insurgency is one of Asia's longest running conflicts and has claimed an estimated 30,000 lives since the 1960s. While the NPA is believed to have fewer than 4,000 soldiers now, down peak of 26,000 in the 1980s, it retains support among the extremely poor in the rural Philippines. There are persistent challenges to the tree-decade old peace negotiations with the communists, but the Government will keep forging on until both parties agree to end the fighting. The Muslim separatist struggle being waged by non-state armed groups and extremist movements remains a major source of instability in resource-rich but impoverished parts of the southern Philippines (Mindanao). The on-and-off peace process with the **Moro Islamic Liberation Front** (MILF) -- the largest and most organized of the myriad radical groups operating in Mindanao -- made a promising breakthrough when finally, a peace deal was signed in March 20214. A draft Bangsamoro Basic Law (BBL), which forms the backbone of the 2014 peace accord, is pending approval by Philippine Congress. c. **Terrorism and Transnational Crimes** International terrorism and transnational crime pose a direct threat to the security of individual countries and to international peace and prosperity. These twin problems are a persistent global threat that know no borders, nationality or religion, and operate outside the rule of law. Transnational terrorists and crime syndicates are usually well-organized international and domestically. They are well-resourced, have access to the latest technologies and skills, and will use unlimited or any form of violence to achieve their goals and objectives. The Philippines faces continuing threats from terrorism, both foreign and domestic origin. The Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) remains as the foremost terror group actively inflicting severe socio-political and economic disruptions. The ASG is an extremist organization known for its bandit-like tactics and notorious for beheadings and kidnap-for-ransom activities in Mindanao. The problem of transnational crimes has become more pressing. Given its archipelagic attributes, the Philippines' borders are porous and vulnerable to the activities of international crime syndicates. These illegal transborder activities include: drug trafficking; human trafficking of children, women, illegal migrants and labor; illegal fishing/poaching; arms smuggling; and money laundering. **d. Economic and Social Threats** Poverty remains pervasive and is not expected to change significantly in the near future. As the population continues to grow, more Filipinos are expected to join the ranks of the poor so long as the poverty rate remains largely unchanged. Income inequality between the rich and the poor and between urban and rural areas has remains high and will likely persist into the future. The poorest 20% of Filipinos own less than 5% of the country's total income and the richest 10% of the population accumulate income 2.7 times more than that of the poorest 40%. Moreover, average yearly unemployment and underemployment rates for the past five years remains steady at around 6% and 18%, respectively. In absolute terms, about 2.8 million Filipinos were unemployed and 6.4 million Filipinos were underemployed (PSA January 2017). Demographic migrations, in addition to social problems and the growth of crime, can lead to increased instability and insecurity. Infectious diseases are also on the rise particularly human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Many of the HIV/AIDS cases were reported among overseas Filipino workers (OFWs) and among workers engaged in business process outsourcing. a. **Overlapping Territorial Claims and Maritime Domain Issues** The country needs to address the disputes concerning maritime boundaries as they affect a complex range of national security concerns as well as threaten regional peace and stability. The Philippines must ensure good order within its sea boundaries and develop appropriate maritime domain awareness and response force capability to address the presence of hostile forces at sea, pirates, terrorists, traffickers, illegal fishers, and other environmental transgressors. b. **Global and Regional Geopolitical Issues** There are other inter- and intra-states flashpoints of immediate to the Philippines. These includes the intensifying conflicts in the Middle East and Africa (MENA region), persisting tension in the Korean Peninsula, unresolved territorial disputes in Northeast and Southeast Asia, unsettled Sabah issue, China-Taiwan conflict, and other power rivalries where the hegemony of the United States is contested and threatened. c. **Global Uncertainties and Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction** 1. **Increased Global Economic Uncertainties** The slowdown in major economies of the world such as US, China and the European Union will have an impact on virtually every country in the world including the Philippines. Economic downturns abroad could temper demand for Philippines exports, slow down foreign investments and hurt the overall business climate in the country. 