1ST-Q-EARTHLIFE-REVIEWER.pdf

Origin of the Universe Time, Energy, and Matter ASTRONOMY TIME - Beginning of Time: According to the - Astronomy is the scientific study of Big Bang theory, time began with the Big celestial objects (such as stars,...

Origin of the Universe Time, Energy, and Matter ASTRONOMY TIME - Beginning of Time: According to the - Astronomy is the scientific study of Big Bang theory, time began with the Big celestial objects (such as stars, Bang. This event marks the origin point of planets, comets, nebulae, star our universe, roughly 13.8 billion years ago. clusters, and galaxies) and Before the Big Bang, the concepts of time phenomena that originate outside and space as we understand them did not the Earth’s atmosphere (such as the exist. cosmic background radiation). - It is concerned with the evolution, ENERGY - Initial Energy State: At the physics, chemistry, meteorology, and moment of the Big Bang, the universe was motion of celestial objects, as well in an extremely hot and dense state, as the formation and development containing an immense amount of energy. of the universe. This energy was concentrated in a singularity, a point of infinite density and COSMOLOGY temperature. - Cosmology is a branch of astronomy that involves the origin and MATTER- Formation of Matter: In the first evolution of the universe. few moments after the Big Bang, the - The universe is everything. It universe was too hot for stable atoms to includes all of space and all the form. matter and energy that space contains. COSMIC TIMELINE - Cosmic Timeline: The Big Bang The Universe and the Solar System Theory outlines a timeline of the universe's history, from the initial singularity to the present day. Key THE BIG BANG events include the inflationary - The Big Bang Theory is the leading epoch, the formation of explanation about how the universe fundamental particles, the synthesis began. At its simplest, it says the of light elements (nucleosynthesis), universe as we know it started with the decoupling of matter and a small singularity, then inflated over radiation (leading to the Cosmic the next 13.8 billion years to the Microwave Background radiation), cosmos that we know today. and the formation of stars and galaxies. History of the Universe Cosmological Red Shift The universe is expanding, and that Inflation [ 10 −32 seconds ] expansion stretches light traveling through - Initial expansion space in a phenomenon known as cosmological redshift. First Particles [ 1 microsecond ] - Neutrons, Protons, and electrons EVIDENCE 2: COSMIC MICROWAVE form BACKGROUND RADIATION The early universe was a very hot First Nuclei [ 3 minutes ] place and as it expands, the gas - Helium and Hydrogen form within it cools. Arno Pensias (1933) and Robert First Light [ 380,000 years ] Wilson (1936) accidentally discovered CMB. - The first atoms form The universe should be filled with radiation from the remnant of the First Star [ 200 million years ] Big Bang. - Gas and dust condense into stars EVIDENCE 3: ABUNDANCE OF Galaxies & Dark Matter [ 300 million years ] PRIMORDIAL ELEMENTS - Galaxies form in dark matter cradles The production of nuclei other than those of the lightest isotope of Dark Energy [ 10 billion years ] hydrogen during the early phases of - Expansion accelerates the universe. - Protium: 1 electron, 1 proton, 0 Today [ 13.8 billion years ] neutron = 1 - Humans observe the universe - Deuterium: 1 electron, 1 proton, 1 neutron = 1 Evidences of the Big Bang Theory - Tritium: 1 electron, 1 proton, 2 neutrons = 3 EVIDENCE 1: HUBBLE’S LAW AND THE EXPANSION OF SPACE EVIDENCE 4: PRIMORDIAL GAS CLOUDS The astronomer Edwin Hubble Found to contain only the lightest measured the velocities of a large elements– hydrogen and helium– collection of galaxies. that were created in the Big Bang. Solar Nebular Theory Components or Subsystems of the Earth System Keywords: - Nebular hypothesis Hydrosphere - Accretion disk Atmosphere - Protostar = sun Geosphere - Protoplanets Biosphere TERRESTRIAL PLANETS HYDROSPHERE (Mercury, Venus, Mars, Earth) Includes all water on Earth (including surface water and groundwater) Inner planets near the Sun. - Water = 71% The word “Terrestrial planet” and - Freshwater = 3% “Telluric planet” derived from the - Saltwater = 97% Latin words Earth (Terra and Tellus) ATMOSPHERE Goldilocks Zone A gaseous envelope that surrounds The right amount of temperature the Earth. (where liquid can form). - Nitrogen = 78% - Oxygen = 21% JOVIAN PLANETS - Traces gases = 1% (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) Larger, further from the Sun. 5 Layers of the Atmosphere Gas planets 1. Troposphere 2. Stratosphere SYSTEM - A set of interconnected 3. Mesosphere components. 