International Relations 2024 PDF

Drishti IAS Presents... I nternational R elations (March 2023 — March 2024) Drishti IAS, 641, Mukherjee Nagar, Drishti IAS, 21 Drishti IAS, Tashkent Marg, Drishti IAS, Tonk Road, Opp. Signature View Apartment,...

Drishti IAS Presents... I nternational R elations (March 2023 — March 2024) Drishti IAS, 641, Mukherjee Nagar, Drishti IAS, 21 Drishti IAS, Tashkent Marg, Drishti IAS, Tonk Road, Opp. Signature View Apartment, Pusa Road, Karol Bagh Civil Lines, Prayagraj, Vasundhra Colony, New Delhi New Delhi - 05 Uttar Pradesh Jaipur, Rajasthan e-mail: [email protected], Website: www.drishtiias.com Contact: Inquiry (English): 8010440440, Inquiry (Hindi): 8750187501  Contents 1. India and It’s Neighbourhood...........................................................................................1 z India-Bangladesh Relations..................................................................................................................................... 1 z Free Movement Regime.......................................................................................................................................... 2 z Ongoing Issues in Myanmar................................................................................................................................... 3 z Civil War in Myanmar.............................................................................................................................................. 4 z Strengthening India-Nepal Cooperation................................................................................................................ 5 z India-Nepal Power Pact........................................................................................................................................... 6 z India Sri Lanka Relations.......................................................................................................................................... 7 z Sri Lanka’s Debt Crisis and Paris Club...................................................................................................................... 8 z China’s ‘Xiaokang’ Border Defence Villages along the LAC..................................................................................... 9 z South China Sea..................................................................................................................................................... 12 z China’s Export Controls on Gallium and Germanium......................................................................................... 13 z India China Partnership for Global Harmony......................................................................................................... 14 z Chinese Dual-Use Facilities Raise Security Concerns in India............................................................................... 15 z The China-Tibet Issue............................................................................................................................................ 16 z China’s Stapled Visas............................................................................................................................................ 17 z China Releases a Map Asserting Territorial Claims................................................................................................ 18 z China Builds New Dam in Tibet............................................................................................................................. 20 z China and Bhutan Meet to Delimit Boundary....................................................................................................... 20 z India-Maldives Relations....................................................................................................................................... 23 z Regional Dialogue of Secretaries of Security Councils on Afghanistan................................................................. 24 z Oslo Forum and Afghan Peace Talks..................................................................................................................... 25 z CPEC’s Extension to Afghanistan.......................................................................................................................... 25 z Iran, Pakistan, and the Baloch Militancy............................................................................................................... 26 z PCA Asserts Competence in India-Pakistan Hydroelectric Projects Dispute......................................................... 29 z India-Bhutan Relations.......................................................................................................................................... 30 z Gelephu Smart City Project................................................................................................................................... 31 2. India - Asia Relations......................................................................................................32 z Red Sea Disruptions and India’s Oil Import Dynamics........................................................................................... 32 z Indian Navy Helps Hijacked Ship in Arabian Sea.................................................................................................... 34 z Ben Gurion Canal Project...................................................................................................................................... 35 z Strengthening India-Saudi Arabia Strategic Partnership....................................................................................... 37 z India-Israel Relations............................................................................................................................................. 38 z Israeli Military Operation in Jenin Refugee Camp................................................................................................. 39 z One Year of India- UAE CEPA................................................................................................................................. 40 z India-Oman Bilateral Meet.................................................................................................................................... 42 z Israel-Palestine Conflict........................................................................................................................................ 43 z Gaza Strip.............................................................................................................................................................. 45 z India-Thailand Relations....................................................................................................................................... 46 z India-Singapore Ties.............................................................................................................................................. 47 z Japan’s Asia Energy Transition Initiative................................................................................................................ 48 z India-UAE Food Security Partnership................................................................................................................... 49 3. India - North America Relations......................................................................................50 z India-US Relations................................................................................................................................................. 50 z INDUS-X Summit 2024........................................................................................................................................... 51 z India-US 2+2 Ministerial Dialogue......................................................................................................................... 52 z India US Strategic Partnership.............................................................................................................................. 54 z India-US Trade Policy Forum................................................................................................................................. 57 z India’s Jet Engine Deal with the US...................................................................................................................... 57 z U.S.-India initiative on Critical and Emerging Technology................................................................................... 58 z Indo-US Cooperation in Agriculture..................................................................................................................... 59 z 6th India-Canada Ministerial Dialogue on Trade and Investment........................................................................ 60 4. India- Africa Relations.....................................................................................................61 z India-Africa Partnership: Achievements, Challenges, and Roadmap 2030......................................................... 