2. **Global Security Issues and the Welfare of OFWs** Conflicts abroad and other emerging global security threats pose a direct danger to overseas Filipinos workers (OFWs), who contribute significantly to the national economy, accounting for most of the country's net factor income from abroad (NFIA) through their remittances. 3. **Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMDs)** Rapid technological advancement and greater access to scientific knowledge are changing the face of the world in unimagined ways. Scientific and technological breakthrough are creating wealth and progress everywhere, but are also spawning new and increasingly dangerous triggers for global insecurity. **Three Classification of WMDs** - Nuclear weapons - Chemical warfare agents - Biological warfare agents a. **Rising Threat of Cybercrime --** credit card fraud, ATM theft, call center scams, and other computer or web-based forms of deception schemes and identity theft. b. **Climate Change --** There are five channels through which climate change could affect security: i. threat to the well-being of the most vulnerable communities, ii. impact to economic development \-\-- halting or significantly slowing-down growth thereby worsening poverty and increasing desperation, iii. second-order effect of unsuccessful adaptation in the form of uncoordinated coping or survival strategies of local population, iv. threat posed by climate change to the viability and even survival of a number of sovereign states, v. availability or access to natural resource and the resultant competition and possible territorial disputes between countries. c. **Institutional Concerns** -- reforms in the security and judicial sectors with emphasis on the following: i. Modernizing and professionalizing the armed services; ii. Strengthening the judicial system; iii. Strengthening legislative oversight on security agencies; iv. Improving the national security and intelligence community. Renewed focus should be given to the following key governance issues: i. Stamping out corruption and professionalizing the bureaucracy; ii. Removing institutional obstacles to academic and scientific research and development; iii. Improving the government's auditing rules and regulations; and iv. Enhancing the Government's ability to deliver basic services. **I. Explain the following concepts. Write your answer in the blank.** 1. ASEAN \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 2. Transnational Crimes 3. Economic prosperity 4. Cybercrime \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 5. Climate Change \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ **II. As a citizen of this country, what can you contribute to help the Government attain its vision? Write your answer on the space provided.** \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ **What is Mental Health?** Mental health includes our emotional, psychological, and social well-being. It affects how we think, feel, and act. It also helps determine how we handle stress to others, and make choices. Mental health is important at every stage of life, from childhood and adolescence through adulthood. **Factors Contribute to Mental Health** 1. Biological factors --genes or brain chemistry 2. Life experiences -- trauma or abuse 3. Family history of mental health problems **Early Warning Signs** Experiencing one or more of the following feelings or behaviors can be an early warning sign of a problem: - Eating or sleeping too much or too little - Pulling away from people and usual activities - Having low or no energy - Felling numb or like nothing matters - Having unexplained aches and pains - Feeling helpless or hopeless - Smoking, drinking, or using drugs more than usual - Feeling usually confused, forgetful, on edge, angry, upset, worried, or scared - Yelling or fighting with family and friends - Experiencing severe mood swings that cause problems in relationship - Having persistent thoughts and memories you can't get out of your head - Hearing voices or believing things that are not true - Thinking of harming yourself or others - Inability to perform daily tasks like taking care of your kids or getting to work or school **Positive mental health allows people to:** - Realize their full potential - Cope with the stresses of life - Work productively - Make meaningful contributions to their communities **Ways to maintain positive mental health:** - Getting professional help others - Connecting with others - Staying positive - Getting physically active - Getting enough sleep - Developing coping skills I. True or False. Read the statement below carefully. Place a **T** on the line if you think the statement is **True** and **F** if you think the statement is **False**. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_1. Children do not experience mental health problems. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_2. People with mental health problems are violent and unpredictable. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_3. Personality weakness or character flaws are the causes of mental health problems. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_4. There is hope for people with mental health problems. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_5. Therapy and self-help cannot help treating mental health. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_6. It is impossible to prevent mental illnesses. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_7. Mental illnesses is a form of intellectual disability or brain damage. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_8. Mental health problems cannot affect me. **What is drug?** It is a chemical substance that is intended to be taken or administered for the purpose of altering, sustaining or controlling the recipients' physical, mental, or emotional state (PDEA, 2010). As Dictionary.com defines it, drug is a habit-forming medicinal or illicit substance, especially a narcotic. **What is drug abuse?** Drug abuse, as defined by PDEA (2010), is the use of any chemical substance, licit or illicit, resulting to individual's physical, mental, or social impairment. Drug abuse may refer to any of the following practices (PDEA, 2010): Using, useful drugs, which have the capacity to alter the mood or behavior without benefit or prescription. Using drugs and substances for a purpose different from the one from which the drug has been prescribed. **What is drug addiction?** According to WebMD (2018), [addiction](https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/addiction/default.htm) is a disease that affects the [brain](https://www.webmd.com/brain/picture-of-the-brain) and behavior. When one is addicted to [drugs](https://www.webmd.com/drugs/index-drugs.aspx), he or she can't resist the desire to use them, no matter how much harm the drugs may cause. At first, one may choose to take a drug because of the way it makes him or her feel. One might think it's controllable to use that specific drug but over time, it will bring change on how the brain works and later on, it will make one lose self-control which can lead to negative or unlikeable behaviours. **Addiction vs. Abuse** How does drug addiction and drug abuse differ? [Drug abuse](https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/addiction/abuse-of-prescription-drugs) is when someone use illegal or even legal substances in ways he or she should not. Usually, one can still be able to change this unhealthy habit or stop using altogether. On the contrary, addiction is when someone can't stop, not even when it puts his or her health in danger or even when it causes emotional, financial and relational problems WebMD (2018). **Take note:** Human [brain](https://www.webmd.com/brain/rm-quiz-amazing-brain) is wired to make people want to repeat experiences that make them feel good. That motivates them to do these again since the drugs taken that may be addictive target the [brain](https://www.webmd.com/brain/video/brain-training)'s reward system. This is because of the chemical called dopamine which will be released and trigger a feeling of intense pleasure. So one has the tendency to keep taking the drug to chase that high (WebMD, 2018). **Classification of drugs** A. **Origin** 1. Natural- anything that comes from nature 2. Synthetic- anything that is produced artificially or processed in the laboratory B. **Pharmacological** 1. Stimulants 2. Depressants 3. Hallucinogens 1. Stimulants Any of a group of drugs that excite the central nervous system and are also known as "uppers". It increase alertness, alleviate fatigue, reduce hunger and provide a feeling of satisfaction and well-being. Its examples are cocaine, methamphetamine (shabu). 2\. Depressants Any drug or chemicals that decrease the activity of any bodily function and are also called as the downers or barbs. The term is most often used to refer to drugs that reduce the activity of the central nervous system. Examples are sedatives, sleeping pills, tranquilizers, alcohol. 3. Hallucinogens Any natural or synthetic psychoactive drug that produce marked distortion of the senses and the changes in perception. This was also called as "psychedelics". This type of drug was originally developed as an appetite suppressant. Examples are MJ, LSD, ecstasy and ketamine. C. **Illegal and Legal** 1. Legal- for examples are tobacco, caffeine, and alcohol. These may be subject to restrictions based on age, location of use, and driving regulations. 2. Illegal- for examples are cocaine and heroin. These are not subject to quality or price controls and the amount of active ingredient varies. **Commonly Abused Drugs** 1. ![](media/image6.jpeg)Methamphetamine Hydrochloride or Shabu Shabu is another name for methamphetamine hydrochloride, also known as crystal meth or simply meth and ice. It is a highly addictive stimulant that causes its user irreversible harm, physically and mentally. Shabu can be snorted, smoked, injected and dissolved in water. Contents: - Ephedrine- (classified as dangerous drugs) its main ingredient which can cause brain damage - Toluene- chemical used for paints, adhesives, etc. - Acetone- nail cleaner - Lithium batteries- cancer-causing components - Battery acid- corrosive chemical - Drain cleaner- liquid soap - Hydrochloric acid- muriatic acid - Chloroform-cancer-causing solvent Immediate effects: - Produces anxiety, tension, irritability, irrational behavior, talkativeness, euphoria and elation - Results in loss of appetite and self-control and inability to sleep and loss - Can lead to acute psychotic reactions, violent and destructive behavior and recklessness that may result in accidents - Includes chest pain, irregularity of heart beat, elevated or lowered blood pressure Long term effects - Prolonged use or even a single exposure, especially if administrated intravenously, can lead to manifestations of full blown "psychosis" which is similar to the symptoms of schizophrenia characterized by the presence of paranoid delusions, auditory and visual hallucinations. This paranoia may also lead to violent and aggressive behavior. 