4. Thermosphere 5. Exosphere The Earth System is essentially a closed GEOSPHERE system Comprises the solid Earth CLOSED SYSTEM Layers of the Earth In which there is only an exchange of 1. Crust heat. 2. Upper Mantle The Earth receives energy from the 3. Mantle Sun and returns some of this energy 4. Outer Mantle to space. 5. Inner Core BIOSPHERE occurrences of that mineral have a The life zone on Earth. chemical composition identical Where life exists. within a limited range. Mineral Formation Rocks and Minerals CRYSTALLIZE FROM MAGMA or LAVA MINERALS - solidification of liquid magma/lava - Minerals are naturally occurring to solid with a definite internal chemical compounds, usually in arrangement of atoms into a regular crystalline form and inorganic in repeating pattern. origin, and has a specific chemical composition PRECIPITATE FROM SOLUTION - dissolved minerals come out of solution (water) to form solids. What is the study of Minerals? MINERALOGY Properties of Minerals - A mineralogist is a person who Chemical studies the formation, occurrence, Physical properties, composition, and classification of minerals. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS Mineral Criteria (are the characteristics which can be observed ( 5 Requirements that must be met for a and determined easily) substance to be classified as a mineral) LUSTER 1. Naturally occurring — is NOT - Luster is the ability of a mineral to man-made or machine-generated. reflect light from its surface. 2. Solids are NOT liquid or gas at standard temperature and pressure. 1. Metallic luster — shiny faces that 3. lnorganic — minerals not made by reflect light living things (organic) 2. Nonmetallic luster — does not shine like 4. Crystalline solid/Ordered crystal a metal; can be dull, pearly, waxy, silky, or earthy structure— atoms have specific arrangement or crystal structure 5. Have a definite chemical DIAPHANEITY or TRANSPARENCY composition — It means that all  - Diaphaneity or Transparency is the - Describes how a mineral breaks ability of a mineral to transmit light. when broken contrary to its natural cleavage planes. COLOR Note: if a mineral breaks with a rough - This is not a reliable property due to or jagged surface the impurities that could alter a mineral’s color SPECIFIC GRAVITY - The ratio of its mass to the mass of an equal volume of water. STREAK Density = mass of mineral sample (g) / - The color of the material is in volume of mineral sample (cm3) powder form. A mineral’s streak can be obtained by rubbing it on a CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF surface of a porcelain and observing the color of its mark. MINERALS Silicate Non-silicate CRYSTAL SHAPE or CRYSTALLOGRAPHY - Common or characteristic shape of SILICATES crystal or combination of crystals. - Rock-forming minerals that contain the elements Oxygen and Silicon TENACITY Feldspar - 50% of earth’s crust - Mineral’s toughness or resistance to Quartz - Pure silicone and oxygen breaking or deforming. NON-SILICATES HARDNESS - Less abundant in Earth’s crust. Some - Resistance of the mineral to common non-silicates are oxides, abrasion or scratching. carbonates, sulfates, and halides. These are the main components of CLEAVAGE sediments and other sedimentary - Cleavage describes how minerals rocks. break/split apart along various Non-silicates Minerals: planes. Oxides Note: if a mineral breaks or splits apart Sulfides with smooth surfaces in certain Carbonates directions Halides Native elements FRACTURE Rocks  - naturally occurring solid aggregate increases in temperature, pressure, of one or more minerals. and chemically active fluids. - identified by the minerals they contain and by their texture. - involved in natural phenomena such as volcanic eruption, mountain Geologic Processes building, weathering, and erosion. - Three types: igneous, sedimentary, GEOLOGIC PROCESSES and metamorphic rocks - Dynamic actions or events