Teaching Methods & Approaches PDF

07. 05. 2024 Dr. Khadija. M. Slik Medical School of Sciences Teaching Methods & Approaches “The old way of learning was what you should know, Now the modern way of learning is knowing what you don’t know.”...

07. 05. 2024 Dr. Khadija. M. Slik Medical School of Sciences Teaching Methods & Approaches “The old way of learning was what you should know, Now the modern way of learning is knowing what you don’t know.” “It has become fashionable to talk about learning and learners rather than teaching and teachers” 1. Teaching Question: What is teaching?  Teaching is an engagement with learners to enable their understanding and application of knowledge, concepts and processes.  It is a purposeful activity of influencing the thinking and habits of others by using and manipulating certain principles and methods.  It is the process of attending to peoples need, experiences and feelings, and intervening so that they learn particular things and go beyond the given.  It includes design, content selection, delivery, assessment and reflection.  It is the stimulation, guidance, direction and encouragement for learning.  It is a way to transact to the student.  It is a road map by which learning objectives may be achieved.  It is an art, requires; Expertise at the subject, Grasp of the language, Skills to communicate, and choosing of an appropriate teaching aid. 2. Teaching Methods Question: Can you define methods of teaching? Teaching methods are;  The principles and methods of instruction used by a teacher to process a lesson.  It is a cluster of teaching procedures utilized in a classroom situation.  It is a set of techniques based on a course study uses certain type of material. 1 3. Objectives of teaching: Teaching objectives extend from intellectual abilities and cognition (social insight) to the psychomotor learning (learning practical skills) and affective learning (development of emotions, attitude, morals, values). 4. Teaching or Learning “I never try to teach my students anything, I only try to create an environment where they can learn”. -Albert Einstein 4. 1. Question: What is learning?  Learning is the sharing or transfer of information between two parties. It is a process resulting in some change or modification in learner’s way of thinking, feelings and doing.  The more effective the learning experience, the better the learning.  Previously educationists gave importance to teaching only, presently, the attention is more focused on learning and the learners. 5. Question; how do you think about lesson or lecture (Subject) planning? Q. In your experience, what role do the resources you have available play in the design and execution of a successful lesson plan? 5. 1. Answer of the question: Lesson planning vary depending on the material being taught, resources available and the teacher. Generally, a lesson consists of sequential certain steps (6 steps): Preparation, Presentation, Association, Generalization, Application, Evaluation. 1. Preparation: The teacher starts the lesson with general concept of the lesson which is associated by something already known by the class. 2. Presentation: Introducing the new material. 3. Association: The new material is compared with old material and logical connections are made. 4. Generalization: Other examples of the new idea is presented. 5. Application: The new ideas are applied to further material or investigation (e.g. practice problems, a critical thinking exercise, etc.) 6. Evaluation 6. Medical education: o It is a life-long learning continuum domain. o It is divides in time line into: 1. Undergraduate Medical Education, 2. Postgraduate Medical Education, 3. Continues Professional development (CME/ CPD). 2  o The whole purpose of study medicine is to be able to promote health and relive suffering, and the ultimate goal of Medical Education is to ensure that students can be transformed into the most effective deliverers of patient care as possible. o Today challenges in Medical Education are: Too much information, too little time, too many students, and Exams that discourage real learning. o Medical Education has seen major changes over the past decade;1. the application of new learning technologies has supported this move; E- Learning (Web- Based Learning). 2. The increasing emphasis on student autonomy in medical education has moved the center of gravity away from the teacher and closer to the student. 6.1. Aims of new Medical Education: o Sensitize teachers about new concepts in teaching and assessment methods. o Develop knowledge and clinical skills required for the role of component and effective teacher, administrator, Researcher and Mentor. o Assist Clinicians to acquire competency in communication& behavioral skills. o Update knowledge using modern information& research methodology tools. o To ensure that students can be transformed into the most effective deliverers of patient care. (The Ultimate Goal). “A thousands of teachers, a thousands of methods.” 