2. Marijuana or Cannabis Sativa Cannabis plant was also known as weed, pot, dope, grass. When marijuana was smoked, vaped, drank, or ate, Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and other chemicals in the plant pass from the lungs into the bloodstream, which rapidly carries them throughout the body to the brain. - Illusions or hallucinations - Irregular or fast heart beat and pulse rate - Bloodshot eye, blurred vision and rapid eye movement - Dry mouth and throat - Forgetfulness and inability to think - Altered sense of time or disorientation - Impaired reflexes coordination and concentration - Acute panic anxiety & sleepiness 3\. Inhalants These are volatile chemical substances that contain psycho-active vapors producing a state of intoxication. Examples are glue and adhesive cement, rugby, super glue and thinner. ![](media/image8.jpeg)Immediate effects: - Prone to bleeding and bruises - Loss of memory - Difficulty in learning and seeing things clearly - Loss of bodily control - Cramps, pains and bad cough Long term effects: - Anxiety, depression, and irritability - Aggressive behavior - Permanent damage to brain, liver and kidneys - Withdrawal symptoms - Dizziness, shaking and nausea - Insomnia 4. Methylenedioxymethamphetamine or Ecstacy It is a synthetic (man-made) drug made in laboratory which comes in different colors and are sometimes marked with cartoon-like images. Ecstasy is often called as "the love pill" because it heightens perceptions of sound and color and amplifies sensations especially when one touches or caresses another. This often contains hallucinogens, which are drugs that act on the mind and cause people to see or feel things that are not really there. Mixing it with alcohol is extremely dangerous and are oftentimes lethal. Immediate effects: - Faintness, chills or sweating - muscle tension and involuntary teeth clenching - impaired judgment and false sense of affection - depression and severe anxiety - blurred vision and confusion - sleep problems and nausea Long term effects: - long-lasting and perhaps permanent damage to the brain affecting the person's judgment and thinking ability. **Common reasons why people turn to drugs** 1. Family problems 2. Peer pressure 3. Weak personality, desire to escape from reality **Common signs of drug abuse** - Stealing items which can be sold - Changes in mood, depending on the drug taken. - Poor physical appearance including inattention to dress and personal hygiene - Association with known drug abusers - Change from normal capabilities (work habits, inefficiency) - Change in attendance at work or school. - Wearing sunglasses constantly at inappropriate times or only to hide dilated or constricted pupils but also to compensate for the eyes' inability to adjust to sunlight. **Drug Problem in the Philippines** - When Philippine President Rodrigo R. Duterte assumed office in 2016, his administration launched a campaign against illegal drugs since the drug problem in the country has primarily been viewed as an issue of criminality and law enforcement. As part of his campaign against illegal drugs, Duterte assigned the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency to be the sole anti-drug enforcement agency in the Philippines. - As part of this campaign was the R.A. 9165 also known as the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002 which was signed on June 7, 2002. It was published on June 19, 2020 but took effect on July 4, 2002. It is the policy of the state which highlights the protection of the citizens, especially the youth, from the harmful effects of dangerous drugs on their physical and mental well-being. This law also stated the re-organization of the Philippine Drug Enforcement System. It includes the new Dangerous Drugs Board (DDB) as the policy and strategy formulating body and the creation of the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA). PDEA is a regular law enforcement agency which is an implementing arm of DDB. It was responsible for efficient and effective law enforcement of all provisions on any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemicals. - Global Health Program of the Association of Pacific Rim Universities (APRU), a non-profit network of 50 universities in the Pacific Rim called on to the government to address the root causes of the illegal drug problem in the Philippines. They wanted to relay to the leaders, policymakers, healthcare professionals, and human rights advocates in the region to work together to protect and promote health and well-being of all populations in the region (Simbulan, Estacio, Maligaso, Herbosa, & Withers, 2019). **Drug Education in the Philippines** According to the Drug Free World (2020), the best solution is to reach young people with