1. Introduction to Teaching.pdf

PRINCIPLES AND STRATEGIES OF TEACHING IN MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE OPERANT CONDITIONING - Instrumental conditioning TEACHING...

PRINCIPLES AND STRATEGIES OF TEACHING IN MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE OPERANT CONDITIONING - Instrumental conditioning TEACHING - Described as a process that attempts to modify - Refers to the process of imparting knowledge behavior using positive and negative and skills from a teacher to a learner. It reinforcement. encompasses the activities of educating or - Through operant conditioning, an individual instructing. It is an act or experience that has a makes an association between a particular formative effect on the mind, character, or behavior and a consequence. physical ability of an individual. - A working definition of teaching is undertaking certain ethical tasks or activities the intention of which is to induce learning. - it is a deliberate intervention that involves planning and implementation of instructional activities and experiences to meet learner outcomes according to a teaching plan Some thoughts on teaching and learning… Clearly, not all learning is dependent on teaching...However, all teaching regardless of SOCIAL CONDITIONING quality is predicated on learning. Brown,1993 - Observational conditioning Teaching makes learning possible. - In this theory, people can learn new information Ramsden,1992 and behaviors by watching other people. LEARNING - Process of gaining knowledge or skill by studying, practicing, being taught, or experiencing something. (Merriam Webster Dictionary) - “a persisting change in human performance or performance potential... (brought) about as a result of the learner’s interaction with the environment” (Driscoll, 1994) - “the relatively permanent change in a person’s knowledge or behavior due to experience” STRATEGY (Mayer, 1982) - Is the art and science of directing and controlling - an enduring change in behavior, or in the the movements and activities of the army. If capacity to behave in a given fashion, which strategy is good, we can get victory over our results from practice or other forms of enemies. In teaching this term is meant those experience” ( Shuell , 1986) procedures by which objectives of teaching are realized in the class. - Teaching strategy is a generalized plan for a lesson which includes structure, instructional CLASSICAL CONDITIONING objectives, and an outline of planned tactics, - Pavlovian conditioning or respondent necessary to implement the strategies conditioning - Teaching is the generalized plan of the whole - is a reflexive or automatic type of learning in lesson plan. which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke - In strategy of teaching, realization of objectives a response that was originally evoked by another is given more importance than presentation of stimulus. lesson. - A strategy does not follow a single track all the time, but it changes according to the demands of the situations such as age, level, needs, interests, and abilities of the students. Thus, strategy is more comprehensive than method. - It is directional in nature. It refers to goal directed activities of the teachers. Thus, it is closer to science than arts. Teaching Strategies Brainstorming – is a large or small group activity that encourages students to focus on a topic and contribute to the free flow of ideas. Case studies – are effective ways to get students to practically apply their skills, and their understanding of learned facts, to a real-world  PRINCIPLES AND STRATEGIES OF TEACHING IN MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE situation. They are particularly useful where Some understanding of how people learn situations are complex, and solutions are (learning theory); uncertain. Some understanding of how to facilitate learning Debates – structured way of exploring the range (qualities of the teacher such as passion, of views on an issue. It consists of a structured principles for good teaching practice such as contest of argumentation, in which two providing timely and constructive feedback, opposing individuals or teams defend and attack putting educational theory into practice). a given proposition. Discussion – Discussion lets class members work Types of Teaching Approach actively with the ideas and the concepts being (According to the role of teacher) pursued, and discussion sessions can be an The executive approach – views the teacher as extremely effective in changing behavior or manager of complex classroom processes, a attitudes. Consequently, teachers use them person charged with bringing about certain frequently in instructional situations outcomes with students through using the best The flipped classroom – students complete skills and techniques available. learning normally covered in the classroom in The facilitator approach – it places a high value their own time (by watching videos and/or on what students bring to the classroom setting, accessing resources), and classroom time is it places considerable emphasis on making use of dedicated to hands on activities and interactive, students’ prior experience. personalized learning, leading to deeper The liberationist approach – is rooted in notions understanding. Students use class time to apply of liberal education, wherein the goal is to the theory and concepts discussed in the videos, liberate the mind to wonder, to know and and to utilize techniques including group understand, to imagine and create, using the full problem solving and team building games, intellectual inheritance of civilized life. simulations, case study reviews, and group discussions. Teaching Approaches Groupwork – is a method of instruction that gets Approach according to nature of learning students to work