7. Teaching Methods Students have different ways of absorbing information and demonstrating their knowledge, so teachers often use techniques which cater to multiple learning styles to help students from retain information and strengthen understanding. So the methods accepted by the teachers must link the teacher and his students into an organic relationship with constant mutual interaction. 7. 1. The term teaching methods:  Refers to the general principles, pedagogy and management strategies used for classroom instruction. Teaching methods depend largely on the information-/ content or skills that is being taught. It is influenced by the attitude of the learners. When a teacher is faced with the challenge of training a group of students in a certain field, there is a wide range of teaching methods available.  It is the term of pedagogy; main focus is on effective presentation of subject matter to have mastery on it. It is a step by step scientific way of presenting the subject matter.  It is over all plan for systemic presentation based on a selected approaches means method is the practical realization of an approach through a procedure in a system. 3 7. 2. The choice of a specific method can be influenced by different variables, among these are; 1. The type of content to be taught and how it can be tailored to each methodology. 2. The student’s level of prior knowledge. 3. Time constraints imposed by study plans (which often require working on a large amount of content in a limited amount of time). 4. The number of students per class. 5. The physical layout of the classroom. 6. The availability of material resources.  All these elements must be considered in order to consistently select a specific teaching method from among the wide range of possibilities. “Methods refers to the procedure within an approach.” 7. 3. Approaches and Methods are two important concepts in performing any task, as these two factors can actually decide the success of your task. 7.4. Approach: It is a broader term than a method. It is the way you are going to approach the project. It is over all view or ideas to face a problem. It is a personal philosophy of teaching. It has no scientific logic. Approach also can have many methods. it is a view of looking at things. An approach is a way of looking at teaching and learning. Method is the way in which you are going to complete the project. 7.5. The difference between Methods & Approaches: Approach Method Is the way in which something is Is the way in which something is done? approached? Refer to the direction or angle. Refer to a process. Refer to the theoretical framework in Refer to step by step guidelines. general. Approach has to be decided before selecting Method can be selected after deciding the the method. approach. 4 7. 6. Factors to consider when choosing a teaching method: 1. Learner’s characteristics and nature of the learners. 2. Subject matter- what is the content and what method will be more effective. 3. Objectives expected outcomes of the lessons. 4. The allocation- how much time does the teacher have to teach the lesson. 5. The teacher – teachers teaching style, skills, abilities, academic preparation. 6. Equipment’s and facilities availability of materials, devices and technology. 7. 7. Types of teaching methods: i. Teacher Centered: o Learners are participants of knowledge and the teacher is expert of knowledge and information. o Are those methods in which teacher play main role? Teacher more active rather than student. e.g. Lecture method, lecture cum board method, Deductive method, Textbook method. ii. Learner Centered: o The teacher becomes a source rather an authority, it develops critical thinking skills and retain knowledge that leads to self-actualization. Are those methods in which learners play active role? Learners are more active rather than teacher. o Are as follow; Project method, Problem solving method, Heuristic method. iii. Content Focused lessons: o Include multimedia presentation, activities and demonstration. o It gives an opportunity to incorporate a variety of technological teaching format. iv. Participative methods: o Promote self- learning and help students develop critical thinking skills and retain knowledge that leads to self-actualized. v. Equal participating methods: 5  o Some methods are like that in which learner and teacher play equal role. 7. 8. Teacher Centered Vs Learner Centered methods: Teacher Centered Method Learner Centered Method  Focus is on instructor  Focus is on both student & instructor  Instructor talk: student listen  Instructor models: student interact with instructor and one another  Student work alone  Student work in pairs, in groups or alone depend on the purpose of the activity.  Instructor monitors & correct every  Student talk without constant instructor student utterance monitoring, instructor provides feedback/ correction when question arise  Instructor choose topics  Student have some choices of topics  Instructor evaluate student learning  Student evaluate their own learning; instructor also evaluate  Classroom is quite  Classroom is noisy & busy 8. Teaching styles i. Traditional teaching method: Lecturing, Discussion, Questioning, Audio- Visuals. ii. Activity based learning: Cooperatively simulation, Problem solving learning, Self-learning modules. iii. Computer teaching strategies: Computer assisted instruction, Internet, Visual reality. 