effective, fact-based drug education---before they start experimenting with drugs. The main focus of substance abuse education is teaching individuals about drug and alcohol abuse and how to avoid, stop or get help for substance use disorders. Teens and young adults who know the facts about drugs are much less likely to start using them and before they destroy their health and as well as their lives. **Importance of Drug Education** - Knowledge is power, and with accurate information about the topic, a person will be more likely to make a factual information that will lead to informed decision. - People would be aware of the damage that all drugs and other substance have which can potentially harm the body, mind, and relationship with other people. - The information and insights that the student will learn can also be shared to other people. - Many misconceptions will be avoided about commonly used legal and illegal substances, such as [alcohol](https://www.projectknow.com/alcohol/) and [marijuana](https://www.projectknow.com/marijuana/). Ensuring that students are educated about drugs can help prevent them from using these, especially the ones that are made to sound harmless, but in reality are very addictive or dangerous to the body. - It will shape the future of the next generation of Filipinos and will dramatically transform the landscape of Philippine security. Effective drug education is important because young people are faced with many influences and pressure to use both legal and illegal drugs. llicit drug production, trafficking, and use remain a matter of shared concern among citizens since they hinder development and pose a threat to security among countries. Health, a crucial qualification for development of a person and a nation, is undesirably affected as drug use causes many health problems or worse, death. It has also been shown to be associated with other risky behaviors such as drunk-driving, unprotected sex, rape and needle-sharing, which can lead to hepatitis and HIV-AIDS (Dangerous Drugs Board, 2018). Thus, investing in efforts that would deter people, especially the youth, from using dangerous drugs would greatly benefit the society. Drug abstinence can lead to better learning outcomes, healthier families, more productive workforce, safer communities, and longer life expectancy according to Dangerous Drugs Board (2018). **Important things to remember about drugs** Drug addiction is a chronic disease characterized by seeking of drugs and it becomes uncontrollable or compulsive despite its harmful consequences. Drug addiction is also a deteriorating disease since the brain changes which occur over time because of the abuse of drugs challenge the self-control of the addicted person and interfere with his or her ability to resist intense urges to take drugs. Relapse is the return of a person to using drug after initially attempting to stop. Relapse also indicates that there is a need for more or different treatment. Most drugs affect the brain\'s reward circuit by flooding it with the chemical messenger dopamine. Surges of dopamine in the reward circuit cause the reinforcement of pleasurable but unhealthy activities, leading people to repeat the behavior again and again. Over time, the brain adjusts to the excess dopamine, which reduces the high that the person feels compared to the high they felt after taking a drug for the first time. This is an effect known as tolerance. And because of this, they might take more of the drug, trying to achieve the same dopamine high. No single factor can predict whether a person will become addicted to drugs. A combination of genetic, environmental, and developmental factors influences are considered risk of a person's addiction. The more risk factors a person has, the greater his or her chance of taking drugs which can lead to addiction. Drug addiction is treatable and can be successfully managed. More good news is that drug use and addiction are preventable. Teachers, parents, and health care providers have crucial roles in educating young people to prevent them from drug use and addiction. 1. In your own way, how can you avoid using illegal drugs? Explain your answer. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 2. Prepare a slogan promoting drug education or drug awareness. It should be written in bond paper (A4) and landscape layout. The global climate is the connected system of sun, earth and oceans, wind, rain and snow, forests, deserts and savannas, and everything people do, too. The climate of a place, say New York, can be described as its rainfall, changing temperatures during the year and so on. **Causes of Climate Change** The earth\'s climate is dynamic and always changing through a natural cycle. What the world is more worried about is that the changes that are occurring today have been speeded up because of man\'s activities. These changes are being studied by scientists all over the world who are finding evidence from tree rings, pollen samples, ice cores, and sea sediments. The causes of climate change can be divided into two categories - those that are due to natural causes and those that are created by man. **Natural Causes** 1. ![](media/image11.jpeg)**Continental drift** - You may have noticed something peculiar about South America and Africa on a map of the world - don\'t they seem to fit into each other like pieces in a jigsaw puzzle?