HOA 2 History of Architecture 2 PDF 2024-2025

15/08/2024 Northwestern Universi...

15/08/2024 Northwestern University ARCHITECTURE http://my.nwu.edu.ph/students NORTHWESTERN HOA 2 UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECURE 02 Ar. Emerson V. Bolibol, M.Arch Instructor NWU NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY NWU ARKI HOA 2 NWU ARKI HOA 2 About the Course About the Course HOA 2- History of Architecture 2 Course Description: A.Y. 2024-2025, 1st Semester Architectural manifestation of civilization and thoughts during the era of western Credit Units: 2 units dominance towards post modernism. No. of hours a week: 2 hrs (LECTURE) every Saturday Course Rationale: Pre-requisite: HOA 1 Studying architectural history reveals how architecture reflects and influences cultural, technological, and ideological changes. This course provides insights into the dialogue Delivery Mode: Face to Face between past and present, tradition and innovation, and the quest to create Instructor: Ar. Emerson V. Bolibol, M.Arch meaningful spaces. Understanding this history is crucial for contemporary design, preservation, and restoration, while also enhancing aesthetic appreciation and global perspectives. Overall, it offers a rich context for appreciating past achievements and guiding future innovations in architecture. NWU ARKI HOA 2 NWU ARKI HOA 2 About the Course About the Course Course Learning Outcomes: Is HOA 2 a Professional Subject in Architecture? At the end of the course, the students should be able to: YES- This subject is under the History and Theory of Architecture; Principles of Planning; 1. Understand the evolution of architecture from the Romanesque period to the post- and Architectural Practice coverage of the Architecture Licensure Exam which comprises modern times. 30% of the total grade. 2. Distinguish a particular architectural style from another. 3. Make a comparative analysis of the architectural styles during the periods covered. What to expect in this course? In this course, students are expected to create hand-drawn outputs in History of Architecture 2, which will assess their mastery of understanding different architectural periods and styles, as well as their ability to compare various architectural forms. 1  15/08/2024 NWU ARKI HOA 2 Course Requirement Getting to know…. 1. My Songs Know What you did in the dark by Fall out Boy 2. Demons by Imagine Dragons 3. Tonight by FM Static If your Life is a movie.. If your Life is a book.. Architecture in 3 Architecture as a songs Netflix Show Favorite Scent Superpowers A place to go NWU ARKI HOA 2 Getting to Warm-up Exercise know…. It’s BT, even in Memorial HOA Favorite Arki Subject UTILITIES Least Favorite Arki the Board Exams Park Hardest Arki Subject Favorite Arki Plate in HIS STORY Subject the undergrad ▪ I love to cook Provincial Jail Heritage ▪ FUN ▪ I travel for my IG Feed Buildings ▪ Financially Draining ▪ I collect toys even though I’m not a kid The word "history" originates from the ancient Greek word "ἱστορία" (historia), which means "inquiry" or "knowledge acquired by ▪ Fulfilling investigation." This term was used by the Greek historian Herodotus, who is often referred to as the "Father of History," to describe his Least Favorite Arki anymore investigations into the past. The Latin word "historia" was adopted from the Greek, and it retained the same meaning. Over time, the term Particular Building Type How was your ARKI Plate in the Fun Fact? evolved in various languages, but its core concept of studying and understanding past events through investigation has remained consistent. you specialized in? Journey undergrad NWU ARKI HOA 2 NWU ARKI HOA 2 Warm-up Exercise Warm-up Exercise “Anything “Kwento PAST is mo yan eh” HISTORY” 2  15/08/2024 NWU ARKI HOA 2 NWU ARKI HOA 2 Warm-up Exercise Warm-up Exercise History of Architecture "It is a record of man's effort to build beautifully. It traces the origin, growth and decline of architectural styles which have prevailed lands and ages." What are the 6 Historic Styles of Architecture "The particular method, the characteristics, manner of design which prevails at a certain place and time.“ influences of Architecture? NWU ARKI HOA 2 NWU ARKI HOA 2 Warm-up Exercise Warm-up Exercise GEOGRAPHICAL RELIGIOUS What are the 4 great GEOLOGICAL ARCHITECTURE SOCIAL constructive principles CLIMATIC HISTORICAL of Architecture? NWU ARKI HOA 2 NWU ARKI HOA 2 Warm-up Exercise Warm-up Exercise Main Reference this Semester for HOA 2 POST & LINTEL ARCH & VAULT CORBEL & CANTILEVER TRUSS CONSTRUCTION 3  15/08/2024 Northwestern University NWU ARKI HOA 2 ARCHITECTURE http://my.nwu.edu.ph/architecture/intro What do you Warm-up Exercise Chapter 01 Believe? Church Architecture Topics: A. Early Christian Architecture B. Byzantine Architecture NWU ARKI HOA 2 NWU ARKI HOA 2 The Manila Cathedral Church Architecture Warm-up Exercise “The Architectural achievements of the Catholic Church are not only expressions of faith, but also art, science and human creativity. They are among the greatest wonders of history, admired by people of all religions” -Ecclesia Romana NWU ARKI HOA 2 NWU ARKI HOA 2 Warm-up Exercise Warm-up Exercise Vatican I 1.Edict of Milan (313 AD): Constantine issued this decree, which granted religious tolerance to Christians and allowed them to practice their faith openly without fear of persecution. 2.Foundation of Constantinople: He established Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) as the new capital of the Roman Empire, which became a major center for trade, culture, and Christianity. Orientation to the West 3.Reorganization of the Empire: Constantine implemented various administrative reforms that helped stabilize Vatican II the empire, including creating a new gold coin (solidus) that strengthened the economy. 