8. 1. What teaching style is best for today learners? 1. Learner – Centered approach. 2. ICT as a tool in teaching. 3. Blended teaching 4. Interactive classroom. 5. Constructive teaching methods. 6. Inquiry based teaching. 7. Demonstration and Discussion. 9. What are the skills required for teaching? 6 Some of these teacher skills can be learned during the teacher education degree programs and others you can learn on your own as a certified teacher; Communication, Critical Thinking, Patience, Leadership, Organization, Time Management, Teamwork, Listening. An effective lecture requires both extensive research, preparation and effective delivery skills to maintain student’s attention and motivation. 10. Lecture Method: o Lecture is a process of teaching whereby teacher tells the students his planned facts. The student listens and take notes. Is used to disseminate the information. o It is not a new method but it is a traditional autocratic method. It’s one of the oldest methods in use. o A lecture should be designed to include certain procedures in order to be effective procedures that research and expert lectures have identified as essential to assist student learning. o Typically, it is a structured presentation. o A lecture can be an effective method for communicating theories, ideas, and facts to study. The success of this method depends on the ability of the teacher to speak fluently in good tone and style. o Teacher is an expert in his field, he identifies important information for learners and transmit his knowledge in the lecture. 10. 1. The lecture method used in the following situations: 1. When introducing a new topic. 2. To provide relevant knowledge. 3. To motivate the students to gain knowledge. 4. To arouse student interest in a subject. 5. To stimulate interest of learners on a new topic. 6. To clarify difficult concepts and some misunderstood points. 7. Where there are no appropriate or adequate textbooks for the learners. 8. To promote critical thinking. 10. 2. Advantages of lecture method: 1. It provides an economical and efficient method for delivering substantial amount of 7  information to large numbers of students / It can cover a wide topic in short time. 2. Few instructional materials are used. 3. There is uniformity of facts given to the students. 4. Teacher has full control of what student are to learn. 5. It affords a necessary framework or overview for subsequent learning, e.g., reading, assignment, small group activities, discussion. 6. It affords current information (more up to date than most text) from many sources. 7. It provides a summary or synthetic of information from different sources. 8. It creates interest in subject as lectures transmit enthusiasm about their disciplines. 10. 3. Disadvantages of lecture method: 1. It does not promote independent learning. 2. Keep the students a passive situation. 3. No communication or interaction among learners. 4. It is difficult to adapt to individual learning differences/ Individual differences not considered or neglected. 5. It does not afford the instruction with ways to provide students with individual feedback. 6. Offers hardly any possibility of checking learning progress. 7. Does not facilitate learning how to solve the problem. 8. It may fail to promote active learning unless other teaching strategies, such as questioning and problem solving activities are incorporated into the lecture. 9. Students with hearing problems may not get the points. 10. The method assumes too much in respect of student understanding. 11. Low receptivity. 10. 4. How to use the lecture method? i. Consider the objectives of the lesson. ii. A good command of the language. 8  iii. Preparation of the material, supporting aids and examples helping drive home important points. iv. An interesting introduction to stimulate students to listen. 10. 5. Techniques of lecture method examples: Voice, Gesture, Enthusiasm, Lecture outlines, Eye contact, and students notes. 11. Which teaching method is best for students?  There is no “best” method of teaching. However, student-centered learning approaches in the classroom the best method can improve learning. Using only a teacher-centered approach leaves out many skills and learning opportunities for students.  In medical education, lectures have traditionally been the fundamental pillar upon which most of the theoretical training of students is based. Some research shows that this method is highly valued by students just beginning their training in medicine, but their assessments get significantly worse in later phases of the training process.  It is interesting to note that medical students believe that live lectures should continue as a teaching method in the preclinical curriculum, considering that active- learning strategies are less important.  