155 le1.pdf

THE ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM o =100% power plant operated at full capacity Generation: from one form of energy (solar, chemical, mechanical) to electrical energy Tr...

THE ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM o =100% power plant operated at full capacity Generation: from one form of energy (solar, chemical, mechanical) to electrical energy Transmission: transports electrical energy in Capacity credit – fraction of rated capacity of bulk from generation plants to distribution the power plant that is available during times networks of peak demand (in percent) Distribution: delivers electric energy (retail) from transmission networks to end-user Utilization: electric energy to usable form BASELOAD, INTERMEDIATE AND PEAKING Baseload plants – address the fundamental THE FIRST EPS demand requirements Peaking plants – address the short-term 1882: First EPS – Pearl Street Station, NYC (by demand requirements Thomas Edison) Intermediate plants – address the demand Steam engine between the previous two Underground cable systems Incandescent light bulbs HEAT RATE 1886: First AC System – Great Barrington, Massachusetts (George Westinghouse) Measure of the thermal efficiency of a generating unit Application of transformers High heat rate = low efficiency Loads: 150 lamps [BTU/kWh] = Energy input [BTU] / Energy Output [kWh] 100% efficiency = 3,412 BTU/kWh GENERATION Power Generation: Coal is the largest -> i.e. power plants Renewable (Hydro is the largest -> renewable energy: Solar, wind, hydro, Geothermal) geothermal, biomass, ocean non-renewable: Coal, Oil, Natural gas, Nuclear UTILIZATION i.e. Costumers, consumers, end-users Electrical energy to light, heat, kinetic, RATED CAPACITY VS ENERGY GENERATION potential, chemical, electromagnetic Rated Capacity – the maximum amount of radiation power that a power plant can produce [in [W-h] MW] Groups: Energy Generation – amount of energy the o Residential power plants produces [MWh] o Industrial o Commercial o Agricultural CAPACITY FACTOR AND CAPACITY CREDIT o Transport Characteristic Load Curves: Capacity Factor – ratio = energy o Residential and Commercial: have generation/theoretical max generation peak hours o = 0% : no energy generation  o Industrial: more constant (?) usage of TRANSMISSION SUBSTATIONS: electricity Serves as nodes in EPS LOAD FACTOR: ratio of average demand to Switches, circuit brakers, transformers, peak demand reactors and capacitors, SCADA and 𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑒 metering devices 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 Substation capacity in apparent power capacity [MVA] Breakdown of charges (Meralco) o Generation charge (to GenCos and IPPs) o Transmission (to transmission SUBTRANSMISSION AND INTERCONNECTIONS: services providers i.e. NGCP) Interconnections: lines connecting different o System Loss – technical and non- EPS or grids (can be HVAC or HVDC) – i.e. technical losses Luzon-Visayas submarine HVDC o Distribution – operating and interconnection maintaining distribution and metering (MERALCO) TRANSMISSION SYSTEM: HVDC VS HVAC o Subsidies – Lifeline (low-income HVDC consumers) and senior citizen o Single-phased (less cost at a costumers breakeven distance) o Taxes o Steady voltage level (components o Universal Charge (UC) – operate at same level) environmental charges, missionary o Advantageous on very long distances electrification (ME) and submarine conditions (no o FIT-ALL (renewable) – subsidy to RE inductance and capacitance effects) generators o Higher power capacity and smaller right-of-way requirement o Higher equipment cost and only for TRANSMISSION point-to-point applications Transmission substations/lines, HVAC subtransmission lines o Multiple voltage levels possible: Overhead, underground, submarine cables + allows flexibility in system design power substations o Easier to break fault currents because Majority are three-phase High Voltage AC of 0 crossings Single or double-circuit config o More economical and already existing legacy infrastructure o Need to synchronize generators o Need more insulation and clearances TRANSMISSION LINES: for the same RMS voltage Usually aluminum conductor, Steel- Reinforced (ACSR) type wires Placed in high steel lattice towers DISTRIBUTION Ground or shield wires for lightning protection i.e. distribution substations, primary and Measured in ckt-km secondary distribution feeders, distribution Voltages commonly: 138 kV, 230kV, 500 kV or transformers