4.Promotion of Christianity: He was the first Roman emperor to convert to Christianity, actively supporting the faith and promoting it within the empire, which helped its spread. 5.Council of Nicaea (325 AD): Constantine convened this council to address issues within the Christian church, leading to the formulation of the Nicene Creed, which established a unified Christian doctrine. 6.Persecution of Pagans: While he supported Christianity, Constantine also enacted policies that marginalized pagan religions, leading to the decline of traditional Roman religious practices. 7.Civil Wars: His rise to power involved a series of civil wars that resulted in significant bloodshed and instability within the empire. 8.Authoritarian Rule: Constantine’s reign was marked by increasing autocracy, and he often used harsh measures to maintain control and suppress dissent. 9.Divisive Policies: His favoritism towards Christianity created divisions within the empire, leading to conflicts between Christians and followers of other religions. 10.Religious Conflict: The promotion of Christianity under Constantine set the stage for future religious conflicts, including tensions between different Christian sects and between Christians and pagans. 4  15/08/2024 NWU ARKI HOA 2 Early Christian(Constantine 313-800 A.D. to Charlemagne) NWU ARKI HOA 2 Early Christian 313-800 A.D. Introduction Introduction I. Geography - started in Judea - spread to the different parts of the Roman Empire - eventually became the universal religion of the Roman Empire II. Geology - stones were quarried from existing Roman structures - other materials indigenous to the IV. History In 27 AD, Jesus began preaching to Belief that Jesus was the Christ area were used Mediterranean people in Galilee, north of Judea and the Son of God - Christianity III. Climate Main inhabitants were the Jews After three years, he was arrested was born - the eastern influence led to the Jews believed that one day the by the Jews and found guilty of Disciples spread stories of Jesus’ adoption of small windows to protect “Messiah” or “Christ” would free offending their god life and teaching by word of mouth against the sun them from the Romans He was nailed to a cross and died a and by written account in the new - use of stained glass, mosaic and painful death testament color to take advantage of bright sun He appeared to his disciples after his resurrection from the dead NWU ARKI HOA 2 Early Christian 313-800 A.D. NWU ARKI HOA 2 Early Christian 313-800 A.D. Introduction Introduction Despite this, in 4th century Rome, Christianity grew V. Architectural Character In 312 AD, Constantine, a converted Christian, named it the official religion of the Roman empire ▪ largely continuation of Roman building craft By 600 AD, most roman villages had their own churches, ▪ in most cases, stones were taken from old governed by a bishop Roman temples to be re-used for new Patriarchs based in Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, buildings Constantinople and Rome ▪ principal building, church, based on the Edict of Milan (313 AD) by Emperor Constantine granted Roman basilica Christians equal rights to practice their religion ▪ impressive and dignified 330AD – Constantine moved capital to Byzantium (later named ▪ long rows of columns in perspective Constantinople, = modern-day Istanbul) ▪ exposed simple truss roof covered the nave Moved from Judea to Antioch in Syria and 364 AD Roman Empire divided into Easter Roman Empire ▪ side aisles were occasionally vaulted into the Northern Mediterranean (Emperor Valens) and Western Roman Empire (Emperor ▪ walls are of Roman type concrete Founded new communities along the way Valentinian) ▪ external appearance was not a major Carried by St. Peter, St. Paul and other Schist between east and west culminated in the coronation of consideration missionaries to Rome, the center of the Charlemagne in 800 AD, with his title as ‘Emperor of the Romans’ ▪ very colorful interiors Empire and fountainhead of power and East became the Orthodox Church, west became the Roman ▪ mosaic was added to interiors influence Catholic Church Emperor Nero ordered Christians to be fed By 5th century AD, the western empire was conquered by the to wild beasts or burned to death Goths; the eastern empire survived until 1453 NWU ARKI HOA 2 Early Christian 313-800 A.D. NWU ARKI HOA 2 Early Christian 313-800 A.D. Introduction Introduction Basilican Churches Key Features ▪ The early Christian basilican churches Galleries adapted the plans of Roman basilicas (halls Sometimes included for women above the aisles. of justice) for worship, acting as transitional Transept (Bema/Presbytery) forms from Classical to Gothic architecture. Occasionally added, creating a Latin cross plan. Some believe these churches evolved from Choir and Chancel Roman houses or classrooms where early Enclosed by low screens (cancelli) and Christians met. equipped with ambos (pulpits) for scripture Key Features readings. Atrium Apse and Altar An open forecourt surrounded by arcades, with a The bishop’s seat and altar, often covered by a central fountain used for washing before entering baldachino (canopy), were placed in the apse. the church. Initially in front, the altar was later moved against Narthex the east wall. The covered entrance area for penitents. Nave and Aisles: The nave, lit by clerestory windows, flanked by aisles often half its width. Sometimes double ▪ Basilica di San Clemente, Roma Italia ▪ Basilica di San Clemente, Roma Italia aisles were used, as in St. Peter’s and St. Paul’s Basilicas. 