61 z 19th NAM Summit and India-Uganda Relations..................................................................................................... 63 z Economic Community of West African States....................................................................................................... 64 z India’s Interests in Africa’s RE Potential............................................................................................................... 65 z India-Egypt Relations............................................................................................................................................. 66 z India Offers Agricultural Line of Credit to Kenya................................................................................................... 67 z Coup Attempt in Sierra Leone............................................................................................................................... 68 z Displacement in Democratic Republic of Congo................................................................................................... 69 z Coup in Niger......................................................................................................................................................... 70 z 6th Session of India-Ethiopia Joint Trade Committee............................................................................................ 70 z Second Anti-Piracy Patrol in the Gulf of Guinea.................................................................................................... 71 z Sudan Crisis and Operation Kaveri....................................................................................................................... 73 5. India- South America Relations.......................................................................................75 z India and Argentina Signs Social Security Agreement........................................................................................... 75 z Indian Pharmacopoeia Recognition in Suriname.................................................................................................. 76 z 6. International Institutions.................................................................................................................................. 78 z 18th G20 Summit in New Delhi............................................................................................................................... 79 z India’s Socio Economic Performance in Comparison to G20 Nations................................................................... 83 z G20 Countries and Disaster Risk Reduction......................................................................................................... 85 z 10th ASEAN Defence Ministers’ Meeting-Plus...................................................................................................... 86 z 20th ASEAN-India Summit and the 18th East Asia Summit..................................................................................... 88 z 20th ASEAN-India Economic Ministers’ Meeting.................................................................................................... 89 z SCO Summit 2023................................................................................................................................................ 90 z IBSA and Digital Governance Reform.................................................................................................................... 92 z IPEF Ministerial Meeting...................................................................................................................................... 93 z Reforming UNSC and Bretton Woods................................................................................................................... 94 z Third FIPIC Summit............................................................................................................................................... 95 z G7 Summit: Climate Goals, Gandhi Statue & Quad Climate Initiatives................................................................ 96 z Rasht-Astara Railway and INSTC.......................................................................................................................... 97 z 6th Indian Ocean Conference................................................................................................................................ 98 z Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Leaders’ Summit 2023.................................................................................. 99 z 6th India-OPEC Energy Dialogue........................................................................................................................... 100 z Indian Ocean Rim Association............................................................................................................................. 100 z CJI Urges SCO Member States to Strive for Judicial Cooperation........................................................................ 101 z G20 Culture Ministerial Meeting and B20 Summit 2023................................................................................... 102 z NATO Suspends CFE Treaty Amid Russian Withdrawal....................................................................................... 104 z Finland Joins NATO.............................................................................................................................................. 106 z International Court of Justice and Climate Change............................................................................................. 107 z OPEC+ Announces Additional Production Cuts................................................................................................... 108 z 15th BRICS Summit............................................................................................................................................... 109 z Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty............................................................................................................ 111 z Notices of Interpol............................................................................................................................................... 112 z Third South Summit............................................................................................................................................. 113 z G7’s Commitment Towards Carbon-free Electricity Production....................................................................... 115 z UN High Seas Treaty............................................................................................................................................ 116 z UN Specialised Agencies: FAO, UNIDO and ICAO................................................................................................ 117 z UN Specialised Agencies - UNWTO, IFAD and UPU (Part–2)............................................................................... 118 z BIMSTEC............................................................................................................................................................. 119 z SAARC.................................................................................................................................................................. 120 z UN Specialised Agencies: ILO, WHO and ITU....................................................................................................... 121 z UN Specialised Agencies: WIPO, WMO and IMO................................................................................................ 122 z World Happiness Report 2023............................................................................................................................ 123 z Vienna Convention.............................................................................................................................................. 124 z India Joins Artemis Accords............................................................................................................................... 124 z India, US, UAE and Saudi Arabia Discuss Infrastructure Initiatives................................................................... 125 z Arab League........................................................................................................................................................ 126 z International Religious Freedom Report 2023................................................................................................... 127 z WTO Needs to Relook at Farm Subsidies............................................................................................................ 128 z India’s Commitment to UN Peacekeeping......................................................................................................... 