together in groups. Discovery Learning Questioning – The art of asking questions is at o takes place in problem solving situations the heart of effective communication and where the learner draws on his own information exchange, which underpins good experience and prior knowledge and is a teaching. If you use questioning well, you can method of instruction through which improve the student learning experience in a students interact with their environment whole range of Teaching Settings. by exploring and manipulating objects, Simulations – are instructional scenarios where wrestling with questions and the learner is placed in a "world" defined by the controversies, or performing teacher. They represent a reality within which experiments. students interact. The teacher controls the o refers to various instructional design parameters of this "world" and uses it to achieve models that engages students in the desired instructional results. Students learning through discovery. experience the reality of the scenario and gather o Usually the pedagogical aims are meaning from it. threefold: ▪ Promote "deep" learning APPROACH, METHOD, & TECHNIQUE ▪ Promote meta cognitive skills (develop problem solving skills, creativity, etc.) ▪ Promote student engagement. o An approach, which capitalizes on the child’s natural curiosity and urge to explore the environment. o The child learns by personal experience and experiment, and this is thought to make memory more vivid and help in the transfer of knowledge to new situations. APPROACH Conceptual teaching - Ways in which you try to engage students with o Involves the learning of specific the subject matter (provide students with basic concepts, the nature of concepts, and facts, relate new knowledge to what students the development of logical reasoning & already know, build in interaction, be passionate, critical thinking. be enthusiastic) o Choosing and defining the content of a - The ways in which you support your students certain discipline to be taught using or (encourage questions, set formative pervasive ideas as against the traditional assessments, provide constructive feedback). practice of determining content by isolated topics. A description of your approach to teaching includes: o Not a particular teaching method with The mode or manner of teaching (lecture, specific steps to follow; it is more of a tutorial, bedside teaching, laboratory work);  PRINCIPLES AND STRATEGIES OF TEACHING IN MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE viewpoint of how facts and topics under a facilitator, providing guidance and a discipline should be dealt with. support for students through the o Involves more data collection usually learning process. through research while the discovery ▪ Facilitator approach actively involves students to ▪ Personal Model undertake experimental and ▪ Delegator investigative work. o Cooperative Learning – emphasizes Process writing group work and a strong sense of o treats all writing as a creative act which community. “Think-Pair-Share” requires time and positive feedback to ▪ Facilitator be done well. In process writing, the ▪ Delegator teacher moves away from being someone who sets students a writing METHOD topic and receives the finished product - Method of teaching is directly related to the for correction without any intervention presentation of the lesson. Which a teacher in the writing process itself. should use, depends on the nature of the o An approach which provides students subject, and the tact of the teacher. with an abundance of projects, activities, and instructional designs that allow 4 Methods of Presenting the Subject Matter them to make decisions and solve TELLING METHOD – Lecture method, Discussion problems. method, Storytelling method and so on. o Through this approach, students get a DOING METHOD – Project method, Problem sense that learning is much more than solving method, Textbook method and so on. the commission of facts to memory. VISUAL METHOD – Demonstration method, Rather, it is what children do with that Supervised study method and so on. knowledge that determines its impact MENTAL MEHOD – Inductive, Deductive, on their attitudes and aptitudes. Analysis, Synthesis method etc. Unified Teaching o This approach lends itself smoothly to a TECHNIQUE unified teaching learning concept of - It is a procedure by which new knowledge fixed education. The information handler, in the minds of students permanently. For this being a teacher, a student, or another purpose, a teacher does extra activities in the educational environment, is at the class. center of this educational model. The - These activities help the teacher to take shift main inherent characteristics of this from one strategy to another. Thus, teaching model are extreme flexibility, tactics are that behavior of the teacher which he integration, ease of interaction, and manifests in the class i.e., the developments of being evolutional. the teaching strategies, giving proper stimulus o It is based on a breakdown of knowledge for timely responses, drilling the learn responses, to integrated modules of information. increasing the responses by extra activities and The basic level of breakdown is to be so on. used in education to buildup concepts, while the higher ones are to be used to buildup complex concepts of knowledge, including those of experts. Key to the WHAT IS INSTRUCTIONAL MEDIA? success of this breakdown is the - Instructional media encompasses all the relational integration of the information materials and physical means an instructor might leading to the concept under use to implement instruction and facilitate consideration. students' achievement of instructional objectives According to teacher-learner interaction - May include traditional materials such as Teacher-centered