5  15/08/2024 NWU ARKI HOA 2 NWU ARKI HOA 2 Early Christian 313-800 A.D. Introduction Introduction Prominent Examples Prominent Examples The Old Basilican Church of St. Archbasilica of St. John Lateran Peter (A.D. 330) was erected near the The Archbasilica of St. John Lateran, site of St. Peter's martyrdom in the originally constructed in A.D. 330, has Circus of Nero. undergone significant alterations in modern times, leading to a loss of its early character. Despite these changes, it remains a key historical and religious site. St. John Lateran is one of the thirty-one Basilican churches in Rome, many of which were constructed using fragments of earlier pagan buildings. The interiors of these It featured a transept, or "bema," 55 feet wide and 113 feet high. basilicas, including St. John Lateran, are Five arches, with the center one called the arch of triumph, marked by their impressive and austere provided access from the main body of the church. At the design, characterized by the grand Significance: sanctuary end was a semicircular apse on a raised floor, with the repetition of long rows of columns, creating As the cathedral of the Bishop of Rome (the Pope), St. John Lateran holds a special place in the Pope's seat positioned at the center of the wall. The priest stood hierarchy of the Catholic Church. It is the seat of the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Pope and the a majestic and solemn atmosphere. official ecclesiastical seat of the Bishop of Rome. The basilica's architectural grandeur and historical behind the altar, facing east, as the chancel was located at the significance make it a vital religious and cultural landmark. west end of the church. NWU ARKI HOA 2 Early Christian 313-800 A.D. NWU ARKI HOA 2 Early Christian 313-800 A.D. Introduction Introduction Prominent Examples San Paulo Fouri le Mura Notable features of the basilica include: San Paulo Fouri le Mura Nave and Aisles: The spacious nave, lined with 80 columns, creates a S. Paolo fuori le mura, or St. Paul Outside majestic and open interior space, contributing to the the Walls, was initially built in A.D. 380 by basilica's sense of grandeur. The aisles, running parallel Emperor Theodosius and dedicated to St. to the nave, provide additional space for worshippers and pilgrims. Paul the Apostle on the site where he is Transept: believed to be buried. As one of Rome's The transept intersects the nave, forming a cross-like four major basilicas, it showcased the shape in the floor plan, a common feature in many grandeur and architectural style of the late basilican churches. Apse: Roman Empire with its vast nave, aisles, The semi-circular apse at the end of the nave is richly and transept. After a devastating fire in decorated with mosaics depicting Christ, St. Paul, and 1823, the basilica was significantly other significant religious figures. reconstructed in 1821, restoring its former Cloister (Monastic Covered Walkway) The medieval cloister, dating from the 13th century, is a splendor while maintaining its basilican highlight of the basilica complex. It features intricate layout with a large central nave, flanked columns and a serene courtyard, showcasing the artistic aisles, transept, and apse. and architectural achievements of the period. Triumphal Arch: The arch leading into the apse is adorned with beautiful mosaics, adding to the basilica's artistic heritage. NWU ARKI HOA 2 Early Christian 313-800 A.D. NWU ARKI HOA 2 Introduction Introduction Prominent Examples Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore Santa Maria Maggiore features a grand 18th-century facade by Ferdinando Fuga, with a two-story loggia and Built in the mid-4th century by Pope Liberius on the site of intricate carvings. Its interior follows a traditional basilican a pagan temple dedicated to Cybele, the Basilica of layout with a long nave and Ionic columns, and a gilded Santa Maria Maggiore is deeply rooted in legend. It is Renaissance ceiling by Giuliano da Sangallo. The said that the Virgin Mary appeared to Pope Liberius, basilica is renowned for its 5th-century mosaics depicting directing him to build the church, and that a miraculous Old Testament scenes and the life of Christ. It includes snowfall determined its floor plan. Over time, the basilica notable chapels like the Baroque Borghese Chapel with has been known by various names, including Saint Mary the Salus Populi Romani icon. The floor showcases of the Snow, Santa Maria Liberiana, and St. Mary of the Cosmatesque mosaics, known for their intricate Nativity, before finally being called Santa Maria Maggiore, geometric patterns. reflecting its status as the largest church in Rome dedicated to the Virgin Mary. 6  15/08/2024 NWU ARKI HOA 2 Early Christian 313-800 A.D. NWU ARKI HOA 2 Early Christian 313-800 A.D. Introduction Introduction Prominent Examples Prominent Examples Ravenna, a city that was strategically positioned to absorb the Ravenna, a city that was strategically positioned to absorb the influence of Constantinople and once served as the seat of an influence of Constantinople and once served as the seat of an Exarch of the Byzantine Empire, is home to significant Exarch of the Byzantine Empire, is home to significant examples of early Christian and Byzantine architecture. examples of early Christian and Byzantine architecture. S. Apollinare Nuovo (A.D. 493-525) S. Apollinare in Classe (A.D. 538-549) Commissioned by Theodoric the Goth, this basilica This basilica was constructed during the early Byzantine period, exemplifies early Christian basilican architecture with a three- following the reconquest of Italy by the Eastern Roman Emperor aisled layout. Its design reflects the influence of Roman Justinian I. It is another exemplary three-aisled basilica that architectural traditions while incorporating Byzantine artistic demonstrates the adaptation of Roman architectural models