130 z UN Concerns Over Eritrean Deportations from Israel......................................................................................... 131 z India’s Interest Arctic Region and the Northern Sea Route................................................................................. 133 z Artificial Intelligence Safety Summit 2023........................................................................................................... 134 z Paris Club............................................................................................................................................................. 135 6. India Europe Relations..................................................................................................136 z India- EU Trade and Technology Council............................................................................................................ 136 z India and EFTA.................................................................................................................................................... 137 z India-France Relations......................................................................................................................................... 138 z India and Greece Relations.................................................................................................................................. 140 z Schengen Zone.................................................................................................................................................... 142 z Northern Ireland Conflict.................................................................................................................................... 144 z India-Italy Migration and Mobility Agreement.................................................................................................... 145 z Italy Withdraws from China’s BRI........................................................................................................................ 146 z India-Germany Cooperation on Innovation......................................................................................................... 147 z Kosovo-Serbia Conflict....................................................................................................................................... 148 z India Denmark Cooperation................................................................................................................................ 149 z 2nd CII India Nordic-Baltic Business Conclave 2023.............................................................................................. 150 z Global DPI Summit............................................................................................................................................. 151 z Call for a New Treaty for Outer Space................................................................................................................ 152 z India-Romania Defense Agreement.................................................................................................................... 154 z NET Zero Innovation Virtual Centre..................................................................................................................... 154 z Third Employment Working Group Meet........................................................................................................... 155 z Atlantic Declaration............................................................................................................................................ 156 z India-Russia Bilateral Meeting............................................................................................................................. 156 z Wagner Mutiny in Russia................................................................................................................................... 158 z Russia-India Bilateral Trade................................................................................................................................ 158 z Challenges in Major Defence Deals with Russia.................................................................................................. 158 z Russia Suspends New START............................................................................................................................... 160 z Negotiations to Revive Black Sea Grain Deal....................................................................................................... 161 z India-Lithuania Relations..................................................................................................................................... 162 7. India Australia Relations...............................................................................................163 z India-Australia 2+2 Ministerial Dialogue............................................................................................................. 163 z Aviation Cooperation Between India and New Zealand...................................................................................... 164 z India New Zealand Round Table Meeting.......................................................................................................... 166 8. Foreign Policy of India..................................................................................................166 z Gujral Doctrine of Foreign Policy......................................................................................................................... 166 z India’s Act East Policy.......................................................................................................................................... 167 z Raisina Dialogue 2024......................................................................................................................................... 169 z Goa Maritime Conclave 2023.............................................................................................................................. 170 z Role of UPI in Shaping Foreign Policy.................................................................................................................. 171 9. The Indian Diaspora......................................................................................................172 10. News in Short.............................................................................................................174 z Order of the Druk Gyalpo.................................................................................................................................... 174 z India’s Push for Security Council Reform: The G4 Model.................................................................................... 175 z France Considers Legalising Assisted Dying........................................................................................................ 177 z Belgium Recognises Ecocide as a Crime.............................................................................................................. 177 z UN General Assembly Adopts Landmark AI Resolution...................................................................................... 178 z Concern Over Gibraltar Strait Subduction Zone.............................................................................................. 178 z JLOTS Project....................................................................................................................................................... 179 z Conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)........................................................................................... 180 z India and Dominican Republic to Strengthen Economic Ties with JETCO Protocol............................................. 181 z Haiti..................................................................................................................................................................... 181 z Italian Court Ruling Against Returning Sea Migrants.......................................................................................... 182 z Yaounde Declaration........................................................................................................................................... 182 z Argentina Withdraws from BRICS Plan................................................................................................................ 182 z EU Fines Apple for Antitrust Violations in App Store.......................................................................................... 184 z Blue Line.............................................................................................................................................................. 184 z India-China Border Affairs................................................................................................................................... 185 z Alliance for Global Good – Gender Equity and Equality...................................................................................... 