that occur at the Earth's surface due to the application of natural forces resulting from gravity, temperature ROCK CYCLE changes, freezing and thawing, The rock cycle describes the processes chemical reactions, seismic shaking, through which the three main rock types and the agencies of wind and (igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary) moving water, ice, and snow. transform from one type into another. > Exogenic Processes > Endogenic Processes IGNEOUS ROCK - Silicate materials (mostly) Exogenic Processes - Crystallized magma/lava - Extrusive (Volcanic) - Includes geological phenomena and - Intrusive (Plutonic) processes that originate externally to the Earth’s surface, generally SEDIMENTARY ROCKS related to the atmosphere, - Sedimentary rocks are formed by hydrosphere, and biosphere. compacted and cemented sediments. DEPOSITION - An exogenic process by which METAMORPHIC ROCKS sediments are deposited in one - originated from pre-existing igneous area. This is also known as and sedimentary or even sedimentation. metamorphic rocks WEATHERING - Defined as the mechanical METAMORPHISM disintegration and chemical - a process that changes pre-existing decomposition of rocks due to rocks into new forms because of weather  > Mechanical Weathering MAGMA > Chemical Weathering - an extremely hot and viscous mixture of molten and semi-molten MECHANICAL WEATHERING rocks beneath the surface of the - Mechanical weathering causes rocks Earth to be broken into smaller pieces without changing its chemical 1. Decompression Melting composition. (occurs at Divergent Plate Boundary) - The process of CHEMICAL WEATHERING decompression melting is the - Chemical weathering changes the upward movement of the mineral content and the chemical earth's mantle to an area of composition of rocks. lower pressure. 2. Heat Transfer MASS WASTING AND EROSION (occurs at Convergent Boundaries) - Rising magma carries mantle MASS WASTING heat with it. - Mass wasting is the movement of rock, soil, or other materials down a 3. Flux Melting slope under the influence of gravity. - Flux Melting occurs when water or carbon dioxide are EROSION added to rock. - Erosion is the process of wearing away or breaking down the Earth’s PLATE TECTONICS surface by natural agents such as - a scientific theory that explains how water, wind, ice, or waves major landforms are created as a result of Earth's subterranean Endogenic Process movements. - Processes that shape the surface TECTONIC PLATE THEORY using forces that originate from - A scientific theory describing the within the earth (endogenetic large-scale motion of seven large forces) plates and the movements of a larger number of smaller plates of MAGMATISM Earth's lithosphere. - Defined as the process of formation > Divergent Plate Boundary and movement of magma. > Convergent Plate Theory > Transform Plate Theory  the rock strata (layers of rock) DIVERGENT BOUNDARY - occurs when two without providing numerical dates. tectonic plates move away from each other. Relative Dating Principles CONVERGENT BOUNDARY - where two tectonic plates are moving toward each NICOLAS STENO other, often causing one plate to slide - Fossils were the remains of below the other (in a process known as once-living organisms. subduction). STENO’S LAW OF STRATIGRAPHY TRANSFORM BOUNDARY - where plates - Describe the patterns in which rock slide sideways past each other. layers are deposited. Folds vs Faults PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION - An undisturbed sequence of FOLDS stratified rocks, each layer is - Folding occurs when the Earth's older than the one above it crust bends due to compression and younger than the one forces. below it. - Sequence: the surface of the FAULTS earth (youngest) and - A fault is a fracture or zone of bottom-est layer (older). fractures between two blocks of rock. PRINCIPLE OF ORIGINAL HORIZONTALITY - Sediments are originally Relative and Absolute Dating deposited horizontally due to gravity DATING THE EARTH - Important in analyzing folded - Determining the age of the Earth or tilted strata. - Same layers are deformed or Relative Dating disturbed after formation. STRATIGRAPHY PRINCIPLE OF LATERAL - The study of layered sedimentary CONTINUITY rocks - Sedimentary rocks are - Method of sequencing geological laterally continuous over events based on the arrangement of large areas.  