elements. under Byzantine influence. The church is renowned for its The basilica features a series of impressive mosaics that adorn elaborate mosaics, which cover the apse and depict scenes its walls, depicting biblical scenes and figures, which illustrate from the life of Christ and the saints. These mosaics are the blend of Roman and Byzantine styles. One notable significant for their artistic quality and historical value, reflecting architectural feature is the impost blocks placed above the the transition from Roman to Byzantine artistic styles. The capitals of the columns supporting the pier arches. These impost blocks in S. Apollinare in Classe, similar to those in S. blocks enhance the structural integrity and contribute to the Apollinare Nuovo, support the arches and add to the structural basilica's aesthetic appeal. and visual sophistication of the basilica. NWU ARKI HOA 2 Early Christian 313-800 A.D. NWU ARKI HOA 2 Early Christian 313-800 A.D. Introduction Introduction Prominent Examples Prominent Examples Basilica de Sta. Sabina Basilica de Sta. Sabina The Basilica of Santa Sabina was founded by the Roman presbyter Pietro d'Illiria during the pontificate of Pope Celestine I (422-432) and consecrated a few years later by Pope Sixtus III (432-440). Despite the interventions over the centuries, it retains its solemn and austere character of the late antiquity cult buildings, of which it is an extraordinary example. In 1222, the basilica was entrusted to the Order of Preachers by Pope Honorius III. Probably a few years earlier, the first brothers arrived on the Aventine hill and lived in premises that existed before the construction of the convent with its cloister. The cell of St. Dominic was also created in these spaces, where, according to tradition, the famous meeting with St. Francis took place. NWU ARKI HOA 2 NWU ARKI HOA 2 Introduction Introduction Basilica di San Clemente ▪ Features ▪ The Basilica of San Clemente is located on Via Labicana, just a 3. The Mithraic Temple: The deepest layer of the complex is a 1st- short distance from the Colosseum. It occupies a strategic position century Roman house and a Mithraic temple. The temple, dedicated in the heart of ancient Rome, nestled in a valley between the to Mithras, a deity of the Roman mystery cult, contains remains of Caelian and Oppian hills. The current basilica, constructed in the altars and inscriptions. This level reveals the religious and social 12th century, is built atop an earlier 4th-century church, which in practices of pre-Christian Rome. turn was erected over a 1st-century Roman house and Mithraic temple. 4. Historical Significance: The layers of San Clemente offer a tangible ▪ Features representation of Rome’s evolution from pagan antiquity through early 1. The Upper Church: The upper basilica, built in the 12th century, is Christianity and into the medieval period. The basilica’s excavation a fine example of Romanesque architecture. It features stunning provides valuable insights into the city's historical development and its mosaics, particularly in the apse, which depict Christ enthroned in religious transformations. majesty, surrounded by the symbols of the four evangelists. The interior also boasts intricate frescoes and marble columns. The Basilica of San Clemente not only captivates with its art and architecture but also serves as a living history lesson, encapsulating 2. The 4th-Century Basilica: Beneath the current church lies a 4th- the rich and complex narrative of Rome’s past.. century basilica, which was originally constructed by Pope Saint Clement I. This early Christian church was notable for its frescoes and architectural features that reflect the transition from pagan to Christian Rome. 7  15/08/2024 NWU ARKI HOA 2 Early Christian 313-800 A.D. NWU ARKI HOA 2 Early Christian 313-800 A.D. Introduction Introduction Prominent Examples Prominent Examples Basilica de Sant'Agnese fuori le Mura The Basilica of Sant'Agnese fuori le Mura, located on Via Nomentana outside Rome's ancient city walls, is a significant church dedicated to Saint Agnes, a 4th-century martyr. Originally built by Emperor Constantine, the church’s current 7th-century structure features a striking Baroque façade by Francesco Borromini and an elaborately decorated interior with marble, stuccoes, and mosaics. Below the church, the crypt houses Saint Agnes's relics, making it a key site for pilgrimage and reflection. The basilica reflects both the artistic splendor and historical importance of early Christian Rome. The Church of the Nativity, Bethlehem NWU ARKI HOA 2 Early Christian 313-800 A.D. NWU ARKI HOA 2 Early Christian 313-800 A.D. Introduction Introduction Baptisteries Baptisteries ▪ Baptisteries in Early Christian architecture ▪ The S. Stefano Rotondo in Rome, though were buildings dedicated to the sacrament of not a baptistery, is an example of a similar baptism, typically modeled after Roman circular design with a roof supported by circular temples and tombs. Initially separate multiple columns. from churches and often placed near the atrium, these structures evolved over time. ▪ The Baptistery of Ravenna, built at the end Baptistery of Constantine in Rome of the 4th century, is notable for its octagonal ▪ Early baptisteries, such as the octagonal shape, two interior arcades, and a dome Baptistery of Constantine in Rome and the decorated with mosaics of Christ’s baptism. circular Baptistery of Nocera, featured columns supporting domes or wooden roofs. Baptistery of Ravenna Baptistery of Nocera S. Stefano Rotondo in Rome NWU ARKI HOA 2 Early Christian 313-800 A.D. NWU ARKI HOA 2 Early Christian 313-800 A.D. Introduction Introduction Tombs or Catacombs Tombs or Catacombs Early Christian tombs often reflect a mix of architectural