185 www.drishtiias.com/hindi PT SPRINT (2024) International Relations 1 In 2022, both nations concluded a joint feasibility 1. India and It’s study on a Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA). The CEPA gains additional Neighbourhood significance as Bangladesh is set to lose its Least Developed Country (LDC) status after 2026, thereby India-Bangladesh Relations losing its duty-free and quota-free market access in India. Why in News? Bangladesh will be eager to finalize a Free Trade Recently, the Prime Minister of Bangladesh Sheikh Agreement (FTA) with India, and also pursue the Hasina returned to power in Bangladesh for a historic China-backed Regional Comprehensive Economic fourth straight term. India was among the first countries Partnership (RCEP). This dual approach raises to congratulate, illustrating the close bilateral relationship concerns for India. between the two countries. Infrastructure: Since 2010, India has extended Lines of Credit to How Have the Ties Between Bangladesh worth over USD 7 billion. India-Bangladesh Flourished? India and Bangladesh have successfully resolved Historical Ties: long-pending issues, like the Land Boundary The foundation of India’s relationship with Agreement (LBA) in 2015 and a maritime dispute Bangladesh was laid in the 1971 Bangladesh over territorial waters. Liberation War. India provided critical military and India and Bangladesh in 2023 inaugurated material support to assist Bangladesh in its fight theAkhaura-Agartala Rail Link that connects for independence from Pakistan. Bangladesh and the northeast through Tripura. Despite this, relations soured within a few years as The link has given India access to Chattogram and military regimes took control. There was a rise in Mongla ports in Bangladesh for the movement of anti-India sentiment in the mid-1970s over issues cargo. ranging from boundary disputes and insurgency It is likely to boost small-scale industries and to the sharing of water. development in Assam and Tripura. The instability continued for a few decades until The BIMSTEC Master Plan for Transport Connectivity Sheikh Hasina came to power in 1996 and scripted focuses on connecting major transport projects in a new chapter in bilateral ties with a treaty on the India, Bangladesh, Myanmar and Thailand, thereby sharing of Ganga waters. establishing a shipping network. Since then, India and Bangladesh have built India will focus on the Matarbari Port, 100 cooperation in Trade, Energy, Infrastructure, km from Tripura, being built by Bangladesh. Connectivity and Defence. This port will create a vital industrial corridor Economic Cooperation: connecting Dhaka and Northeast India. Bilateral trade between India and Bangladesh has Energy: grown steadily over the last decade. In the energy sector, Bangladesh imports nearly Bangladesh has emerged as India’s largest trade 2,000 megawatts (MW) of electricity from India. partner in South Asia, with bilateral trade reaching In 2018, Russia, Bangladesh and India signed a USD 18 billion in 2021-2022 from USD 10.8 billion memorandum on cooperation in the implementation in 2020-21, though there was a dip in 2022-23 due of the Rooppur Nuclear power plant project, to the Covid-19 pandemic and the Russia-Ukraine Bangladesh’s first nuclear power reactor. War. Defence Cooperation: India is also the second biggest trade partner of India and Bangladesh share 4096.7 km of border; Bangladesh, with exports amounting to USD 2 the longest land boundary that India shares with billion in Indian markets. any of its neighbors. Note: 2 PT SPRINT (2024) International Relations www.drishtiias.com/hindi Assam, West Bengal, Mizoram, Meghalaya, and in Nagaland and Manipur, as well as the Kuki- Tripura share borders with Bangladesh. Chin-Mizo communities in Manipur and Mizoram, The two also conduct Joint Exercises - Army (Exercise without their agreement. Sampriti) and Navy (Exercise Bongo Sagar). Currently, India and Myanmar share a 1,643 km Multilateral Cooperation: border across Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland and India and Bangladesh are also engaged in regional Arunachal Pradesh, of which only 10 km is fenced, cooperation through multilateral forums such as in Manipur. SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Free Movement Regime: Cooperation), BIMSTEC (Bay of Bengal Multi- The FMR was established in 2018 as part of India’sAct Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation) East policy,promoting cross-border movement up and Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA). to 16 km without a visa. Individuals residing at the border need a one- year border pass for stays lasting up to two weeks in the neighbouring country. It aimed to facilitate local border trade, improve access to education and healthcare for border residents, and strengthen diplomatic ties. Potential Reasons for Reconsidering the FMR: Security Concerns: Increased Infiltration: Concerns have arisen about the influx of illegal immigrants, particularly the Chin, Naga communities and Rohingyas from Myanmar, potentially straining resources and Free Movement Regime impacting local demographics. Drug Trafficking and Arms Smuggling: The Why in News? porous border facilitates the illegal movement of India’s recent plans to review the Free Movement drugs and weapons, posing a threat to internal Regime (FMR) agreement with Myanmar and fence the security to India and fueling crime. India-Myanmar border have initiated discussions, In 2022, Manipur witnessed 500 cases filed and especially in the northeastern states. 625 individuals arrested under the Narcotic The decision aims to address a complex intersection Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (NDPS) of historical, cultural, and security considerations. Act,as per data from the Chief Minister’s Office. What is the Free Movement Regime? Insurgency Activities: The FMR has been misused Historical Context: by insurgent groups operating in northeastern Much of India’s northeast region was under Burmese India, allowing them to cross the border easily occupation until the Treaty of Yandaboo in 1826 and evade capture. established the current India-Myanmar boundary. E.g. Kuki National Organisation (KNO) and The Treaty of Yandabo was signed by General Sir Archibald Campbell on behalf of the British Kangleipak Communist Party-Lamphel (KCP- and Governor of Legaing Maha Min Hla Kyaw Lamphel) in Manipur. Htin on behalf of the Burmese. Socio-economic and Regional Issues: It ended the First Anglo-Burmese War (1824- Impact on cultural identity: Concerns exist 1826). about the preservation of indigenous culture However, the border separated communities with and traditions in border areas, potentially shared ethnicity and culture, including the Nagas threatened by increased migration. Note: www.drishtiias.com/hindi PT SPRINT (2024) International Relations 3 Environmental Degradation: Deforestation and to file a counter-memorial in response to the case accusing illegal resource extraction along the border Myanmar of breaching the International Genocide are attributed to unregulated cross-border Convention. movement. The case pertains to the atrocities committed by the Regional Dynamics: China’s growing influence Myanmar military during the “clearing” operations in Myanmar and its potential impact on border in 2017 in Rakhine state, resulting in displacement security add another layer of complexity to the of Rohingya people. situation. What Led to Instability in Myanmar? What are the Major Aspects Background - The country gained independence of India-Myanmar Relations? from Britain in 1948. It was ruled by the armed forces from 1962 until 2011, when a new government began ushering in a return to civilian rule. In the 2010s, the military regime decided to transition the country towards democracy. Although the armed forces remained powerful, political opponents were freed and elections were allowed to be held. The National League for Democracy won the 2015 election, the country’s first free and fair election participated by multiple parties, and formed the government, raising hopes that the country is on its way to full transition to democracy. Military Coup: In the November 2020 parliamentary election, Historical and Cultural Ties: India and Myanmar share NLD secured the majority of the seats. a long history dating back centuries, with cultural and In the Myanmars’ Parliament, the military holds religious connections deeply rooted in Buddhism. 