\ About 200 million years ago they were joined together! Scientists believe that back then, the earth was not as we see it today, but the continents were all part of one large landmass. Proof of this comes from the similarity between plant and animal fossils and broad belts of rocks found on the eastern coastline of South America and western coastline of Africa, which are now widely separated by the Atlantic Ocean. The discovery of fossils of tropical plants (in the form of coal deposits) in Antarctica has led to the conclusion that this frozen land at some time in the past, must have been situated closer to the equator, where the climate was tropical, with swamps and plenty of lush vegetation. 2. The continents that we are familiar with today were formed when the landmass began gradually drifting apart, millions of years back. This drift also had an impact on the climate because it changed the physical features of the landmass, their position and the position of water bodies. The separation of the landmasses changed the flow of ocean currents and winds, which affected the climate. This drift of the continents continues even today; the Himalayan range is rising by about 1 mm (millimeter) every year because the Indian land mass is moving towards the Asian land mass, slowly but steadily. 3. **Volcanoes**- When a volcano erupts it throws out large volumes of sulphur dioxide (SO~2~), water vapour, dust, and ash into the atmosphere. Although the volcanic activity may last only a few days, yet the large volumes of gases and ash can influence climatic patterns for years. Millions of tons of sulphur dioxide gas can reach the upper levels of the atmosphere (called the stratosphere) from a major eruption. The gases and dust particles partially block the incoming rays of the sun, leading to cooling. Sulphur dioxide combines with water to form tiny droplets of sulphuric acid. These droplets are so small that many of them can stay aloft for several years. They are efficient reflectors of sunlight, and screen the ground from some of the energy that it would ordinarily receive from the sun. Winds in the upper levels of the atmosphere, called the stratosphere, carry the aerosols rapidly around the globe in either an easterly or westerly direction. Movement of aerosols north and south is always much slower. This should give you some idea of the ways by which cooling can be brought about for a few years after a major volcanic eruption. 4. ![](media/image13.jpeg)**The earth tilt's** - The earth makes one full orbit around the sun each year. It is tilted at an angle of 23.5° to the perpendicular plane of its orbital path. For one half of the year when it is summer, the northern hemisphere tilts towards the sun. In the other half when it is winter, the earth is tilted away from the sun. If there was no tilt we would not have experienced seasons. Changes in the tilt of the earth can affect the severity of the seasons - more tilt means warmer summers and colder winters; less tilt means cooler summers and milder winters. 5. **Ocean** **currents** - The oceans are a major component of the climate system. They cover about 71% of the Earth and absorb about twice as much of the sun\'s radiation as the atmosphere or the land surface. Ocean currents move vast amounts of heat across the planet - roughly the same amount as the atmosphere does. But the oceans are surrounded by land masses, so heat transport through the water is through channels.\ \ Winds push horizontally against the sea surface and drive ocean current patterns.\ Certain parts of the world are influenced by ocean currents more than others. The coast of Peru and other adjoining regions are directly influenced by the Humboldt current that flows along the coastline of Peru. The El Niño event in the Pacific Ocean can affect climatic conditions all over the world. **Human Causes** 1. **Greenhouse gas emission** -- Gases accumulate in the atmosphere, blocking heat from escaping, and they don't respond to temperature changes (the greenhouse effect). When they remain for an extended period in the atmosphere, they are likely to cause climate change. - - - - - 2. **Deforestation** - trees capture greenhouse gases such as CO2, preventing them from accumulating on the atmosphere, which could result in warming our planet. Most forests are getting cleared to create space for agriculture, buildings, and other human activities. 3. **Agriculture** - one of the most common human causes of climate change through emissions of gases and the conversion of forests to agricultural land. 4. **Industrialization** - Although the industrial revolution, and industrialization, has led to improved living conditions in various aspects, it is associated with adverse environmental effects that cause climatic changes. With recent innovations, human labour has been replaced with machinery that uses new sources of energy in the industries. **Give at least five (5) things that you can do to reduce the emission of GHG, which is the biggest human causes of climate change. Write your answer on the space provided.** 1. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 2. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 3. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 5. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ The collecting, treating, and disposing of solid material that is discarded because it has served its purpose or is no longer useful. Improper disposal of municipal [solid waste](https://www.britannica.com/topic/solid-waste) can create unsanitary conditions, and these conditions in turn can lead to [pollution](https://www.britannica.com/science/pollution-environment) of the [environment](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/environment) and to outbreaks of vector-borne disease---that is, diseases spread by [rodents](https://www.britannica.com/animal/rodent) and [insects](https://www.britannica.com/animal/insect). The tasks of solid-waste management present complex technical challenges. They also pose a wide variety of administrative, economic, and social problems that must be managed and solved. ![](media/image15.png) **Solid Waste Characteristic** 1. **Composition and properties** The sources of solid waste include residential, commercial, institutional, and industrial activities. Certain types of wastes that cause immediate danger to exposed individuals or [environments](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/environments) are classified as hazardous; these are discussed in the article [hazardous-waste management](https://www.britannica.com/technology/hazardous-waste-management). All nonhazardous solid waste from a [community](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/community) that requires collection and transport to a processing or disposal site is called [refuse](https://www.britannica.com/technology/refuse-disposal-system) or municipal solid waste (MSW). Refuse includes garbage and rubbish. Garbage is mostly decomposable food waste; rubbish is mostly dry material such as glass, paper, cloth, or wood. Garbage is highly putrescible or decomposable, whereas rubbish is not. Trash is rubbish that includes bulky items such as old refrigerators, couches, or large tree stumps. Trash requires special collection and handling. [Construction and demolition (C&D) waste](https://www.britannica.com/topic/construction-and-demolition-waste) (or debris) is a significant component of total solid waste quantities (about 20 percent in the United States), although it is not considered to be part of the MSW stream. However, because C&D waste is inert and nonhazardous, it is usually disposed of in municipal sanitary landfills. Another type of solid waste, perhaps the fastest-growing component in many developed countries, is [electronic waste](https://www.britannica.com/technology/electronic-waste), or e-waste, which includes discarded [computer](https://www.britannica.com/technology/computer) equipment, [televisions](https://www.britannica.com/technology/television-technology), [telephones](https://www.britannica.com/technology/telephone), and a variety of other electronic devices. Concern over this type of waste is escalating. [Lead](https://www.britannica.com/science/lead-chemical-element), [mercury](https://www.britannica.com/science/mercury-chemical-element), and [cadmium](https://www.britannica.com/science/cadmium) are among the materials of concern in electronic devices, and governmental policies may be required to regulate their recycling and disposal. Solid-waste characteristics vary considerably among [communities](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/communities) and nations. American refuse is usually lighter, for example, than European or Japanese refuse. In the United States paper and paperboard products make up close to 40 percent of the total weight of MSW; food waste accounts for less than 10 percent. The rest is a mixture of yard trimmings, wood, glass, metal, plastic, leather, cloth, and other miscellaneous materials. In a loose or uncompacted state, MSW of this type weighs approximately 120 kg per cubic metre (200 pounds per cubic yard). These figures vary with geographic location, economic conditions, season of the year, and many other factors. Waste characteristics from each community must be studied carefully before any treatment or disposal facility is designed and built. 2. **Generation and storage** Rates of solid-waste generation vary widely. In the [United States](https://www.britannica.com/place/United-States), for example, municipal refuse is generated at an average rate of approximately 2 kg (4.5 pounds) per person per day. Japan generates roughly half this amount, yet in Canada the rate is 2.7 kg (almost 6 pounds) per person per day. In some developing countries the average rate can be lower than 0.5 kg (1 pound) per person per day. These data include refuse from commercial, institutional, and industrial as well as residential sources. The actual rates of refuse generation must be carefully determined when a community plans a solid-waste management project. Most communities require household refuse to be stored in durable, easily cleaned containers with tight-fitting covers in order to minimize rodent or insect infestation and offensive odours. [Galvanized](https://www.mer

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