In Syria, early Christian architecture moved away from styles and purposes, transitioning from Roman traditions to S. Constanza, Rome Roman influences, utilizing local materials and techniques, unique Christian forms. Notable examples include: such as stone piers and slab roofs. Key examples include S. Constanza, Rome (A.D. 330): Originally built by churches in Bethlehem, Jerusalem, and Syria, which used Emperor Constantine as a tomb for his daughter, it was circular plans within square layouts, setting the stage for converted into a church in 1256. The structure features a Byzantine church designs seen later in places like 35-foot diameter dome supported by twelve pairs of granite Constantinople and Ravenna. columns. Tomb of Galla Tomb of Galla Placidia, Ravenna (A.D. 420): This Placidia, Ravenna cruciform tomb measures 35 by 30 feet internally and is domed by a segment of a sphere. It’s distinguished by its intact mosaic decorations and the use of pendentives and dome as a single hemisphere. Tomb of Theodoric, Ravenna (A.D. 530): This two-story tomb has a decagonal lower level with a cruciform crypt. Its upper level was originally surrounded by an arcade and Tomb of Theodoric, topped with a massive stone slab roof, featuring handles Ravenna for placement. 8  15/08/2024 NWU ARKI HOA 2 Early Christian 313-800 A.D. NWU ARKI HOA 2 Early Christian 313-800 A.D. Introduction Introduction Summary Summary Early Christian church architecture adapted Roman D. Roofs: Central naves were covered with wooden roofs using basilican models and repurposed various existing simple truss designs, sometimes ornamented. Side aisles were structures. vaulted, and apses were domed and decorated with mosaics. A. Plan: Churches often used the basilica layout but also E. Columns: Often repurposed from earlier Roman buildings, adapted halls, baths, and temples. Circular baptisteries columns varied in design and size. Early Christian builders frequently were typically attached to the main church. used leftover materials from pagan structures. B. Walls: Built with Roman methods, walls were made of F. Mouldings: Mouldings were simple variations of Roman styles with rubble or concrete and faced with plaster, brick, or stone. rudimentary carving but a rich overall effect. Decorative techniques Mosaic decoration was common, both internally and were less refined compared to earlier periods. occasionally on facades. G. Ornament: Interiors featured vibrant colors, with domed apses and C. Openings: Windows, doors, and niches were generally triumphal arches decorated with mosaics of Christ and saints. Walls framed by semicircular arches, with small clerestory and pavements were adorned with colored mosaics and geometric windows high above the aisle roofs, a precursor to Gothic marble patterns, adding to the grandeur of the interiors. architecture.. NWU ARKI HOA 2 Church Architecture NWU ARKI HOA 2 Church Architecture Introduction Introduction Icons of the Church Let’s Review! The early Christian Church indeed used icons as ▪ Church is a building for public Christian worship a powerful form of storytelling. These icons Christianity, the religion founded on the teachings of Jesus Christ, including the Catholic protestant in weren't just decorative; they were meant to eastern orthodox churches convey religious narratives, theological Basilica, an early Christian church characterized by a long rectangular plan, a high colonnaded nave lit by a concepts, and the lives of saints in a way that clerestory and covered by a timbered roof two or four lower side aisles as semi circular apse at the end, a was accessible to everyone, including those who narthex and often other features as an atrium, a bema and small, semi circular apses terminating the aisles were illiterate. atrium forecourt of an early Christian church, flanked or surrounded by porticoes Ambulatory the covered walk of an atrium cloister The visual language of these icons was highly Cantharus, a basin for a ritual cleansing with water in the atrium of an early Christian Basilica symbolic, with each element carefully chosen to Baptistery, a part of a church or a separate building in which baptism is administered also Baptistry reflect specific aspects of the faith. Icons helped Baptism, a sacrament of initiation into Christianity, symbolic of spiritual regeneration, marked by a to educate and inspire the faithful, offering a ceremonial immersion or application of water visual connection to the divine. They also played Font, a basin usually of stone holding the water used in baptism a role in personal devotion and communal Icon, a representation of a sacred Christian personage as Christ or a saint or angel typically painted on a worship. Over time, this tradition developed into wood surface and itself venerated as being sacred, especially in the tradition of the Eastern church a rich and complex art form, with its own rules Iconostasis, a screen or partition on which icons are placed separating the Bema from the name of an and styles, particularly in the Eastern Orthodox eastern church; also iconostas. Church. NWU ARKI HOA 2 Church Architecture NWU ARKI HOA 2 Church Architecture Introduction Introduction Let’s Review! Let’s Review! Exedra, a large apsidal extension of the interior volume of a church also exhedra Altar, the table in a Christian church upon which the Eucharist the sacrament celebrating Christ last supper is Narthex, the portico before the nave of an early Christian or Byzantine church appropriated to penitents celebrated, also called communion table Esonarthex, an inner narthex when two are present Baldachin, an ornamental canopy of stone or marble permanently, placed over the altar in a church. Also Exonarthex, a covered walk or outer narthex situated before an