25% of the total seats according to the 2008 Treaty of Friendship, 1951 forms the foundation military-drafted constitution and several key of their diplomatic relations. ministerial positions are also reserved for military Economic Cooperation: India is Myanmar’s 4th largest appointees. trading partner and a major source of investment. When the newly elected Myanmar lawmakers The projects in which India has been involved in were to hold the first session of Parliament in Myanmar include the Kaladan Multimodal Transit 2021, the military imposed a state of emergency Transport Project, the Trilateral Highway Project for one year citing massive voting fraud in the and restoration and conservation of Ananda Temple parliamentary elections. in Bagan (completed in 2018). Associated Issues Highlighted by UN: Disaster Relief: India has responded promptly and Despite clear legal obligations for the military to effectively in rendering assistance following natural protect civilians in the conduct of hostilities, there calamities in Myanmar like Cyclone Mora (2017), has been consistent disregard for the related rules earthquake in Shan State (2010) and the outbreak of international law. of influenza virus in Yangon in July-August 2017. Myanmar’s economy has collapsed with nearly half of the population now living below the poverty Ongoing Issues in Myanmar line. Since the coup was launched, the military has Why in News? imprisoned the democratically elected leadership The International Court of Justice (ICJ) recently of the country and, in subsequent months, detained rejected Myanmar junta’s appeal for a 10-month reprieve over 16,000 others. Note: 4 PT SPRINT (2024) International Relations www.drishtiias.com/hindi The Rohingya Issue: The definition of the crime of genocide, as set out On August 25, 2017, an outbreak of violence in in the Convention, has been widely adopted at both Myanmar’s Rakhine State forced hundreds of national and international levels, including in the thousands of Rohingya people to flee their homes. 1998 Rome Statute of the International Criminal The Rohingya community has also been cut off Court (ICC). from the pro-democracy movement in Myanmar. India is a signatory to this convention. Over the years, thepro-democracy movement in Myanmar has faced various challenges, Civil War in Myanmar including restrictions on freedom of speech and assembly, arbitrary arrests and detentions, Why in News? censorship, and violence. Recently, due to the ongoing Civil War in Myanmar, In January 2020, the UN’s top court (ICJ) ordered 1,500 nationals of Myanmar took refuge in Mizoram’s the Myanmar to take measures to protect Champhai district following an intense gunfight between members of its Rohingya community from the Myanmar Army, and pro-democracy militias in the genocide. country’s western Chin State abutting Mizoram. What is India’s Stand on Myanmar Issue? In recent years, India has expressed concerns over the human rights situation in Myanmar, particularly with regards to the Rohingya crisis. India has called for peaceful resolution of the issue, respect for human rights, and accountability for those responsible for human rights violations. Though India has expressed deep concern over recent developments in Myanmar, cutting off from the Myanmar military is not a viable option as India has significant economic and strategic interests in Myanmar and its neighbourhood. India’s stance on the issue of Myanmar may evolve based on the evolving situation and geopolitical dynamics in the region. Note: Genocide is an internationally recognized crime where acts are committed with the intent to destroy, What is a Civil War? in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial, or religious ¾ A civil war is a prolonged conflict between organized group. groups within the same country or nation. What is International Genocide Convention? ¾ It involves armed confrontations between factions or groups with distinct social, political, or ideological The International Genocide Convention, also known differences, all vying for control or dominance over as the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment the nation’s governance, territory, or resources. of the Crime of Genocide, is a treaty adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on December 9, 1948. What is Background of the Current According to this Convention, genocide is a crime Civil War in Myanmar? that can take place both in time of war as well as 2020 Elections and Military Coup: in time of peace. In the November 2020 elections, Aung San Suu The Convention requires states to prevent and Kyi’s party National League for Democracy (NLD) punish genocide, including enacting domestic won the election. However, the military junta, legislation. known as the Tatmadaw, claimed electoral fraud Note: www.drishtiias.com/hindi PT SPRINT (2024) International Relations 5 without substantial evidence and rejected the Rikhawdar, close to Zokhawthar in Mizoram, election results. and In February, 2021, the military staged a coup, Khampat in Sagaing region, around 60 km from detaining Aung San Suu Kyi and other elected Moreh in Manipur. leaders, declaring a state of emergency, and seizing The latter (Khampat in Sagaing region) is also part control of the government. of the proposed India-Myanmar-Thailand trilateral Protests and Resistance: highway project. The coup triggered widespread protests across What is the Current Legislative Framework in India Myanmar, with citizens demanding the restoration to Handle Refugees? of democracy and the release of detained leaders. ¾ India treats all foreigners whether illegal immigrants, Civil servants, activists, and various groups joined refugees/asylum seekers or those overstaying visa the civil disobedience movement, staging strikes permits under and demonstrations. € Foreigners Act of 1946: Under Section 3, the Formation of Resistance Forces: central government is empowered to detect, As the Tatmadaw intensified its crackdown on detain and deport illegal foreign nationals. dissent, opposition groups, including Ethnic Armed € Passport (Entry into India) Act, 1920: Under Organizations (EAOs) and armed civilians, formed Section 5, authorities can remove an illegal the People’s Defence Forces (PDFs) to resist the foreigner by force under Article 258(1) of the military junta. Constitution of India. These groups aligned themselves with the National € Registration of Foreigners Act of 1939: Under Unity Government (NUG), established by ousted this, there is a mandatory requirement under lawmakers, aiming to challenge the military’s which all foreign nationals (excluding overseas authority. citizens of India) visiting India on a long-term visa (more than 180 days) are required to register Current Scenario: themselves with a Registration Officer within 14 Fighting has also broken out elsewhere in the days of arriving in India. country, led by various local resistance forces — € Citizenship Act, 1955: It provided provisions in the Rakhine State, Kayin State, Sagaing region for renunciation, termination, and deprivation bordering Manipur, and Chin State bordering of citizenship. Mizoram. z Further, Citizenship Amendment Act, 2019 (CAA) seeks to provide citizenship to Hindu, What does Ongoing Civil War Christian, Jain, Parsi, Sikh, and Buddhist in Myanmar Mean for India? immigrants persecuted in Bangladesh, Pakistan, Balanced Stance: and Afghanistan. India has so far walked a fine line between expressing ¾ India issued a Standard Operating Procedure concern at the “interruption” of democracy in (SOP) to be followed by all concerned agencies Myanmar, and engaging with the junta to protect while dealing with foreign nationals who claim to its “vital interests”. be refugees. Immediate Concern for India: Strengthening India-Nepal Cooperation The influx of Myanmarese nationals in the border states of the Northeast. Why in News? This too at a time when the situation in Manipur India and Nepal have recently unveiled several remains volatile. initiatives and agreements during the 4-day visit of the Capturing of Two Important Towns by Rebels: Prime Minister of Nepal to India to boost their bilateral The anti-junta forces have captured two important cooperation in the fields of energy and transport towns close to the only two border crossing points development, aiming to strengthen ties and facilitate between Myanmar and India. These are: regional connectivity. Note: 6 PT SPRINT (2024) International Relations www.drishtiias.com/hindi What are the Major Highlights This will enable Nepal to use Indian ports such of Recent Agreement? as Haldia, Kolkata, Paradip and Visakhapatnam for its third-country trade. Power Sector Cooperation: It will also reduce transportation costs and time Long-Term Power Trade Agreement: India and for Nepalese exporters and importers. Nepal signed a long-term Power Trade Agreement, India is also cooperating with Nepal to set up a targeting the import of 10,000 MW of electricity fertiliser plant,emphasising the importance of from Nepal in the coming years. collaboration in the agricultural sector. Hydropower Projects: Memoranda of Understanding (MoUs) were signed between India-Nepal Power Pact National Hydroelectric Power Corporation (NHPC), India and Vidyut Utpadan Company Why in News? Ltd, Nepal for the development of the Phukot India and Nepal recently signed a long-term Karnali Hydroelectric Project and the Lower agreement for the export of power. The agreement was Arun Hydroelectric Project. inked during