In case of learning new content (not reviewing or delving into already-known content), the lecture is one of the most valued teaching methods among students.  When it comes to teaching certain topic, such evidence-based medicine, several literature studies have found that lectures are among the most popular teaching strategies used by instructors and students.  Combining lectures with practical case-solving has been found to significantly improve students’ grades. That undergraduate medical students place a high value on problem-based learning, which enhances their knowledge and professional abilities.  Case-based learning was linked to higher levels of interest and motivation among medical students (particularly when compared to lectures and tutorial-based instruction). 9   Compared to other teaching strategies, case-based learning was found to be connected in this same meta-analysis with improved student academic achievement, which heightens interest in this approach.  The researchers found that case-based learning, simulation-based learning, e- learning, observational learning, and team-based learning as other effective teaching strategies.  In surgical and anatomical education, teaching strategies that are bolstered by extended-reality techniques also show promising results. Summary: Teaching  It's a multifaceted process involving guiding students to understand and apply knowledge.  Effective teaching requires expertise in the subject, clear communication skills, and choosing appropriate methods based on learning objectives. Learning  Learning is the process of acquiring knowledge and skills, often through experience.  Effective teaching methods consider students' needs and learning styles, fostering active participation and critical thinking. Lesson Planning  Lesson planning involves a series of steps to ensure a successful learning experience.  These steps may include preparation, presentation, association, generalization, application, and evaluation. Teaching Methods  There's no single "best" method. The choice depends on factors like student age, learning objectives, and available resources.  Methods can be broadly categorized as teacher-centered (lectures) or learner-centered (group projects). Medical Education  Medical education is a lifelong learning journey with different stages. 10   Traditional methods like lectures are being complemented by student-centered approaches like case-based learning and problem-solving activities.  These newer methods aim to develop critical thinking and practical skills necessary for future healthcare professionals. Effective Teaching Strategies  Combine lectures with practical activities for better knowledge retention.  Consider using technology like e-learning platforms and simulations.  Encourage student participation through discussions and problem-solving activities.  Choose methods that cater to diverse learning styles. Overall The document emphasizes the shift towards learner-centered education that fosters critical thinking, problem-solving skills, and lifelong learning habits. ChatGPT Teaching encompasses various methods and objectives aimed at fostering understanding and application of knowledge among learners. It involves purposeful engagement, influencing thinking, and addressing individual needs to facilitate learning beyond mere information delivery. Teaching methods encompass the principles and techniques used to process lessons, tailored to different content types and learner characteristics. Objectives extend from intellectual abilities to affective learning, aiming for comprehensive skill development. Learning, as emphasized by Albert Einstein, is a transformative process resulting in changes in thinking and behavior. Effective teaching involves meticulous planning, considering resources, and executing structured lessons, typically comprising preparation, presentation, association, generalization, application, and evaluation stages. In the medical education domain, a shift towards student-centered approaches is evident, prioritizing learner autonomy and the integration of modern teaching technologies like e-learning and simulation-based learning. The ultimate goal is to equip students with the necessary skills for effective patient care. Teaching methods are diverse, ranging from teacher-centered to learner-centered approaches, each influenced by factors like content type, student characteristics, and available resources. Effective teaching styles often incorporate interactive and blended learning techniques, catering to different learning styles and promoting critical thinking. Despite the varied methods, the lecture remains a cornerstone in medical education, particularly for introducing new topics and providing essential knowledge. However, combining lectures with active-learning strategies like case-based learning and problem-solving has been shown to enhance student engagement and 11 academic achievement, reflecting the evolving landscape of medical education towards more dynamic and interactive learning experiences. 12