inner narthex baldachino, baldaquin or ciborium Nave, The principal or Central part of a church, extending from the narthex to the choir or chancel and Cancelli, a low screen in an early Christian Basilica separating the clergy and sometimes the choir from the usually flanked by aisles congregation Aisles, any of the longitudinal divisions of a church separated from the nave by a row of columns or piers Sarcophagus, a stone coffin, especially one bearing sculpture or inscriptions and displayed as a monument Ambo, either of two raised stands from which the gospels or epistles were read or chanted in an early Bema, the sanctuary space surrounding the altar of an eastern church Christian church: also Ambon Diaconicon, A sacristy in an early Christian or Eastern church usually on the south side of the Bema Apse, a circular or polygonal projection of a building, usually vaulted and use, especially at the sanctuary or Sacristy, a room in a church where the sacred vessels and vestments are kept are also called vestry east end of a church: also apsis Prothesis, a chapel in an eastern church, where the Eucharistic elements are prepared, usually on the north Tribune, the bishops throne occupying recess or apse in an early Christian church side of the Bema Bema, a transverse open space separating the nave and the apse of an early Christian church developing into the transcept of latter cruciform churches Santuary, a sacred or holy place as that of a church in which the principal altar is placed 9  15/08/2024 NWU ARKI HOA 2 NWU ARKI HOA 2 Church Architecture Warm-up Exercise Introduction What are the 4 major San Giovanni in Laterano (Archbasilica Papal Basilica in of St. John Lateran) San Pietro in Vaticano (St Peter’s Basilica) Santa Maria Maggiore (Papal Basilica of St Mary Major) Rome? San Paolo fuori le mura (St Paul Outside the Walls) NWU ARKI HOA 2 Byzantine 330-1453 A.D. NWU ARKI HOA 2 Byzantine 330-1453 A.D. Church Architecture Church Architecture "So fair a church as this had Venice none: The walls were I. Geography of discoloured Jasper stone Wherein was Christos Byzantium, later named carved; and overhead A lively vine of green sea agate Constantinople by Constantine, spread.“ ~ Chaucer occupies a prime location at the junction of the Bosphorus and the Sea of Marmara. Known as "New Rome" by Turks, it stands on seven hills like Rome in Italy. Its strategic position at the crossroads of major trade routes—waterways from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean and land routes from Asia to Europe— gave it significant power and influence, especially in the corn trade with western merchants. The Golden Horn, a deep, four-mile-long inlet, made its harbor accessible to large vessels. NWU ARKI HOA 2 Byzantine 330-1453 A.D. NWU ARKI HOA 2 Byzantine 330-1453 A.D. Church Architecture Church Architecture II. Geology IV. Religion Constantinople lacked good building stone and materials for quality Constantine made Christianity the state religion. The political division bricks, so local resources were used as much as possible. Most of the between east and west led to a church split due to the "Filioque marble for the new capital was imported from various quarries around controversy," which debated whether the Spirit proceeded from the the Eastern Mediterranean. As a marble working center, Constantinople Father and the Son or the Father only. The Eastern Orthodox Church exported sculpted marble throughout the Roman world. According to supports the latter, while the Western Church supports the former. The Mr. Brindley, about 75% of the colored marble in Hagia Sophia and iconoclastic movement in the 8th and 9th centuries resulted in the other churches and mosques in Constantinople is Thessalian green acceptance of painted figures in church decoration but excluded (Verde Antico). The choice of marble was influenced by the availability sculptured statues. These differences have significantly influenced of suitable columns from different parts of the empire, where monolithic Eastern church architecture to this day. columns were crafted. V. Social & Political III. Climate Constantine expanded Diocletian's despotic government methods and Due to Constantinople's hotter climate and its eastern location, the moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium in A.D. 324, making it a key Romans adapted their building methods to suit the new conditions and commercial center. After his death, rival emperors and church disputes, incorporated Oriental art influences. such as those addressed by the Council of Nice in A.D. 325, plagued the state. The Eastern emperors lost power in Italy due to their anti- image policy. The election of Charlemagne as Emperor of the West in A.D. 800 marked the final division of the Roman Empire. 10  15/08/2024 NWU ARKI HOA 2 Byzantine 330-1453 A.D. NWU ARKI HOA 2 Byzantine 330-1453 A.D. Church Architecture Church Architecture VI. History Byzantine Architecture: Character Byzantium, founded in the 7th century B.C. and a Greek colony by the 4th century B.C., developed a distinctive architectural style after General Architectural Character becoming the capital of the Roman Empire. Byzantine architecture ▪ Emphasis on the development of the dome. influenced buildings in places like Ravenna, Venice, Greece, and ▪ Adoption of circular and polygonal plans for churches, tombs, and Russia. Under Justinian (A.D. 527-565), Italy was reclaimed, influencing baptisteries. its architecture. ▪ Contrast with Romanesque style, which developed the vault in Ravenna gained importance when Emperor Honorius moved his Western and Northern Europe. residence there in A.D. 402, and it became an archiepiscopal see in A.D. 438. After the Western Empire fell, it was taken by Odoacer and Transition to Byzantine Style later Theodoric the Great, becoming a rival to Rome. From A.D. 539- Gradual change from old Roman forms. 