approach chalkboards, handouts, charts, slides, o It is the primary role of teachers to pass overheads, real objects, and videotape or film, as knowledge and information onto their well newer materials and methods such as students. computers, DVDs, CD ROMs, the Internet, and o Direct Instruction – relies on explicit interactive video conferencing. teaching through lectures and teacher - Instructional media helps students visualize a led demonstrations lesson and transform abstract concepts into ▪ Formal Authority concrete, easier to remember concepts. ▪ Expert - Media is an excellent way to pose assessment ▪ Personal Model questions for the class to answer or give students Student-centered Approach task to complete. o Student learning is continuously WHY USE INSTRUCTIONAL MEDIA? measured during teacher instruction. - A good aid is like a window, it should not call o Inquiry-based learning – focuses on attention to itself, it should just let in the light. In student investigation and hands on general, you should use media whenever, in your learning. Teacher’s primary role is that of  PRINCIPLES AND STRATEGIES OF TEACHING IN MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE best judgment, it can facilitate learning or ▪ Structure learning through rules, increase understanding of your material. Motivating for tedious or - Of course, communicating to facilitate learning repetitive content can be a challenging process, often requiring ▪ Uses problem solving creative efforts to achieve a variety of implicit instructional goals (University of Saskatchewan, n.d.) - Health education is a social science that draws Among the implicit goals that media can help achieve from the biological, environmental, are the following: psychological, physical and medical sciences to Attracting attention promote health and prevent disease, disability Developing interest and premature death through education driven Adjusting the learning voluntary behavior change activities. Promoting acceptance of the idea - Health education is the development of individual, group, institutional, community and TYPES OF INSTRUCTIONAL MEDIA systemic strategies to improve health - Projected Media knowledge, attitudes, skills, and behavior. o Instructional materials that require - Simply, it is the profession of educating people projection and electricity in their using about health for attainment of positive health. process. Ex. Slides, filmstrips, and overheads. CONCEPT OF HEALTH EDUCATION o Use to: - The word health is derived from Hal, which mean ▪ Allow all students to view the “hale (strong, healthy), sound (body, family, and same material at the same time. environment), whole.” ▪ Offer the students other - Hahn and Payne describe health in terms of six perspectives on the material. interacting and dynamic dimensions physical, - Non-Projected Media emotional, social, intellectual, spiritual and o Instructional materials that do not occupation. require the process of projection before its operation can take place. Ex. DEFINITION OF HEALTH Photographs, diagrams, and displays. - “Soundness of body or mind that condition in o Use to: which its are duly and efficiently discharged.” ▪ Illustrate concepts Oxford Dictionary) ▪ Enhance direct instruction - WHO has given a comprehensive definition of ▪ Encourage students to look at health in its preamble to constitution in 1984. data in diverse ways According to WHO, “Health is a state of complete - Audio Media physical, mental, and social well-being and not o Cassettes and compact discs merely the absence of disease or infirmity” o Use to: ▪ Allow students to hear other AIMS OF HEALTH EDUCATION languages/dialects - Health promotion and disease prevention. ▪ Allow auditory learners to - Early diagnosis and management. review the lessons - Utilization of available health services. ▪ Encourage creativity through music. PRINCIPLES OF HEALTH EDUCATION - Motion Media - Credibility: message should be conveyed by the o Videos, computer mediated instruction, trusting people and television - Interest: firstly, we should find the need of the o Use to: community to create interest ▪ Offer supplemental instruction - Participation: choice interest topic ▪ Experience concepts in a - Motivation: firstly, convey the message to manner that is not available in change the behavior “real life.” - Comprehension: firstly, find the capacity of the - Hyper Media people which need the baseline data o Computer networks, software, and the - Reinforcement: need repeat follow up Internet - Learning by doing o Use to: - Known to unknown: starts what knowledge they ▪ Offer resources beyond the have up to the knowledge they don't have library - Setting an example ▪ Develop computer and word - Good human relations: build rapporting to the processing skills community's people ▪ Offer interactive - Feedback: should be given to the community - Gaming Media what change occur, how many people developed o Computer games knowledge and many others. o Use to: - Leaders ▪ Provide a playful environment for learning  PRINCIPLES AND STRATEGIES OF TEACHING IN MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE NEED AND IMPORTANCE OF HEALTH EDUCATION - Inform people about health, illness, disability, and ways in which they can improve and protect their own health, including more efficient use of the delivery system - Motivate people who want to change to more healthy practices - Help them to learn the necessary skills to adopt and maintain healthful practices and lifestyles - Foster teaching and communication skills in all those engaged in educating consumers about health - Advocate change in the environment that facilitate healthful conditions and healthful behavior - Add to knowledge via research and evaluation concerning the most effective ways of achieving the above objectives