General Psychology with Intro to BES 1ST SEM AY. ‘24-’25. PDF

General Psychology with Intro to BES 1ST SEM, AY. ‘24-’25 Sir Joseph De roxas...

General Psychology with Intro to BES 1ST SEM, AY. ‘24-’25 Sir Joseph De roxas INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGY? Psychology - Came from the greek word psyche (pronounce as sai-ki) soul mind, breath, principle of life, life - Greek logos study, reason - Psych + Logos = Psychology: Study of the soul and mind - Conceptual, inmaterial, intangible - The scientific study of behavior and mental processes. Why scientific? - Psychology is under the field of Science, specifically Social Science. - It is important to be objective and unbiased when answering questions on human behavior and mental processes. - Because there is a need to follow the scientific method. Behavior - Response or action of a person or animal - Response of reaction to a stimulus - Stimulus is the energy coming from the environment (anything that can elicit a response) Ex; When we see a friend, we have a friendly behavior. But when we see an enemy, we fight/flight/freeze. - Most psychologists refer to behavior as overt Classification of Behaviors 1. Covert - Refers to the hidden behavior 2. Overt/Observable - Refers to behaviors that we can see/observed by the people around us - We use our 5 senses to observe 3. Normal - Behaviors that we commonly see from the majority - Accepted by society Ex: Talking to a friend 4. Abnormal - Behaviors that are unique or deviant - Affects your functioning - Abnormal people are considered endangered to themselves or the society Ex: Someone who is depressed or with suicidal thoughts 5. Learned - Behaviors that are acquired through experience, training or education - By experience, it is the first hand way of knowing it Ex: Coping with a heartbreak/Cooking or Baking: Learned through youtube or watching or enrolling 6. Unlearned - Behaviors that are innate, inborn, or inborn - This is natural from the time that you were born BES3141 I 1ST YEAR 1BES-2 Prepared by Llana De Leon  General Psychology with Intro to BES 1ST SEM, AY. ‘24-’25 Sir Joseph De roxas - This behavior does not require you to study or enroll Ex: Blinking of the eye Reflexes - Unlearned behaviors typically seen in babies. Types of Reflexes: 1. Soothing Reflex - When someone puts their finger near the mouth, the baby will turn his or her head. 2. Sucking Reflex - When someone puts their finger in the mouth, the baby will suck. 7. Verbal - Behaviors through words, phrases, or sentences. 8. Non-Verbal - Behaviors through gestures and movements. HOW TO READ A PERSON LIKE A BOOK (NON-VERBAL BEHAVIORS) How to Read A Person Like A Book is a book that serves as a classic guide to decode and reply to non verbal signals from strangers, friends, and business associates. There was a British research team who categorized 135 gestures and expressions of the face, head, and body. Out of the 80 were head and face gestures, and recorded 9 types of smiles. TYPE OF SMILE MEANING/DESCRIPTION The person is smiling to himself. A smile with the teeth unexposed. Simple Smile Commonly seen when a person is not participating in any outgoing activity. Typically nonsense smile that occurs when a person is alone and is happy. Called a greeting smile. The upper teeth are shown. Upper Smile Sometimes done when two individuals have eye contact. Occurs in situations of pleasurable excitement. Broad Smile Commonly associated during play. Also associated with laughing where both upper and lower teeth are exposed. The person has to be polite. The lips are drawn fully back from both Oblong Smile the upper and lower teeth forming an oblong with the lips. If a person is exhibiting this, the person is pretending to enjoy. BES3141 I 1ST YEAR 1BES-2 Prepared by Llana De Leon  General Psychology with Intro to BES 1ST SEM, AY. ‘24-’25 Sir Joseph De roxas Lip-in Smile Feels subordinate with the person he or she is meeting. A smile that is commonly exhibited and shown in the faces of shy individuals. One that reaches your eyes, making the corners wrinkle up with crow's feet and puts bagging under eyes (referred to as Duchenne Marker). Paul Ekman - American Psychologist who is the pioneer of Duchenne Smile the study of emotions and their relation to facial expressions. - Named as one of the 100 most influential people in the world by TIME Magazine. - According to him and Friesen in 1982, this smile is a signal of any of the positive emotions such as amusement, relief, excitement, achievement of sensory pleasures. Non-Duchenne Smile What we consider a fake smile. Scientific - An objective way to answer questions based on observable facts/data and well-described methods - Psychology is not common sense but a scientific endeavor. Mind (Mental Processes) - Thoughts, feelings, sensations, perceptions, memories, dreams, motives and other subjective experiences VARIABLES OF MENTAL PROCESSES Thoughts - Mental cognitions (can be in the form of ideas, opinions/attitudes, and beliefs about ourselves and the world around us.) Attitude: Evaluation of people, issues, objects, policies/events. Ex: Same sex marriage, abortion, annulment Feelings - Self-contained experiences that are subjective (can be biased), evaluative (judging) and independent of sensations/ thoughts/ images. (Pleasant vs. Unpleasant) Sensation - The process of perceiving through our senses/stimulation of sensory receptors. Ex: Sweet fragrance of flowers can bring pleasure. BES3141 I 1ST YEAR 1BES-2 Prepared by Llana De Leon  General Psychology with Intro to BES 1ST SEM, AY. ‘24-’25 Sir Joseph De roxas Perception - The way sensory information is organized, interpreted, and consciously experienced. - Once the energy is converted to something else, then it will be processed by the brain. Then it will give a signal to other body parts. Memory - Specific information or representation of past experience. Dream - Rich array of sensory, motor, emotional experiences that occur during sleep. - This might seem real Ex: Falling, being chased, death, losing a tooth Motive - A specific physiological or psychological state of arousal that directs an organism’s energies toward a specific goal. - What motivates you. Ex: What motivates people to work? Need for survival. GOALS