752, it was the seat of the Exarch of the Byzantine Emperors. The Under Justinian, the Church of Hagia Sophia (A.D. 532-537) was Byzantine style persisted until Constantinople fell to the Turks in A.D. erected, the greatest achievement in the style. 1453, becoming the Ottoman capital. Distinction between Early Christian and Byzantine styles: Basilican type vs. vaulted church with pendentives. NWU ARKI HOA 2 Byzantine 330-1453 A.D. NWU ARKI HOA 2 Church Architecture Church Architecture Byzantine Architecture: Character Byzantine Architecture: Character Construction Techniques Structural Innovations Buildings typically had a brick carcass with internal marble sheeting. Use of large flat bricks allowed for vault construction without Vaults often decorated with colored mosaics on a golden centering. background. Columns and capitals in Byzantine buildings were structural, not just Concrete core walls faced with bricks arranged in decorative ornamental. patterns (e.g., meander fret, chevron). Abandonment of classic Roman entablatures in favor of arches External facades featured ornamental bands and relieving arches. resting directly on columns. Spread and Influence Capitals designed to support arches, with square voussoirs. Byzantine art and architecture spread to Ravenna, Venice, Greece, Decorative Elements Russia, and other regions. Interiors featured richly colored marble pavements and mosaics Domes were a central feature, often placed over square rooms with (opus sectile or opus Alexandrinum). pendentives to transition from square bases to circular domes. Use of natural stones replaced by colored glass enamel mosaics. Windows were added to the lower parts of domes, later raised on Flat treatment with minimal mouldings, cornices, and modillions. high circular drums. Architectural lines replaced by decorative mosaic bands Vaulting used porous stones or pottery for construction. NWU ARKI HOA 2 NWU ARKI HOA 2 Byzantine 330-1453 A.D. Church Architecture Church Architecture Byzantine Architecture: Prominent Examples Byzantine Architecture: Character Byzantine examples consist mainly of churches ▪ Material Use and baptisteries. In the former, although a certain ▪ Extensive use of brickwork, with attention to mortar composition. number follow the Basilican type, the majority are ▪ Brick walls were often lined with marble and mosaics. founded on the circular and polygonal ▪ Columns of rich marbles were reused from older buildings or plans of the Roman and Early Christian periods. newly quarried. ▪ The Theodosian code supported the trade and industry of Saints Sergius & Bacchus, Constantinople decorative materials. SS. Sergius and Bacchus in Constantinople, built by Justinian in A.D. 527, has a nearly square plan and a dome 52 feet in diameter with a distinctive melon-like shape. Located on the Bosphorus, the church was in a ruinous state but undergoing partial restoration in 1896, though its frescoes and mosaics were irreparably damaged. 11  15/08/2024 NWU ARKI HOA 2 Byzantine 330-1453 A.D. NWU ARKI HOA 2 Byzantine 330-1453 A.D. Church Architecture Church Architecture Byzantine Architecture: Prominent Examples St. Sophia, Constantinople (Hagia Sophia) St. Sophia, Constantinople (Hagia Sophia) “Through the Years” Hagia Sophia in Constantinople, built by The Hagia Sophia, originally built as a Justinian between 532-537 AD, is a grand cathedral by Emperor Justinian I in 537 CE, architectural feat by Anthemius of Tralles was the world's largest church and an and Isidore of Miletus. It features a central architectural marvel of Byzantine space 107 feet square, surrounded by four architecture. After the Ottoman conquest massive piers supporting a 107-foot of Constantinople in 1453, it was diameter dome. The plan includes a large converted into a mosque by Sultan oval nave, aisles, and galleries, with intricate Mehmed II, incorporating minarets and internal decoration of colored marbles and Islamic features. In 1935, following the mosaics. The dome, resting 180 feet above establishment of modern Turkey, it was the pavement, creates a vast, central domed secularized and converted into a space with semicircular domed ends. The museum by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. In exterior is characterized by massive 2020, it was re-designated as a mosque by buttresses and symmetrical proportions. a Turkish court decision, while remaining The Hagia Sophia is not a Mudejar building. Mudejar architecture refers to a style developed in Despite its grandeur, Hagia Sophia’s design open to visitors. Spain and Portugal from the 12th to the 17th centuries, characterized by the use of Islamic design elements by Christian architects and builders, often under Muslim rule. was not widely imitated in later Byzantine Is Hagia Sophia, an example of Mudejar The Hagia Sophia, located in Istanbul, was originally built as a Byzantine cathedral and later architecture. Architecture? converted into a mosque. Its architecture is primarily Byzantine with significant Ottoman additions, rather than Mudejar. NWU ARKI HOA 2 Byzantine 330-1453 A.D. NWU ARKI HOA 2 Byzantine 330-1453 A.D. Church Architecture Church Architecture Byzantine Architecture: Prominent Examples Byzantine Architecture: Prominent Examples St. Irene, Constantinople: (1) 1 Church of the Holy Apostles, Constantinople: (1) 1 Originally built by Constantine and rebuilt around Founded by Constantine and rebuilt by Justinian, this 740 AD, S. Irene retains a basilican layout with a church, destroyed in 1463, was the second type of nave, two aisles, an Eastern apse, and a Western Byzantine plan and served as a prototype for S. atrium. It features an early example of a dome on a Mark’s in Venice. 