the 7th meeting of the Nepal-India Joint Commission, highlighting the strengthening ties between Also, the two Prime Ministers expressed their the two nations. commitment to achieving tangible and time-bound progress on the Pancheshwar multipurpose project, What are the Key Takeaways From the 7th which aims to enhance cooperation in harnessing Meeting of the Nepal-India Joint Commission? the shared water resources of the Mahakali River. Power Export Agreement: India and Nepal signed a Note: Phukot Karnali Hydro Electric Project aims to bilateral agreement for the export of 10,000 MW of generate 480 MW of power using the flow from power in the next 10 years. theKarnali River, with an average annual generation Cross-Border Transmission Lines Inauguration: Three of about 2448 GWh. It includes a high RCC( Reinforced cross-border transmission lines were jointly inaugurated Concrete Cement) dam and an underground power including the 132 kV Raxaul-Parwanipur, 132 kV house. Kushaha-Kataiya, and New Nautanwa-Mainahiya Transport Development: lines. Transmission Line and Rail Link: The groundbreaking Renewable Energy Cooperation: A Memorandum ceremony for the Gorakhpur-Bhutwal Transmission of Understanding (MoU) was signed between the Line and the inauguration of the Indian Railway Nepal Electricity Authority and India’s National cargo train from Bathnaha to Nepal Customs Yard Thermal Power Corporation Limited for cooperation highlighted the focus on enhancing connectivity in renewable energy. between the two countries. Agreement for Satellite Service : The Service Agreement Integrated Checkposts (ICPs): ICPs were inaugurated for Munal Satellite developed by Nepal Academy of at Nepalgunj (Nepal) and Rupaidiha (India), Science and Technology between Nepal Academy of promoting smoother cross-border trade and Science and Technology and NewSpace India Limited was launched. facilitating the movement of goods and people. This satellite developed by Nepali students shall Other Initiatives: be launched on a gratis basis on an Indian launch A plan to extend South Asia’s first cross-border rocket. petroleum pipeline from Motihari in India to Amlekhgunj in Nepal by another 69 km up to What are the Major Areas of Chitwan in Nepal. Cooperation Between India and Nepal? Also, a second cross-border petroleum pipeline About: from Siliguri in India to Jhapa in eastern Nepal. India and Nepal, being immediate neighbors, A revised Treaty of Transit signed on June 1, enjoy special bonds of friendship and collaboration 2023, that will give Nepal access to India’s inland marked by an open border and strong people-to- waterways. people connections rooted in kinship and culture. Note: www.drishtiias.com/hindi PT SPRINT (2024) International Relations 7 Nepal shares a border of over 1850 km with five Also, India exported about 2200 MUs of electricity Indian states – Sikkim, West Bengal, Bihar, Uttar to Nepal in 2021. Pradesh and Uttarakhand. The India-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1950 forms the bedrock of the special relations that exist between India and Nepal. Economic Cooperation: India is Nepal’s largest trade partner and the largest source of foreign investments, besides providing transit for almost the entire third country trade of Nepal. India accounts for about two-third of Nepal’s merchandise trade and about one-third of trade in services. Recently, India and Nepal agreed to review the Treaty of Transit and the Treaty of Trade, proposed amendments to existing agreements, strategies for enhancing investment, the harmonization of standards and the synchronized development of trade infrastructure. Defense Cooperation: India has been aiding the modernization efforts of the Nepal Army through equipment supply and training provisions. The joint military exercise, ‘Surya Kiran,’ at the battalion level, is conducted in both India and India Sri Lanka Relations Nepal on a rotational basis.In 2023, it was held in Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand. Why in News? Cultural Cooperation: India sent written financing assurances to the The Embassy of India in Nepal, in collaboration International Monetary Fund (IMF), becoming the first with Lumbini Development Trust and Lumbini bilateral creditor of the island nation to officially support Buddhist University organized the inaugural India- its crucial debt restructure programme after last year’s Nepal Cultural Festival in Lumbini in December economic meltdown. 2023. A bilateral agreement between India and Sri Lanka The festival showcased the rich cultural heritage on raising the limit of the High Impact Community and traditions of India and Nepal, with a focus Development Project (HICDP) was also signed during on Buddhism. the India’s External Affairs Minister’s Visit. Water Sharing: The Koshi Agreement (1954, revised in 1966) and Gandak Agreement (1959, revised in What is the Significance of India’s Financing 1964) were the initial significant agreements fostering Assurance? India-Nepal cooperation in the water resources sector. Another pivotal pact, the Mahakali Treaty (1996), The International Monetary Fund’s provisional USD ensures the fair utilization of Mahakali river, waters 2.9 billion package to Sri Lanka will be cleared only for both countries. after Sri Lanka’s official creditors— China, Japan and Connectivity: India is assisting Nepal by upgrading 10 India — have provided adequate financing assurances. roads in the Terai area, establishing cross-border rail The decision of financing assurance was also a links at Jogbani-Biratnagar and Jaynagar-Bardibas, and reassertion of India’s belief in the principle of setting up Integrated Check Posts at key locations such “neighborhood first”, and not leaving a partner to as Birgunj, Biratnagar, Bhairahawa, and Nepalgunj. fend for themselves. Note: 8 PT SPRINT (2024) International Relations www.drishtiias.com/hindi How are India’s Relations with Sri Lanka? 13th Amendment of the Sri Lankan Constitution: It envisages devolution of necessary powers to the About: provincial councils to address the just demand of India and Sri Lanka are two South Asian nations the Tamil people for equality, justice, peace, and situated in the Indian Ocean region. Geographically, respect within a united Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka is located just off the southern coast of India supports its implementation but the Sri India, separated by the Palk Strait. Lankan government is yet to “fully implement” This proximity has played a significant role the 13th Amendment. in shaping the relationship between the two countries. Sri Lanka’s Debt Crisis and Paris Club The Indian Ocean is a strategically important waterway for trade and military operations, and Why in News? Sri Lanka’s location at the crossroads of major Recently, Sri Lanka has reached a preliminary debt shipping lanes makes it a critical point of control restructuring deal with India and the Paris Club Group, for India. paving the way for it to revive a stalled IMF (International Relations: Monetary Fund) loan programme. Historical Ties: India and Sri Lanka have a long It will help Sri Lanka, which defaulted on its debts in history of cultural, religious, and trade ties dating 2022, to secure the next tranche of a USD 3 billion back to ancient times. IMF lending package agreed in March 2023. There are strong cultural ties between the two When a country defaults on its debt, it means that countries, with many Sri Lankans tracing their the government is unable to meet its financial heritage to India.Buddhism,which originated in obligations to its creditors. This failure can manifest India, is also an important religion in Sri Lanka. in various ways and has significant implications. Economic ties: India is Sri Lanka’s third largest What is Sri Lanka’s Debt Scenario? export destination, after the US and UK. More than Sri Lanka has foreign debts of about USD 46 bn, the 60% of Sri Lanka’s exports enjoy the benefits of largest share of which is owed to Chinese lenders, the India-Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement. India with Japan, India and commercial bondholders also is also a major investor in Sri Lanka. large creditors. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) from India Sri Lanka has yet to reach a deal with the commercial amounted to around USD 1.7 billion over the bondholders, which could yet slow down progress on years from 2005 to 2019. the country’s economic recovery. Defence: India and Sri Lanka conduct joint Military Sri Lanka in May 2022 became the first country in (Mitra Shakti) and Naval exercise (SLINEX). theAsia-Pacific to default on its debts in two decades, Issues in India-Sri Lanka Relations: the result of domestic economic mismanagement and Killing of Fishermen: Killing of Indian fishermen by a surge in global inflation following the coronavirus the Sri Lankan Navy is a lingering issue between pandemic and Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. these two nations. A sharp drop in foreign currency reserves led to In 2019 and 2020, a total of 284 Indian fishermen shortages of imported food, fuel and medicine, were arrested and a total of 53 Indian boats devastating living standards on the island and triggering were confiscated by the Sri Lankan authorities. mass protests in 2022. Influence of China: China’s rapidly growing economic footprint (and political clout as a corollary) What is the Paris Club? in Sri Lanka is straining India-Sri Lanka relations. About: China is already the largest investor in Sri Lanka, The Paris Club is a group of mostly western creditor accounting for 23.6% of the total Foreign Direct countries that grew from a 1956 meeting in which Investment (FDI) during 2010-2019 as against Argentina agreed to meet its public creditors in 10.4% from India. Paris. Note: www.drishtiias.com/hindi PT SPRINT (2024) International Relations 9 It describes itself as a forum where official India became the first country to hand over its letter creditors meet to solve payment difficulties of support for financing and debt restructuring of faced by debtor countries. Sri Lanka. Their objective is to find sustainable debt-relief Connectivity and Renewable Energy: solutions for countries that are unable to repay Both countries have agreed on a joint vision that their bilateral loans. emphasises comprehensive connectivity, including Members: People to People connectivity, renewable energy. The members are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Indian companies are developing renewable energy Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, projects in the northeast of Sri Lanka, indicating Ireland, Israel, Japan, Netherlands, Norway, Russia, growing collaboration in the energy sector. South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States. Economic and Technology Cooperation Agreement All 22 are members of the group called Organisation (ETCA): for Economic Co-operation and Development Both countries are exploring the possibility of (OECD). an ETCA to integrate their economies and foster development. Agreement on a Multi-Project Petroleum Pipeline: Both India and Sri Lanka have agreed to establish a multi-product petroleum pipeline from the southern part of India to Sri Lanka. This pipeline aims to ensure an affordable and reliable supply of energy resources to Sri Lanka. Recognition of energy’s critical role in economic Involved in Debt Agreements: development and progress is driving the focus on According to its official website, Paris Club has establishing the petroleum pipeline. reached 478 agreements with 102 different debtor Adoption of India’s UPI: countries. Sri Lanka has also adopted India’s UPI service, Since 1956, the debt treated in the framework of which is a significant step towards enhancing Paris Club agreements amounts to USD 614 billion. fintech connectivity between the two countries. Recent Developments: The use of rupee for trade settlementis further The Paris group countries dominated bilateral lending in the last century, but their importance helping Sri Lanka’s economy. These are concrete has receded over the last two decades or so with steps to help Sri Lanka’s economic recovery and the emergence of China as the world’s biggest growth. bilateral lender. In Sri Lanka’s case, for instance, India, China, and China’s ‘Xiaokang’ Border Defence Japan are the largest bilateral creditors. Villages along the LAC Sri Lanka’s debt to China is 52% of its bilateral Why in News? debt, 19.5% to Japan, and 12% to India. In recent developments along the Line of Actual How is India Helping Sri Lanka with Debt Control (LAC) between India and China, Chinese nationals Management and Economic Development? have begun occupying previously vacant “Xiaokang” Role in Debt Restructuring: border defence villages. India has played a role in collaborating with the These villages, constructed by China in 2019, have raised International Monetary Fund (IMF) and creditors concerns for the Indian Army, particularly regarding to help Sri Lanka in restructuring its debt. their occupants’ nature and strategic implications. Note: 10 PT SPRINT (2024) International Relations www.drishtiias.com/hindi What are India’s Initiatives along the LAC? This demarcation is categorized into three sectors: In response to China’s infrastructure development, Eastern sector encompassing Arunachal Pradesh India has intensified efforts to enhance its border and Sikkim. infrastructure since 2019. Middle sector spanning Uttarakhand and Vibrant Villages Program: Himachal Pradesh. The Vibrant Villages program aims to modernise 663 Western sector located in Ladakh. border villages, with 17 selected for development along the China-India border in regions like Ladakh, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, and Arunachal Pradesh. Border Roads Organization (BRO): The BRO has completed 90 infrastructure projects along the India–China border, worth Rs 2,941 crore. As of September 2023, 36 of these projects are in Arunachal Pradesh, 26 in Ladakh, and 11 in Jammu and Kashmir. Disagreements Surrounding the LAC: BRO is involved in major highways, including the The primary dispute regarding the LAC arises from Trans-Arunachal Highway, Frontier Highway, and its alignment in different sectors. The LAC in the East-West Industrial Corridor Highway, which eastern sector follows the 1914 McMahon Line are under construction to improve connectivity, with minor disputes about ground positions. particularly in the eastern part of Arunachal Major disagreements exist in the Western sector, Pradesh and the Tawang region. originating from letters written by Chinese Prime Border Area Development Programme (BADP): Minister Zhou Enlai to PM Jawaharlal Nehru in The BADP is a centrally sponsored scheme that 1959. aims to meet the special developmental needs The LAC was described only in general terms of the people living in remote and inaccessible on maps not to scale by the Chinese. areas situated near the international border. The Chinese claimed to have withdrawn to 20 The funds can be used for projects relating to km behind the LAC in November 1959 after Infrastructure, Livelihood, Education, Health, the 1962 War. Agriculture, Allied sectors. During the Doklam crisis in 2017, the Chinese Railways: Foreign Ministry spokesperson urged India to Indian Railways is constructing strategic rail lines abide by the “1959 LAC”. in the Northeast region to facilitate the swift Despite subsequent clarifications, ambiguity mobilization of the Indian army. persisted, leading to contrasting interpretations by both nations. What is the Line of Actual Control (LAC)? India’s Response to China’s LAC Designation: About: India initially rejected the concept of the LAC in The LAC serves as the boundary separating Indian- 1959 and 1962, citing concerns over its vague controlled territory from Chinese-controlled definition and potential exploitation by China territory. to alter ground realities through military force. India asserts the length of the LAC to be 3,488 km, India’s shift in the LAC approach started in the whereas China contends it to be approximately mid-1980s due to increased border encounters, 2,000 km. prompting a review of patrolling boundaries. Note: www.drishtiias.com/hindi PT SPRINT (2024) International Relations 11 India formally accepted the concept of the LAC Observers on both sides of the LAC agree that in 1993 and the two sides signed the Agreement the number of serious military confrontations to Maintain Peace and Tranquility at the LAC. has increased since 2013. LAC vs Line of Control with Pakistan: India and China have only exchanged maps The Line of Control (LoC) was established in 1972 for the middle sector of the LAC. Maps were after the Kashmir War, based on the ceasefire line “shared” for the Western sector but never negotiated by the UN in 1948. It has international formally exchanged, and the process of clarifying legal validity and is delineated on a map signed the LAC has effectively stalled since 2002. by both countries. The most serious recent episodes of conflict were On the other hand, the LAC is not agreed upon in Galwan Valley in Ladakh in 2020and in Tawang by both countries and is not delineated on a in Arunachal Pradesh in 2022. map or demarcated on the ground. Note: 12 PT SPRINT (2024) International Relations www.drishtiias.com/hindi South China Sea Philippine Sea (both marginal seas of the Pacific Ocean). Why in News? Trade Importance: Approximately USD 3.37 trillion Recently, the Philippines Coast Guard removed worth of trade passed through the South China Sea barriers placed by Chinese vessels at the entrance to a in 2016, making it a crucial global trade route. lagoon off the Scarborough Shoal. According to the Center for Strategic and This incident came after Chinese Coast Guard ships International Studies (CSIS), 80% of global trade placed a 300-meter-long barrier to prevent boats by volume and 70% by value is transported by sea, from the Philippines from entering, adding to the with 60% of it passing through Asia and one-third long-running tensions in the South China Sea. of global shipping moving through the South China Sea. China, the world’s second-largest economy, relies heavily on the South China Sea, with an estimated 64% of its trade passing through the region. In contrast, only 14% of U.S. trade traverses these waters. India relies on the region for approximately 55% of its trade. Fishing Ground: The South China Sea is also a rich fishing ground, providing a vital source of livelihood and food security for millions of people in the region. What are the Major Disputes in the South China Sea? Dispute: The heart of the South China Sea dispute revolves around territorial claims to land features (islands and reefs) and their associated territorial waters. The major island and reef formations in the South China Sea are the Spratly Islands, Paracel Islands, Pratas, the Natuna Islands and Scarborough Shoal. As many as 70 disputed reefs and islets are under contention, with China, Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia, and Taiwan all building more than 90 outposts on these disputed features. What is the Significance of China claims up to 90% of the sea with its “nine- the South China Sea? dash line” map and has physically expanded Strategic Location: The South China Sea is bordered islands and constructed military installations to by China and Taiwan to the north, the Indo-Chinese assert control. peninsula (including Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, China has been particularly active in the Paracel and Singapore) to the west, Indonesia and Brunei to and Spratly Islands, engaging in extensive the south, and the Philippines to the east (referred dredging and artificial island-building, creating to as the West Philippine Sea). 3,200 acres of new land since 2013. It is connected by the Taiwan Strait with the China also controls the Scarborough Shoal East China Sea and by the Luzon Strait with the through a constant Coast Guard presence. Note: www.drishtiias.com/hindi PT SPRINT (2024) International Relations 13 Efforts to Resolve the Dispute: What are Gallium and Germanium? Code of Conduct (CoC): Talks between China Gallium: and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations It is a soft, silvery-white metal that is liquid near (ASEAN) have aimed at establishing a CoC to room temperature. manage the situation, but progress has been slow It is not found as a free element and is only present due to internal ASEAN disputes and the magnitude in small quantities in certain minerals, such aszinc of China’s claims. ores and bauxite. Declaration on the Conduct of Parties (DoC): In Gallium is used to make gallium arsenide, which 2002, ASEAN and China adopted the DoC, affirming is a core substrate forsemiconductors. their commitment to peaceful dispute resolution It is utilized in the production of semiconductor in accordance with international law. wafers, integrated circuits, mobile and satellite The DoC was meant to pave the way for a CoC, communications (in chipsets), and LEDs (in which remains elusive. displays). Gallium also finds applications in automotive and Arbitral Proceedings: In 2013, the Philippines lighting industries, as well as in sensors for avionic, initiated arbitral proceedings against China space, and defense systems. under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea Germanium: (UNCLOS). It is a lustrous, hard, silvery-white semi-metal In 2016, the Permanent Court of Arbitration with a crystal structure similar to a diamond. (PCA)ruled against China’s “nine-dash line” Germanium is used in various electronic and claim, stating it was inconsistent with UNCLOS. optical applications. China rejected the arbitration ruling and asserted It is commonly used in fiber-optic cables and its sovereignty and historical rights, challenging infrared imaging devices. the PCA’s authority. Germanium enhances the ability to operate weapon Note: Under the UNCLOS, each state can establish a systems in harsh conditions. territorial sea of up to 12 nautical miles and an Exclusive It is also used in solar cells due to its heat resistance Economic Zone (EEZ) extending up to 200 nautical miles and higher energy conversion efficiency. from the territorial sea baseline. Note: China’s Export Controls on ¾ Gallium and germanium, both listed on India’s recently released critical mineral list by the Ministry Gallium and Germanium of Mines, are also included in the European Union’s Why in News? list of critical raw materials, which are recognized as crucial to Europe’s economy. China has recently announced that it will impose € Additionally, these elements are considered export controls on gallium and germanium, which are strategic resources by the United States and Japan. essential for semiconductor manufacturing, starting from August 1, 2023. How does China Dominate This action is seen as a response to export controls the Global Supply of these Raw Materials? implemented by the United States, Japan, and the China is the world’s largest producer and exporter Netherlands, who express national security concerns of gallium and germanium. and accuse China of military use and human rights According to the European industry body, Critical violations. Raw Materials Alliance (CRMA), China accounted for China denies these allegations, asserting that its 80% of global gallium production and 60% of global export controls aim to safeguard global industrial germanium production. and supply chain stability, without singling out any Abundant reserves of gallium and germanium in China country. contribute to its dominant position in the market. Note: 14 PT SPRINT (2024) International Relations www.drishtiias.com/hindi China imports gallium and germanium from countries Export controls by China could present opportunities like Kazakhstan, Russia, and Canada to supplement for other countries or regions to increase their its domestic supply. production and supply of gallium and germanium, China has a strong industrial base for processing potentially creating a more diversified market. and refining gallium and germanium into high-purity products. India China Partnership The country benefits from low labor costs, favorable for Global Harmony policies, and a large domestic market, giving it a Why in News? competitive advantage in the global supply chain. Recently, China releaseda white paper “A Global How will China’s Export Controls Community of Shared Future: China’s Proposals and Actions”, to address the common challenges and Affect the Market? opportunities faced by humanity in the 21st century. India: Amidst global turmoil, with Russia- Ukraine crisis and The Chinese export controls on gallium and issues in West Asia, attention turns to the historically germanium are expected to have a short-term linked civilizations of India and China. Their shared impact on India and its industries. visions for the future could provide hope for global India currently imports all chips, and the market is harmony. estimated to touch USD100 billion by 2025 from USD 24 billion now. Disruption in immediate supply What are the Key Vision Points for chains may result in increased prices and limited the Global Community of Shared Future? availability of these raw materials in India. Economic Globalization and Inclusivity: Uphold the India’s chip-making plans could be affected due correct path of economic globalization. Jointly build to the dependence on imports of gallium and an open world economy that represents the interests germanium. of developing nations, rejecting unilateralism, Long-term consequences forIndia’s semiconductor protectionism, and zero-sum games. industrydepend on alternative supply sources and Peace, Cooperation, and Development: Embrace domestic production capabilities. peace, development, cooperation, and win-win results, steering clear of colonialism and hegemony, Strategic partnerships like theIndia-U.S. Initiative fostering joint efforts for global peace and contribution. on Critical and Emerging Technology (iCET) may play a role in ensuring a reliable supply chain. Global Community of Shared Destiny: Construct a global community of shared destiny to evade Deloitte India suggests exploring waste recovery conflict between emerging and established powers, from zinc and alumina production as a potential emphasizing mutual respect, equity, and beneficial source of gallium and germanium. cooperation for deeper global partnerships. India has an opportunity to develop domestic Genuine Multilateralism and Fair International capabilities and diversify its supply chain by focusing System: Rejecting bloc politics and unilateral thinking, on substitutes such as indium and silicon. advocating for a fair, UN-centered international system. Global: Upholding international law as the basis for global The restrictions may lead to an increase in prices norms and order and promoting true multilateralism. of gallium and germanium in the global market Promotion