OF PSYCHOLOGY Description - Answer the question what. What is the behavior? Ex: Smoking, drinking, video game addiction, drug addiction - Psychologists are always asked to say something about an individual. Ex: Traits, character, personality, behaviors, Explanation - Answer the question why. - Talks about the causes and factors of human behavior. - Psychologists attempt to go beyond the obvious and explain why people act the way they do. Ex: Explain why a person is smoking - It can be peer influence, family, etc. Prediction - Analyzing past behavior. - Psychologists aim to predict and anticipate how a certain behavior will appear again in the future. - You are sort of giving the outcome or the consequences. Ex: If you smoke, you might suffer from certain physical and psychological symptoms. - Angle it in such a way that you are predicting the future behavior of a person. Ex: When you take USTET, it’s a good way for the administrators to know your academic behavior. Control - To decrease negative behaviors (prevent and give solutions) and increase (reinforce) positive behaviors. BES3141 I 1ST YEAR 1BES-2 Prepared by Llana De Leon  General Psychology with Intro to BES 1ST SEM, AY. ‘24-’25 Sir Joseph De roxas - Can be in the form of Intervention (treatment of mental illnesses) and enhancing well-being, etc. Ex: If a person is engaged in smoking, what can we do to decrease it?/If you got a perfect score on your exam, what can you do to maintain it? FOUNDATIONS OF MODERN PSYCHOLOGY SEPARATED FROM PHILOSOPHY IN THE 19TH CENTURY Influences from physiology remain To fully understand psychology, you need to consider its past. Psychology did not start right away as a science. It was under the umbrella of Philosophy. GREAT TRIUMVIRATE IN PSYCHOLOGY 1. Socrates - Dualism; self knowledge and self understanding. - Relevant goals in the field of therapy and psychological research. - Proposed about two realities: the (physical) body and the soul (psyche) 2. Plato - Student of Socrates - Expanded the psyche of Socrates. 3 parts of the psyche: 1. Physical appetite: Basic biological needs of man such as hunger, thirst, and sexual desire. 2. Spirit/ Passion: Basic emotions such as love, anger, ambition, and aggressiveness. 3. Reason: The highest of them all, which is described as the divine essence that lets us think deeply to make wise choices and achieve truth, understanding, and eternal truth. According to Plato, when there is a clash between physical appetite and spirit/passion, reason will mediate. 3. Aristotle - Student of Plato - Tabula rasa, hylomorphism, moderation is key to happiness. Tabula Rasa: Describes the idea that people begin life as a blank slate onto which experiences are mapped, forming a person. SOURCE - Kapag pinanganak tayo, ang mind is like tabula rasa (clean slate), and as we grow we learn from experience – nasusulatan siya. Hylomorphism: Every physical object is a compound of matter and form. SOURCE ADDITIONAL CONTRIBUTORS IN THE FOUNDATIONS OF MODERN PSYCH Philosophy was not only the discipline from which psychology emerged. We also have the roots of Psychology in the natural sciences such as biology and physiology. BES3141 I 1ST YEAR 1BES-2 Prepared by Llana De Leon  General Psychology with Intro to BES 1ST SEM, AY. ‘24-’25 Sir Joseph De roxas Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920) - Pronounced as Vill-helm Voont - Philosopher-Physician - Father of Psychology - His research is primarily concerned with senses, specially the vision, but he also studied attention, emotion, and memory. - Established the first psychology laboratory in 1879 at the University of Leipzig, Germany. - This event is considered as the birth of Psychology as a science. - Applied laboratory techniques to the study of the mind. - His greatest contribution is his study to know how people consciously experience the world. - To know the world, we have to identify the different parts of conscious experiences (three elements: sensation, feeling, mental image: nabubuo na picture sa isip mo) of people. Structuralism - Focused on breaking down mental processes into the most basic components - He identified “atoms” of the mind - He likened psych to an established science like chemistry in which the conscious experience of an individual is like a chemical compound which is broken into different elements. - focused on basic sensory and perceptual processes - Through introspection: the informal process of exploring one's own mental and emotional states. SOURCE Edward B. Titchener (1867–1927) - Wundt’s student - Became a professor at Cornell University - Expanded the term structuralism (school of thought) that specified the mental structures and analyzed the basic elements of mental life. - Introspection: The examination of one’s own emotional states and mental processes as a major method of data collection. - Intros (into), Spec (look/look within yourself) Ex 1: Sensations of drinking calamansi juice, the sensations and feeling of witnessing a person being hostaged. Ex 2: Describing the apple by taste, shape, texture. Ex 3: Describing experience in the ocean. William James (1842–1910) - Functionalism: Asserted that the mind is a functional tool that allows organisms to adapt to their environment. SOURCE - The Father of American Psychology. One of Harvard’s illustrious professors who taught anatomy and physiology then psychology. (1842 – 1910) - He opposed Wundt and Ttitchener’s approach (structuralism) BES3141 I 1ST YEAR 1BES-2 Prepared by Llana De Leon  General Psychology with Intro to BES 1ST SEM, AY. ‘24-’25 Sir Joseph De roxas - The Atomistic model of the mind is wrong because the conscious experience is continuously ever changing which cannot be captured. Hindi mo kayang madetermine yung iba’t ibang elements ng conscious experience kasi nagbabago siya. Ex: Ngayon iba nraramdaman mo, but the next minute pwedeng mag-iba. - His preposition is that Psychology should devote itself to figuring out the functions of the mind and what it does to us everyday. Mas mahalaga yung gamit ng isipan ng tao para magamit natin ito sa pang araw-araw na buhay. - Functionalism makes us more adaptive to the ever changing world. - Adaptive in a way that we can adjust in order to survive. - He got Functionalism from Charles Darwin’s survival of the fittest. - Understand what people do and why they do it. Ex. We used our mind to problem solve issues during the COVID-19 pandemic (new normal: online shopping, online classes, work from home). John B. Watson (1878–1958) ‘Majinit Jackson’ in the Phil - Behaviorism challenges both schools of thought (structuralism and functionalism) because what they study is very covert (the conscious experience, mental processes, etc.). - His preposition is to make psychology as a science: it should study overt behavior (observed). - Important areas of research: Ivan Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning & B.F. Skinner’s Operant Conditioning - In behaviorism, psychological phenomena starts with a stimulus and ends with a response. Ex: ‘Majinit Jackson’ in the Phil Stimulus: A detectable change happens in the environment Receptors: Skin Sensory Neurons and Motor Neurons: Give signals to the brain, which instructs the body to cool off. Effector: Produce a response, muscle/glands Response: The behavior Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) - An Austrian physician that focused on mental illness. - Psychoanalytic Theory: The belief that human behavior is deeply influenced by unconscious (mind) thoughts, impulses and desires (sex & aggression) Sub/Unconscious Mind - Bigger part of the mind - Contains our negative thoughts BES3141 I 1ST YEAR 1BES-2 Prepared by Llana De Leon  General Psychology with Intro to BES 1ST SEM, AY. ‘24-’25 Sir Joseph De roxas - One’s current behavior is heavily influenced by the past, specifically childhood experiences. Oral Fixations - neglected and underfed (lack of oral stimulation) - overprotected and overfed (excess oral stimulation) Other Oral Fixations: Alcohol Abuse, Smoking, Overeating, Nail Biting and Chewing Max Wertheimer (1912) - Gestalt Psychology: A school of thought concerned with the organization of mental processes. - Processing of entire patterns & configurations not as separate parts or components. - The whole is greater than its parts. Ex. A picture might have several separate parts that work together to form one image. - There are a number of Gestalt Laws 1. Proximity 2. Similarity 3. Law Closure 4. Law Good continuation 5. Law of Figure and Ground or Pragnanz - Your brain simplifies complicated scenarios. - It describes how we perceive a visual by switching it between foreground and background. DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES OF PSYCHOLOGY Perspective - A way of viewing phenomena PERSPECTIVES Biopsychological - Study the physiological mechanisms in the brain and nervous system that organize and control behavior - How the brain, neurotransmitters, and other aspects of our biology influence our behaviors, thoughts, and feelings. - Focus may be at various levels 1. individual neurons 2. areas of the brain 3. specific functions like eating, emotion, or learning Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that mediated satisfaction, happiness and optimism. “I love you from the bottom of my hypothalamus!’ Sex Drive - “testosterone” / estrogen Romance System - “Dopamine” - high feelings, lack of sleep, delusional optimism, obsessive thoughts. BES3141 I 1ST YEAR 1BES-2 Prepared by Llana De Leon  General Psychology with Intro to BES 1ST SEM, AY. ‘24-’25 Sir Joseph De roxas Attachment System - ”oxytocin” - feelings of closeness (milk and semen) Psychodynamic - Formerly known as Psychoanalytic perspective by Sigmund Freud. - The dynamics of interaction, of forces lying deep within the mind. - Behavior is determined by intrapsychic forces and/ or reflects combinations of conscious and unconscious influences - Drives and urges within the unconscious component of mind influence thought and behavior - Early childhood experiences shape unconscious motivations Behavioral - For every stimulus, there is a response. - Most of our behavior is learned and why we tend to repeat the behavior is because of the reinforcement applied to it especially if the reinforcement is positive. Ex: You are given a reward when you do something good to motivate you to do it again. Humanistic - Focus on motivation of people to grow psychologically - All about human growth. - Importance of choice and self-direction to reach potential - Self-actualization: Generally be thought of as the full realization of one’s creative, intellectual, and social potential through internal drive (versus for external rewards like money, status, or power). SOURCE Carl Rogers - focus on self-determination free choice of one's own acts or states without external compulsion and free will - more positive view of basic forces than Freud’s Abraham Maslow - behavior reflects innate “actualization” - theory of motivation emphasized psychological growth Cognitive - How is knowledge acquired, organized, remembered, and used to guide behavior? BES3141 I 1ST YEAR 1BES-2 Prepared by Llana De Leon  General Psychology with Intro to BES 1ST SEM, AY. ‘24-’25 Sir Joseph De roxas - Utilizes the individual’s mental processes, his thoughts, beliefs and ideas. - Pessimist, Optimist, Positivist Ex: A person is depressed because he is thinking of negative, self-defeating thoughts. Sociocultural - How are people’s thoughts, feelings, and behavior influenced by their culture? - The study of psychological differences among people living in different cultural groups. Ex: Individualism (values personal independence) vs. Collectivism In the US, it is acceptable for children above 18 yrs old to leave their parents but in the PH it is not encouraged. Evolutionary - Only emerged in 1980’s - Influenced by Darwin and the emphasis on innate, adaptive behavior patterns - Application of principles of evolution to explain behavior and psychological processes. - It emphasizes the importance of adaptation, reproduction and survival of the fittest in explaining behavior. Ex: Partner selection preferences - Reproduction and survival are interlinked. REVIEW MEANING/THEORY PERSPECTIVE FOUNDER Psychology should study how behavior and mental processes allow organisms to adapt to their Evolutionary perspective Charles Darwin environments Psychology should emphasize people’s unique potential for Humanistic Maslow psychological growth Psychology should only study Behaviorism Watson observable behavior DIFFERENT DISCIPLINES IN PSYCHOLOGY Clinical Psychology - It deals with clinical assessment, diagnosis and the treatment of mental disorders. Counseling Psychology - A counseling psychologist works with normal or moderately maladjusted individuals. Developmental Psychology - Study of the principles of development from birth to old age BES3141 I 1ST YEAR 1BES-2 Prepared by Llana De Leon  General Psychology with Intro to BES 1ST SEM, AY. ‘24-’25 Sir Joseph De roxas Includes physical, social, cognitive and emotional development Consumer Psychology - Involves selecting, obtaining and using products & services to satisfy needs and desires. Personality Psychology - The study of individual differences and the development of personality theories. Educational Psychology - Is concerned with teaching-learning situations and conducting studies for the improvement of measurement and evaluation of educational programs. Industrial/ Organizational Psychology - Deals with the application of psychological principles and research methods in the workplace. Experimental Psychology - Involves the use of experimental methods and designs in establishing causal relationships between variables. Biological Psychology - Deals with the relationship of the nervous system and human behavior Psychometrics - Is devoted to testing , measurement, assessment of psychological variables Health Psychology - Is the study of the cognitive, affective, behavioral and interpersonal factors affecting health and illness. Social Psychology - Deals with how man behaves in his interactions with others. Sports Psychology - Applies theories and knowledge in psychology to enhance the performance of athletes and coaches. Political Psychology - Studies the influence of psychological processes on political behavior and the effect of the political system on the mental processes and behavior of individuals. Forensic Psychology - Deals with the relationship of psychology and the law (legal proceedings). Sports Psychology BES3141 I 1ST YEAR 1BES-2 Prepared by Llana De Leon  General Psychology with Intro to BES 1ST SEM, AY. ‘24-’25 Sir Joseph De roxas - Involves the application of psychological theories and principles for the enhancement of athlete’s performance. Positive Psychology - Focused on the character strengths and behaviors that allow individuals to build a life of meaning and purpose. Cross-Cultural Psychology - Deals with how cultures affect behavior. Environmental Psychology - Deals with the relationship between humans and the environment. BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE BA in Behavioral Science - The Bachelor of Arts in Behavioral Science (BES) program combines psychology, management, and sociology, with emphasis on human resource management. - This synergy of disciplines enables students to learn the various aspects of the human person, such as their personality and behavior, in the context of work groups and organizations. Students also learn the intricacies of an organization, with special focus on HR functions, such as talent acquisition & placement, learning & development, labor relations, total rewards management, and organization development. - Having included courses most essential in the HR practice, and strengthened by the offering of subjects from the allied disciplines of psychology, sociology, and management, BES students turn out to be more holistically developed and better equipped to handle the demands of their profession when they graduate. BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE SPECIALTY AREAS Issues, Trends and Innovations in HRM - Employee behaviors and dispositions in the workplace, HR policy formulations implications, Employer-Employee relationship issues, etc. Mental Health and Wellness - Status of targeted groups related to mental health indicators, well-being in different areas of human functioning, psychospirituality, rare & uncommon mental illnesses, employee mental health & wellness, psychological help-seeking, etc. Technological Applications and Implications - Cyberpsychology, Automations in the HR practices, Human Resources Information Systems, Artificial Intelligence in the Workplace, Cybertherapy, etc. CAREER PATHS IN BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE BES3141 I 1ST YEAR 1BES-2 Prepared by Llana De Leon  General Psychology with Intro to BES 1ST SEM, AY. ‘24-’25 Sir Joseph De roxas 1. HR Professionals 2. Pre-Med 3. Business Professional 4. Professor/Teacher 5. Pre-Law 6. Clinical/Industrial Organizational Psychology HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES HISTORY The Origin of Psychology - Psychology was taught as early as the 17th century at the University of San Carlos in Cebu and University of Santo Tomas (UST). - Psychology was part of the Philosophy Department in the 1900's - It did not start as a science but started from Philosophy. - In 1926, psychology was taught as a separate subject from Philosophy and a Department of Psychology was established at the University of the Philippines (UP) attached to the School of Education. - UST was the first institution to offer bachelor of science, master's and doctorate degrees in psychology. - In fact, UST established in 1938 the first laboratory in Experimental Psychology. - By Father Angel de Blas. PIONEERS IN PSYCHOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES Most of them received graduate training in the US. Agustin Alonzo - The first psychologist to become head of UP. Jesus Perpinay - Set up the FEU psychological clinic. Father Angel de Blas - Established the Experimental Psychology lab at UST. Estafania Aldaba-Lim - The first Filipino to receive a Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology from the University of Michigan. Alfredo Lagmay - The chairman of UP for 22 years. Father Jaime Bulatao S.J. - Established the Dept of Psych at the Ateneo De Manila University. BES3141 I 1ST YEAR 1BES-2 Prepared by Llana De Leon  General Psychology with Intro to BES 1ST SEM, AY. ‘24-’25 Sir Joseph De roxas - He said that by hugging a tree, you will be able to distress as the tree will absorb all our stresses. HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY IN UST The history of Psychology in the University of Santo Tomas started in 1645. It was then a part of the curriculum of Philosophy. 1926 - A Department of Psychology was formed for the first time under the College of Education offering Elementary Psychology. 1932 - Clinical Psychology was offered in the third year of medicine proper in the Faculty of Medicine and Surgery. Fr. Angel de Blas - Completed his Ph.D. at the University of Santo Tomas in 1934. - He introduced new methods and devices in the fields of physical sciences just like what the structuralism school of thought established. - Zoology, Physics, and most especially in the field of Psychology. - Established in 1938 the first laboratory in Experimental Psychology in the Philippines with his colleagues. - The laboratory instruments used then were audiometer, anesthesiometer, pain-pressure balance and other devices. - The Experimental Psychology laboratory in UST was considered as the only one of its kind in Far East Asia at that time. 1948 - The College of Liberal Arts, which is now known as the College of Science, offered B.S. Major in Psychology. - This course was offered for the first time in UST. - The University of Santo Tomas was regarded as the first school in the Philippines to offer B.S. Major in Psychology with Fr. Angel de Blas, O.P. as the first Chairman of the Department of Psychology. - From then on, Psychology as a science has undergone tremendous growth and success. PILLARS OF PSYCHOLOGY 5 PILLARS OF PSYCHOLOGY Biological Cognitive Developmental Social and Mental and Personality Physical Health Biopsychology Perception Learning Social Abnormal BES3141 I 1ST YEAR 1BES-2 Prepared by Llana De Leon  General Psychology with Intro to BES 1ST SEM, AY. ‘24-’25 Sir Joseph De roxas /Neuroscience Thinking Lifespan Personality Therapies Sensation Development Intelligence Emotion Stress, Lifestyle, Consciousness and Health Memory Motivation NEUROBIOLOGICAL BASIS OF BEHAVIOR WHY STUDY BIOLOGY IN A PSYCHOLOGY CLASS? We are Biopsychosocial beings - We are biological, psychological, and social beings. - This is from the biopsychosocial model - Look at the interconnection between biology (genes, brain, nerve, hormones), psychology (mental processes, behavior), and social environmental factors (family culture). - Examines how these aspects play a huge role in the rage of topics, mainly in health and human development. - “Everything psychological is biological.” - Our actions, thoughts, emotions are all biological. - Every thought, behavior, emotion has its biological roots. - Biology is the science of living things. - It plays an integral role in supporting psychology. - The brain, nerves and hormones are responsible for your thoughts, feelings and actions. NEUROBIOLOGICAL BASIS OF BEHAVIOR Example: Toothache - A pain or discomfort that is localized to a tooth or the surrounding region. - The pain sensation can range in severity: mild, moderate, severe. - Duration:In terms of the length of time (can be an hour or last for days) - Location: Upper or lower incisors - The thing about toothaches is it can be because of several causes like tooth decay and cavity. - We feel the toothache because of our nerves, through signals. - Signals that will be passed onto the nerves, that will be passed through the tubes, to the spinal cord, until it reaches the brain. - The brain will process it and tell us that we have tooth decay, then it will alert our body to stop or feel relieved from the toothache. - If you feel the toothache sa right, the left hemisphere will process it. Biopsychology - Is the scientific study of the biology of behavior.It finds the biological causes of our BES3141 I 1ST YEAR 1BES-2 Prepared by Llana De Leon  General Psychology with Intro to BES 1ST SEM, AY. ‘24-’25 Sir Joseph De roxas thoughts, feelings and actions/ behaviors. - Some refer to this field as Psychobiology, Behavioral Biology or Behavioral Neuroscience. - Neuroscience is a wide/broad interdisciplinary field in Science and Biopsychology is under it. The other different in Neuroscience that are particularly relevant to Biopsychology: 1. Neuroanatomy: the study of the structure/parts of the nervous system. (offered in COS) 2. Neuropathology: the study of nervous system disorders/illnesses. 3. Neuroendocrinology: the study of the interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system. 4. Neurophysiology: the study of the functions and activities of the nervous system. All that is psychological is first physiological - All thoughts, feelings, and behaviors ultimately have a physiological/biological cause. - Our thoughts and emotions have roots biologically. Ex: Joker’s mental condition: antisocial personality disorder Ginugulo nya society pinatay mga tao sabi may schizo depressive disorder. Root Cause: something to do with the neural circuits/transmitters (kulang sa dopamine serotonin) or genetic factors (yung magulang meron — mental illness can be passed to our children)/ aggression/ certain behavior na nakikita na akala niya tama (parents tolerate) TEMPERAMENT - characteristics ng magulang na naipapasa sa anak SIX MAJOR DIVISIONS OF BIOPSYCHOLOGY Includes examples of how the six approaches have pursued the study of memory DIVISION DEFINITION EXAMPLE Physiological psychologists Study of the neural mechanisms have studied the contributions of of behavior by manipulating the the hippocampus to memory by Physiological Psychology nervous systems of nonhuman surgically removing the animals in controlled hippocampus in rats and experiments. assessing their ability to perform various memory tasks. Psychopharmacologists have tried to improve the memory of Psychopharmacology Study of the effects of drugs on Alzheimer's patients by the brain and behavior. administering drugs that increase the levels of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Neuropsychologists have shown Study of the psychological that patients with Neuropsychology effects of brain damage in alcohol-produced brain damage human patients. have particular difficulty in remembering recent events. Psychophysiologists have shown that familiar faces elicit BES3141 I 1ST YEAR 1BES-2 Prepared by Llana De Leon  General Psychology with Intro to BES 1ST SEM, AY. ‘24-’25 Sir Joseph De roxas Study of the relation between the usual changes in autonomic Psychophysiology physiological activity and nervous system activity even psychological processes in when patients with brain human subjects by noninvasive damage report that they do not physiological recording. recognize a face. Cognitive neuroscientists have Study of the neural mechanisms used brain-imaging technology Cognitive neuroscience of human cognition, largely to observe the changes that through the use of functional occur in various parts of the brain imaging. brain while human volunteers perform memory tasks. Comparative psychologists have Study of the evolution, genetics, shown that species of birds that Comparative psychology and adaptiveness of behavior, cache their seeds tend to have largely through the use of the big hippocampi, confirming that comparative method. the hippocampus is involved in memory for location. HOW DO WE RELATE TO THE WORLD? 1. Sensing - Different sense organs of our body (eyes: seeing, ears: hearing, skin: feelings) - Sa organs may sensory receptors Ex: Brownout tapos accidentally mo nahawakan sinindihan mong kandila. So masesense yon ng skin natin na may message yung stimulus or energy from that kandila ay magiging sort of signal sa somatosensory receptors then mapapasa sa nerve endings then sa spinal cord papunta sa brain na mag proprocess (ano kaya yun based on exp memories) nung naalala niya mag send siyang signal brain to the cord to the muscles then saka ka ngayon iiwas sa kandila. Not mabagal, in a split second kaagad mo tatanggalin 2. Processing 3. Responding BES3141 I 1ST YEAR 1BES-2 Prepared by Llana De Leon  General Psychology with Intro to BES 1ST SEM, AY. ‘24-’25 Sir Joseph De roxas NEURONS Neurons - The Basic Unit of the Nervous System - Also known as a nerve cell is the basic structural unit of the nervous system that send and receives electrical signals to and from the nervous system. - There are about 100 billion neurons in the human brain (Harvard) - Neurogenesis: is the creation / birth of a neuron. Research has found that the hippocampus can produce anywhere from 700 to 1,500 new neurons each day (Harvard) - Individual nerve cell Parts of Neurons: 1. Cell body: central part of nerve cell; contains nucleus or cell’s control center 2. Dendrites: small branches extending from cell; receive messages from other neurons 3. Axons: small branches at other end of neuron; send messages to other neurons Nerves - Bundles of interconnected neurons that fire in synchrony to carry messages. Three Types of Neurons: Sensory neuron → Interneuron → Brain → Interneuron → Motor Neuron → Muscles 1. Sensory neuron - Carries information from the senses to the central nervous system. - Located near the different sense organs in our body - The eyes, ears, nose, mouth, and skin contains a lot of sensory neurons because they receive the stimulus from the environment 2. Motor neuron - Carries messages from the central nervous system to muscles of the body. 3. Interneuron - A neuron found in the center of the spinal cord; receives BES3141 I 1ST YEAR 1BES-2 Prepared by Llana De Leon  General Psychology with Intro to BES 1ST SEM, AY. ‘24-’25 Sir Joseph De roxas information from sensory neurons and sends commands to muscles through motor neurons. - Located in the spinal cord. Specific Parts and Process Involved in Passing the Message: Somatosensory Receptors (inside the skin– dermis area) → Sensory Neuron (Dendrites who will conduct the neural impulses → Cell Body/Soma → Axon covered by a white tissue called myelin sheath which runs the fiber that interrupt the fairly regular intervals producing nodes of ranvier → End Terminal/Synaptic Vesicles then sa dulo non synaptic terminals) The gaps in the axons - Yung mga respoinses natin less than a second. Paano nabili? Because of the nodes of ranvier. Since may gaps in between parang tumnatalon yung neural impulses kaya mas mabilis. Neurotransmitters and Synaptic Transmission Neurons work together through: 1. Synapse - Process wherein from that neuron, it will jump to another. - Jumps into other dendrites. - For the message to be passed to another neuron, it needs a vehicle/transportation. 2. Synaptic gap 3. Neurotransmitters: a. Synaptic vesicles b. Synaptic terminals c. Receptor sites The process involved in the transmission: Neurotransmitters → synaptic vesicles (marerelease sya dyan) → receptors sa dendrites ng another neurons, within those synaptic knobs containing synaptic vesicles such as neurotransmitters - This is the transportation (bilog bilog na blue) - They play a significant role in the transmission of the neural impulses from one neuron to the next known as a synapse. Types of Neurotransmitters: 1. Excitatory - Brings about the transmission of neural impulses - From the word excitatory, they push the message from one neuron to the next. Glutamate, Epinephrine, Norepinephrine BES3141 I 1ST YEAR 1BES-2 Prepared by Llana De Leon  General Psychology with Intro to BES 1ST SEM, AY. ‘24-’25 Sir Joseph De roxas 2. Inhibitory - Prevents the conduction of neural impulses. Gamma Amino Butyric Acid (GABA), Glycine, Serotonin NEURAL TRANSMISSION Neurons in the Transmission - Function like wires and batteries - Have sacs filled with fluid chemicals containing surrounded by a second type of chemical - Ions: Positive or negative charged particles - Cell membrane: Semipermeable in normal resting state - Polarized: When negative ions inside the cell membrane and positive ions outside. - Depolarization: Positive ions enter membrane - All-or-none principle - Action potential - Myelin sheath: - Average thickness in females is greater - May indicate females process certain information better than males - Multiple sclerosis destroys myelin sheath Process of the Transmission within the Neuron, specifically the Axons; Polarization: Positive (outside, environment), Negative (inside) - It contains positively charged ions (cations) and negatively charged ions (anions) - It must contain both ions to fire off neural impulse. - The positive ions go inside and outside. Neural Impulse Transmission - Once a neuron gets excited it generates and transmits action potentials (nerve impulses) to and from the brain. BES3141 I 1ST YEAR 1BES-2 Prepared by Llana De Leon  General Psychology with Intro to BES 1ST SEM, AY. ‘24-’25 Sir Joseph De roxas Membrane Potential: is the electrical charge inside and outside a neuron. - A neuron is irritable/excited when it is in Polarized State - Characterized by negativity inside (ANIONS) and positivity outside the membrane (CATIONS) - Sodium Ions (Na+): extracellular ions - Potassium Ions (K+): intracellular ions - When the nerve is stimulated, the flow of movement of Na+ from the outside (it will now go inside that’s why they are called extracellular ions) to the inner portion of the cell known as NA+influx (pagpasok sa loob ng membrane) - The movement of K+ shows an outward diffusion known as K+ efflux. The diffusion of these ions causes changes in the electrical membrane potential. - When natural impulses enter, the K+ goes outside. NEUROTRANSMITTERS Adrenaline (For Fight or Flight) - Also known as 'epinephrine', released in response to stress. - It increases heart rate, blood pressure, and glucose metabolism to boost physical reflexes. - This is why we become supermans when we are stressed. - We use this when we face threats or stressors. Ex: You are studying then may naamoy ka na nasusunog. Definitely, you will be alarmed. So kapag pumunta ka sa kusina nakita mong lumalaki yung fire soi gagawin mo yung lahat to put off the fire. What gives you the boost of energy is the adrenaline. You do things you don;t think you can do. Noradrenaline (For Attention & Focus) - Also known as "norepinephrine” - It affects brain activity, contracts blood vessels, controls blood flow, regulates heartbeat and liver function. - This helps us relax. - This is very useful when we are working/studying because it allows us to sustain our attention/focus on the material we are working on. - People with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) lack noradrenaline that’s why they are not focused and always distracted resulting to procrastination Endorphins (For Pain Management) - Short for endogenous morphine, meaning natural opiate produced in the body. - Releases during exercise, excitement, and sex. Produces the feeling of well-being, euphoria, and involvement in pain management. - Those with cancer/terminal illnesses have endorphins injected to them to not feel pain. BES3141 I 1ST YEAR 1BES-2 Prepared by Llana De Leon  General Psychology with Intro to BES 1ST SEM, AY. ‘24-’25 Sir Joseph De roxas - It is released during exercise, excitement, and sex. - In sex, it is during the orgasm when the brain releases endorphins. - When it is released, we have a positive feeling (in cloud nine, high) - In exercise, even by simply walking the brain releases endorphins. Acetylcholine (For Memory & Learning) - Influences muscle action, learning, and memory - Vital to muscle movement. - Linked with thought, learning, and memory. - When you are learning or trying to memorize it is when the brain releases acetylcholine. - Stimulates muscle function, contractions of the digestive tract. Involved with focus and alertness. Histamine (For Immune Protection) - Controls vasodilation, inflammation, and immune response. - Regulates metabolism, body temperature, hormone function, and sleep-wake cycle. Dopamine (For Repeat Behavior) - Provides pleasure and motivation, motor control and movement. - Responsible for any repeat behavior such as addiction. - Too much will lead us to addictive behaviors. - This is bad for your mental health too little=Parkinson’s too much= Schizophrenia. Gamma Amino Butyric Acid (GABA) (For Motor Control) - Inhibitory - Binds to receptor sites affected by tranquilizers, alcohol. - High levels improve focus and low levels cause anxiety. - When we are nervous, we are low on GABA. - Calms the firing nerves and contributes to motor control and vision. - This is why it is inhibitory. Serotonin (For Calming & Sleep) - It is a very positive neurotransmitter. - Sleep, mood, appetite; related to depression. - Helps in sleep, memory, mood, and relaxation. - Affected by exercise and (morning) sunlight exposure. - Brain produces serotonin when we do this. - Also released in the digestive tract and regulates appetite. BES3141 I 1ST YEAR 1BES-2 Prepared by Llana De Leon  General Psychology with Intro to BES 1ST SEM, AY. ‘24-’25 Sir Joseph De roxas Factors that Influence Neurogenesis (Shield): Neurogenesis - Production of Neurons - The more neurons you have, the smarter you are. Factors: S - Sleeping - One must sleep for 7-8 hours because adequate sleep helps our brain clear out all these toxins. - When one does not sleep it can soon result in Alzheimer's. H - Handling Stress - Too much stress can cause you cognitive decline or memory loss. - When you are experiencing stress, your body releases a toxic substance known as cortisols resulting in mental blockage. - You can do meditation or breathing exercises to handle stress properly. I - Interaction with friends and family - When you’re very lonely, it doubles the risk for Aksheimer’s that’s why it’s very important to socialize with friends and family regularly. E - Exercise - Aerobic activities help induce neurogenesis that help us absorb more information. L - Learning New Things - It helps increase synapses and improves brain resilience. - Learning should be a never-ending kind of experience. NEUROTRANSMITTER SYMPTOMS OF HIGH LEVELS SYMPTOMS OF HIGH LEVELS Poor memory and word recall Headaches Brain fog Depression Acetylcholine Muscle weakness Fatigue Dry eyes Muscle cramps Constipation Aggression Fatigue Loss of impulse control Loss of motivation and apathy Insomnia Anxiety and depression Increased libido Poor memory and focus Dopamine Euphoria and mania Low libido Restlessness Loss of balance and Addictive behaviors coordination Hand tremors Muscle rigidity High blood pressure and heart Changes in blood pressure and rate heart rate Excessive sweating Headaches Epinephrine/Norepinephrine Cold or pale skin Poor memory Headaches Low blood sugar BES3141 I 1ST YEAR 1BES-2 Prepared by Llana De Leon  General Psychology with Intro to BES 1ST SEM, AY. ‘24-’25 Sir Joseph De roxas Feeling nervous, jittery or Anxiety and depression panicked Insomnia Daytime sleepiness Mood disorders GABA Shallow breathing Irritability Weak pulse Poor sleep Difficulty concentrating Seizures Anxiety Trouble concentrating Glutamate Restlessness Mental exhaustion Inability to focus Insomnia OCD Fatigue Shivering