higher Higher voltage = greater distances of DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM conductors  system of wires and associated facilities o Safety: safe operations during faults owned by distribution utility (Dus) or an o Reliability: minimal service operation Electric Cooperative (EC) after disturbance Primary: 13.2 kV, 13.8 kV, 23 kV, 34.5 kV o Efficiency: minimal losses Secondary: 220 V, 230 V, 240V o Cost: least cost Generally unbalanced FUTURE EPS Improve generation technologies (more EPS OPERATIONS AND PLANNING efficient, more sustainable, new nuclear power plant design, integration of carbon Operations: capture technologies) o Managing the performance of devices Energy Storage o Managing the market for electricity Smart Grid (improve the reliability and o Sub-hourly, daily, seasonal activities economic functioning) to ensure compliance with standards o More or less predictable Planning THE PHILIPPINE EPS o Activities to ensure compliance of the EPS components with standards in 1890: Sociedad Mercantil (La Electricista) the mid to long-term future Provided electricity in Ph o Less predictable Installation of 3 electric lamps in Escolta, What we want/desire: Manila o Affordable and accessible o Reliable supply 1892: La Electrista lighted Manila using DC o Safe o Interoperability of equipment 1895: First Power Station by La Electrista in Quiapo, o Resilient supply during extreme Manila events 1903: Meralco took over franchise for providing What is formed: electricity in Manila o Laws, Rules o Regulations Meralco controls generation, transmission, o Codes and Standards distribution o Policy Targets Electricity Market Monopoly Resulting to: EPS vertically integrated o Operating Protocols 1936: NPC established by Commonwealth Act 120 to o Planning Methodology develop hydro-electric generation and associated Energy Trilemma transmission system o Energy Security: to meet energy demand 1939: First Hydroelectric Power Plant: 8MW o Energy Quity: provide universal Caliraya Storage Hydro Power Station in Lumban, access to affordability Laguna o Environmental Sustainability: 1960: Electrification Administration (EA): total avoiding potential environmental electrification was declared as a national policy harm Considerations: 1969: “Area Coverage”, EA to NEA to establish o Power quality: voltage at desired Electric Cooperatives magnitude and shape (60Hz sine) 1972: PD 40 o Adequacy: equipment sufficiently sized NPC on generation and transmission  Electricity Market still monopoly 2022: Microgrid Systems Act passes for un(der)served communities 1977: Creation of DOE 1984: 621 MW Bataan Nuclear Power Plant finished construction (never used) GRID VS OFF-GRID 1986: Ministry of Energy was abolished, NAPOCOR Grid: under Office of the President o Luzon, Visayas, Mindanao grid o Connected to main transmission backbone 1987: EO Off-Grid: o Missionary areas Private Independent Power Producers can o Small Islands and Isolated Grid (SIIG) build power plant o Power supplied by NPC SPUG and Electricity Market is still single buyer market private sector Centralized planning and operation by NPC 1990s: Rotating blackouts 1992: DOE was reestablished 1998: Leyte-Luzon HVDC interconnection IPP: Independent Power Producers PSA: Power Supply Agreements 2001: Republic Act 9136 or EPIRA HVAC: High Voltage AC Functional separation of generation and distribution sectors from transmission EPIRA: Electric Power Industry Reform Act Introduction of competition in generation MERALCO: Manila Electric Railroad and Light Tariff(tax) structure reforms Company Key changes to EPS: o ERC creation – quasi-judicial body NPC: National Power Corporation and energy regulator NGCP: National Grid Corporation of the Philippines o PSALM creation – privatize NPC (system operator, transmission service provider) generation assets o WESM creation – allows competition IEMOP: Independent Electricity Market Operator of in generation the Philippines (Market Operator) o RCOA – allows consumers to choose DOE: Department of Energy (Policy and Planning) supplier JCEC: Joint Congressional Energy Commission 2001: EPIRA passed into law (Congressional Oversight and Legislation) Promised reduction of power rates ERC: Energy Regulatory Commission (Regulator) 2003: TransCo took over grid ownership and PSALM: Power Sector Assets and Liabilities operation form NPC Management Corp 2009: NGCP took over main island grid from TransCo WESM: Wholesale Electricity Spot Market 2019: RCOA: Retail Competition and Open Access 2020: