1st Quarter Reviewer Research Methods PDF

**Research** - Research is a scientific, experimental, or inductive manner of thinking. **Quantitative Research** - according to Aliaga and Anderson (2000), is "explaining phenomena by collecting numerical data that are analyzed using mathematically based methods (in particular st...

**Research** - Research is a scientific, experimental, or inductive manner of thinking. **Quantitative Research** - according to Aliaga and Anderson (2000), is "explaining phenomena by collecting numerical data that are analyzed using mathematically based methods (in particular statistics)." **Types of Quantitative Research** **Descriptive Research** - Research in which finding truths about a subject is by describing the collected data about such subject and determining their relationships or connections with one another. **Correlational Research** - is considered non-experimental because it focuses on the statistical relationship between two variables but does not include the manipulation of an independent variable. **Quasi-Experimental Designs** - No randomization is done among the designs; instead, the employment of several techniques is the bases for controlling possible treats. These designs adopt a comparative technique in choosing the subjects. **Experimental design** - quantitative research that treats or deals with the object or subject of the research in a definite or exact manner and determines the extent of the effects or influence of the treatment of the object/subject, then discovers the causes of such effects. **Variable** - is considered as a [central concept in research. ] **Classification of Variables** **[Experimental Variables]** **Independent variable** - causes an effect on the dependent variable. **Dependent variable** is *[the one affected]* by a change in the independent variable **Extraneous Variables** - Also called the mediating or intervening variables **[Non-Experimental variables]** **Predictor Variables** - Use to Predict a future outcome based on given circumstance **Criterion Variables** - dependent or response variable **Numeric Variables** - have values that describe a measurable quantity as a number, like \'how many\' or \'how much\'. **Continuous Variables** - Observations can take any value between a certain set of real numbers. Examples of continuous variables include height, time, age, and temperature. **Discrete Variables** - Observations can take a value based on a count from a set of distinct whole values. Examples of discrete variables include the number of registered cars, number of business locations, and number of children in a family, all of which measured as whole units (i.e. 1, 2, 3 cars). **Categorical Variables** - have values that describe a \'quality\' or \'characteristic\' of a data unit, like \'what type\' or \'which category\'. **Ordinal Variables** - Observations can take a value that can be logically ordered or ranked. Examples of ordinal categorical variables include academic grades (i.e. A, B, C), clothing size (i.e. small, medium, large, extra-large) and attitudes (i.e. strongly agree, agree, disagree, strongly disagree). **Nominal Variables** - Observations can take a value that is not able to be organized in a logical sequence. Examples of nominal categorical variables include sex, business type, eye color, religion and brand. **Dichotomous Variables** - These variables represent only two categories. Some examples are gender (male and female), answer (yes or no), and veracity (true or false). **Polychotomous Variables** - These are variables that have many categories. Some examples are educational attainment (elementary, high school, college, graduate, and postgraduate), level of performance (excellent, very good, good, satisfactory, or poor). **Steps In Determining the Variables of The Study** 1. Determine the issue or concern. 2. Identify the concepts that can be a cause or result of the issue. 3. Select concepts that influence or are influenced by issues. 4. Come up with a temporary title. **Researchable Questions** - questions of value opinions or policy raised to gather data. - The basic form of a research questions involves the 5 Wand H questions. **Factor - Isolating Questions (What Is This?)** - Sometimes it is called factor naming questions. They isolate, categorize, describe, or name factors and situations. **Factor Relating Questions (What Is Happening Here?)** - Their goal is to determine the relationship among factors that have been identified. - Aim to establish relationships. **Situation Relating Questions (What Will Happen If..?)** - Usually yield hypothesis testing or experimental study design in which the researcher manipulates variables to see what will happen open **Situation Producing Questions (How Can I Make It Happen?)** - These questions establish explicit goals for actions, develop plans, are prescriptions to achieve goals, and specify the conditions under which these goals will be accomplished. **Characteristics of a Research Title** 1. Summarize the main idea of the paper 2. Be a concise statement of the topic 3. Include the major variables 4. Show the relationships of the main variable under study 5. Include the major task of the researcher 6. Mentioned the participants of the setting in general 7. number of words must be 12 to 15 words 8. the format of the research title should be in an inverted triangle **Types of Reading** **Elementary Reading** - Consists merely of recognizing the words and the literal comprehension of the sentences **Systematic Skimming** - articles or materials are discerned if they can be included for analysis **Analytic Reading** - analysis is a process of breaking the hole into parts for better understanding. Then an article is examined paragraph by paragraph. Paragraph S dissected sentence to sentence, and a sentence is read word by word **Comparative Reading** - the concepts and principles from the various points of view of authors are compared and contrasted. **References And In-Text Citations** **Book by a Single Author** (Author) Surname, Initials. (Year). Name of the book. Publisher. - Covey, S. R. (2013). *The 7 habits of highly effective people: Powerful lessons in personal change*. Simon & Schuster. **Book by a two or more Author** (Author) Surname, Initials. & Surname, Initials. (Year). Name of the book. Publisher. - Covey, S. R. & Worden M. (2013). *The 7 habits of highly effective people: Powerful lessons in personal change*. Simon & Schuster **With Edition** (Author) Surname, Initials. (Year). Name of the book. (Edition). Publisher. - Covey, S. R. (2013). *The 7 habits of highly effective people: Powerful lessons in personal change*. (Second Ed.). Simon & Schuster. **In-text citations** **One Author** - (Taylor, 2018) **Two or more Authors** - (Taylor, Kotler, Johnson, & Parker, 2018) - (Taylor et al., 2018)