PRINCIPLE OF CROSS-CUTTING DISCONFORMITY RELATIONSHIP - Sedimentary rock was - A fault, dike, or magma eroded before new intrusion is always younger sedimentary rock was than its surrounding rocks. deposited. PRINCIPLE OF INCLUSION ANGULAR UNCONFORMITY - Any rock fragments included - Titled or folded sedimentary in a rock must be older than rocks the rock in which it is included. NON CONFORMITY - Igneous or metamorphic JAMES HUTTON rocks found below - Developed the Principle of sedimentary rock Unconformities Absolute Dating PRINCIPLE OF UNIFORMITARIANISM - Featured like mud cracks ripple - Also known as Numerical dating, this marks, graded bedding, and so on, method determines the actual date where the same features that could or date range in a number of years. be seen forming in modern Most absolute dates for rocks are environments, and past geologic obtained using radioactive or events can be explained by radiometric dating methods where phenomena and forces observable radioactive metals are used as today. geologic clocks UNCONFORMITIES - Represents an interruption in deposition, usually of long duration - No geologic record exists in that place PRINCIPLES OF UNCONFORMITIES - Rock layers that formed without interruption are conformable. 3 TYPES OF UNCONFORMITIES RADIOCARBON DATING a society involving widespread human, material, economic, or environmental loss and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources. TYPES OF DISASTER Natural Disaster Man-made Disaster EXPOSURE - The situation of people, infrastructure, housing, production capacities, and other tangible human assets located in hazard-prone areas. VULNERABILITY - The conditions are determined by physical, Natural Hazards, Mitigation, social, economic, and and Adaptation environmental factors or processes that increase the HAZARD VS RISK susceptibility of an individual, a community, HAZARD assets, or systems to the - Something that has the potential to impacts of hazards. harm you CAPACITY RISK - The combination of all the - Likelihood of a hazard causing harm strengths, attributes, and resources available within an DISASTER organization, community, or - A disaster is a serious disruption society to manage and occurring over a relatively short time reduce disaster risks and of the functioning of a community or strengthen resilience. PHYSICAL - Buildings/infrastructure TSUNAMI SOCIAL - Social interaction - long-wavelength oceanic ECONOMIC - Entrepreneurship waves generated by the ATTITUDINAL - Ready to accept change sudden displacement of seawater by a shallow TYPES OF HAZARD earthquake. Natural Hazard Man-made Hazard TYPHOON - a tropical cyclone system Natural Hazard: Geological with a radius of about 2 to 300km and characterized by EARTHQUAKE a low-pressure center - the rumblings, shaking of accompanied by strong the ground or rolling of the swirling winds and torrential earth’s surface. rains. - abrupt motion of the earth’s crust as a result of the FLOOD energy being suddenly - occurs when water overspills released in the form of onto land that is not seismic waves. normally submerged in water. GROUND SHAKING - brought about by typhoons, - The vibration of the ground thunderstorms, or during an earthquake. monsoons. LIQUEFICATION - How soil liquefies during THUNDERSTORM ground shaking. It takes place - local weather disturbance is in water-saturated soil and distinctly characterized by sediments that an lightning and thunder and earthquake greatly disturbs. often occurs with strong winds, heavy rain, and other kinds of precipitation. LANDSLIDE - may result in falling rocks and debris that collide with STORM SURGE (DALUYONG) people, buildings, and - abnormal rise in water that vehicles. is higher than the normal tide and mainly attributed to  typhoons. Strong winds in typhoons push the water into shore. LA NINA/LA NINO - Contrasting phases of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation cycle which is attributed to the temperature fluctuations in the surface of the equatorial Pacific ocean. (El Niño-warm episode; La Niña-cold episode) Adaptation and Mitigation ADAPTATION - Actions to manage the impacts of climate change MITIGATION - Actions to reduce emissions that cause climate change Good luck, St. Lucians! Love lots, review well