Anxiety and depression Excessive sweating Poor memory Serotonin Restlessness Insomnia High blood pressure Slow wound healing Muscle twitching Constipation and bloating Diarrhea THE HUMAN BRAIN THE BRAIN Brain - It looks a lot like tofu. - This squishy little blob allow us to make decisions, make music of exquisite beauty, fall in love, seek a cure for cancer, read a book - Your brain weighs about 3 pounds. Elephant brains weigh 13 pounds, while Whale brains weigh 19 pounds - Brain weight to body weight: Humans is 1/60 Elephant’s brain is 1/1000 of its weight, ratio for whales is 1/10,000 - “Whale of a brain” - be sure to ask if they mean size or ratio. - Each nerve cell in your brain is linked to as many as 15,000 others. - There may be more possible pathways between neurons in your brain than there are atoms in the entire universe. BES3141 I 1ST YEAR 1BES-2 Prepared by Llana De Leon  General Psychology with Intro to BES 1ST SEM, AY. ‘24-’25 Sir Joseph De roxas - Undeniably, the human brain is the most amazing of all computers. - It is clear that answers to many age-old questions about the mind, consciousness, and knowledge lie buried within the brain DIVISIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Central Nervous System - Brain and spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System - Branches to all parts of body from CNS DIVISIONS OF AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM Sympathetic Nervous System - Responds to psychological or physical stress - Activates and inhibits organs Sympathetic: Prepares the body to react and expend energy in times of stress. Parasympathetic Nervous System - Helps maintain balanced regulation of internal organs and large body muscles - Stimulates maintenance activities and energy conservation Parasympathetic: Maintains body functions under ordinary conditions; saves energy. STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF THE BRAIN Reticular Formation - Spans medulla and pons - Influence wakefulness, arousal, attention, - Muscle control and cardiac responsiveness Hindbrain - Routine functions that keep body working Three main parts: 1. Medulla - breathing and reflexes 2. Pons - balance, hearing 3. Cerebellum - coordinates complex muscle movements Forebrain - Responsible for cognition, motivation, emotion, and action - Thalamus, hypothalamus, most limbic system Thalamus: message switching station Hypothalamus: motives and emotions Amygdala system: aggression, emotions BES3141 I 1ST YEAR 1BES-2 Prepared by Llana De Leon  General Psychology with Intro to BES 1ST SEM, AY. ‘24-’25 Sir Joseph De roxas Hippocampus: Memories - Primarily cerebral cortex: - Sensory, cognitive, and motor functions - Conscious experiences - Voluntary actions - Language and intelligence LOBES OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX Lobes - Four sections of brain 1. Frontal Lobe - Thinking, memory, decisions - Broca’s Area: Ability to Speak - Association areas: General roles in cerebral activities 2. Temporal Lobe - Hearing 3. Occipital Lobe - Vision 4. Parietal Lobe - Body sensations, emotions IMAGES OF THE BRAIN AT WORK Technique create images Electroencephalogram (EEG) - Machine designed to record the brain wave patterns produced by electrical activity of the surface of the brain. - Small metal disks called microelectrodes are placed directly on the skin covering the skull. Computer Tomography (CT) Scan - Take a series of X-rays of the brain without the harm to the person Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan - In this method, the person is injected with radioactive glucose. - The computer detects the activity of the brain cells by looking at which cells are using up the glucose. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) - Provides much more detail of the brain. - The person getting the MRI scan will be placed inside a magnetic field. - The field allows the computer to take a three dimensional image of the brain. BES3141 I 1ST YEAR 1BES-2 Prepared by Llana De Leon  General Psychology with Intro to BES 1ST SEM, AY. ‘24-’25 Sir Joseph De roxas FUNCTIONS OF THE LEFT AND RIGHT CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES Left Cerebral Hemisphere - Language control in 90% of population - Analyzes logical verbal information Right Cerebral Hemisphere - Processes shapes and location of things - Visual and spatial information Corpus Callosum - The primary commissural region of the brain consisting of white matter tracts that connect the left and right cerebral hemispheres. SOURCE Split Brain - Severed corpus callosum - Psychological experiments reveal processing limitations of hemispheres HEMISPHERES OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX AND EMOTION Left Hemisphere - Processes positive emotions - Stroke in left hemisphere: depression Right Hemisphere - Processes negative emotions - Stroke in right hemisphere: no depression Plasticity of cortex - Refers to the brain's remarkable ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections based on individual experiences, lifestyle and environment. SOURCE HUMAN DIVERSITY: SEX DIFFERENCES IN THE CEREBRAL CORTEX Female Brain - Average size smaller than that of male brain - More folds and complex - Greater surface area - More accurate in verbal task performance - More activation in left cerebral hemisphere Male Brain - More activation in right cerebral hemisphere BES3141 I 1ST YEAR 1BES-2 Prepared by Llana De Leon  General Psychology with Intro to BES 1ST SEM, AY. ‘24-’25 Sir Joseph De roxas BRAIN AS A DEVELOPING SYSTEM “The Brain is a Developing System” - Brain structure changes over lifetime - Total brain weight same after age 5 - Gray matter: decreases as white matter increases in cerebral cortex - White matter: continued myelin growth but decreases after fifth decade of life THE BRAIN IS AN INTERACTING SYSTEM Cerebral Cortex - Evaluates threats Limbic System - Process emotional arousal Motor Areas of Cortex - Work with hindbrain and midbrain to coordinate muscular movements ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Pineal Gland - Located in the brain, nearer the back. - It secretes a hormone called Melatonin which regulates the sleep-wake cycle. Gonads - Are sex glands. BES3141 I 1ST YEAR 1BES-2 Prepared by Llana De Leon