3 high drum with windows. Theotokos Church, Constantinople: (2) 3 San Vitale, Ravenna: (2) Built between 526-547 AD, this octagonal church Dating from the 9th to 12th centuries, this small features an inner octagon of 50 feet and an outer church features a double narthex with three domes one, with a chancel opening from the inner octagon. and a central dome over the main space. ▪ Church of the Chora, Constantinople: (3) 2 The dome is constructed of earthen pots and covered by a wooden roof, differing from Roman methods. 2 Originally from the 4th century and later modified, Charlemagne’s Church, Aix-la-Chapelle: (3) this church has a central dome on a 26-foot Built by Charlemagne, this church, which houses his diameter drum with semicircular windows and an tomb, is inspired by S. Vitale in Ravenna. (see apse. It includes inner and outer narthexes adorned German Romanesque) with mosaics and is known as the "mosaic mosque." Its facade may have influenced the design of S. Mark's in Venice. NWU ARKI HOA 2 Byzantine 330-1453 A.D. NWU ARKI HOA 2 1 2 Church Architecture Church Architecture Byzantine Architecture: Prominent Examples Basilica di San Marco, Venezia, Italia St. Marks, Venice: Built between 1063-1071, with columns and mosaics added between 1100-1350, this church reflects Venice’s role as a link between the Byzantine and Franconian 3 4 empires. The plan is a Greek cross with a central dome and additional domes over each arm, inspired by the Church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople. Its interior features rich marble veneer and glass mosaics depicting saints and scenes against Byzantine Architecture: Prominent Examples a gold background. The exterior, adorned The Byzantine style, which spread to Greece, Russia, and other with colorful marble and mosaic panels, was regions, remains central to the Greek Orthodox Church. later updated. The church is noted for its ▪ In Greece, notable examples include the Metropole Cathedral (1) intricate decoration and the influence of ▪ Church of Kapnikarea (2) Byzantine style in Greece, Russia, and the Church of Daphni (3), and the Greek Orthodox ▪ Monastery of S. Luke of Stiris (4). 12  15/08/2024 NWU ARKI HOA 2 Byzantine 330-1453 A.D. NWU ARKI HOA 2 Byzantine 330-1453 A.D. Church Architecture Church Architecture Byzantine Architecture: Prominent Examples Byzantine Influences In Thessalonica, the early domed church of S. 1 2 George (1) and the five-aisled basilica of S. Demetrius (2) are key examples. In Russia, the cathedrals in Moscow, Kiev, and Novgorod (3) showcase distinctive Eastern features with bulbous domes. Armenia also has unique Byzantine examples, like the Church of S. Sophia in Trebizond (4). 3 4 NWU ARKI HOA 2 Byzantine 330-1453 A.D. NWU ARKI HOA 2 Byzantine 330-1453 A.D. Introduction Introduction Summary Summary A. Plans C. Openings Central Space: Types: Semicircular, segmental, or horse-shoe arched windows and doors. Dominated by a large dome supported by pendentives. Windows: Small and grouped; mosaics reduced the need for large windows. Light Layout: Greek cross plan with equal-length arms, provided by: resulting in a nearly square plan with the addition of a Ring of windows around the dome base (drum). narthex and side galleries. Windows grouped in gable ends and within semicircular arches under the dome. Comparison with Early Christian Basilicas: Occasionally, translucent marble slabs were used. Byzantine: Vertical emphasis with domes grouped A pendentive is an D. Roofs around a central dome. architectural feature Construction: Series of domes in brick, stone, or concrete, sometimes with no Early Christian: Horizontal emphasis with long used in construction, additional external covering. perspectives towards the apsidal termination. particularly in domes. Dome Construction: B. Walls It's a triangular Early: Part of one sphere (e.g., Galla Placidia tomb). Construction: Often brick. segment of a Later: Dome rises independently from pendentives, often on a drum. Interior Decoration: Marble casing and mosaics, spherical surface that Material: Lead sheets (e.g., S. Sophia) or hollow earthenware for reducing thrust resulting in a flat wall treatment with minimal mouldings. allows a dome to be Exterior Appearance: Generally plain, occasionally with placed on top of a alternating rows of stone and brick. square or polygonal base. NWU ARKI HOA 2 Byzantine 330-1453 A.D. NWU ARKI HOA 2 Byzantine 330-1453 A.D. Introduction Introduction Summary Summary E. Columns G. Ornament Origins: Often recycled from ancient Interior Decoration: structures; later designs were created to meet Extensive use of costly marbles and glass mosaics with symbolic new needs. figures, saints, and motifs. Capitals: Varied from Roman Ionic/Corinthian Mosaic as a complete wall lining with seamless transitions from types to new designs with cubes or wall to dome. "dosserets.“ Carving Technique: Mainly low relief, with Greek-style carving, Function: Primarily decorative or supportive of and use of drills for detailed work. galleries; massive piers support the Patterning: Incised patterns, with a preference for flat surfaces superstructure. and geometric or symbolic designs. F. Mouldings Internal: Broad flat expanses with occasional billet mouldings and flat splays with incised ornamentation. External: Simple treatments, with occasional stone banding. 13  15/08/2024 NWU ARKI HOA 2 Moving Forward to Chapter 2 Next Topic….. Romanesque Architecture -end of slide- Prepared by: Ar. Emerson V. Bolibol, uap NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY Send us message or visit us Don Mariano Marcos Avenue, Laoag City, Ilocos Norte 2900 Philippines +63 966 322 0733 (077) 670 8610 [email protected] 14