Plant & Fungi Diversification Levels of Biological Organization PDF

Plant & Fungi Diversification Levels of Biological Organization ❊ Importance of Fungi Diversification ❊ Importance of Plant Diversification ❊ What is Fungi? ❊ What is a Plant? ❊ Fungi Classification ❊ Plant...

Plant & Fungi Diversification Levels of Biological Organization ❊ Importance of Fungi Diversification ❊ Importance of Plant Diversification ❊ What is Fungi? ❊ What is a Plant? ❊ Fungi Classification ❊ Plant Adaptive Traits ❊ Unique Characteristics ❊ Four Phylogenies of Plants Organization of Life – Classification of Species  Disadvantages of Fungi to Humans Health Concerns Mycosis: Disease caused by fungus in humans Mold -Can causes allergic reactions, cancers, miscarriages Food Extinctions/Reduce Biodiversity spoilage/poisoning Importance of Understanding Fungi Diversification Medical Advances Food Source Nutrient Cycling Carbon Cycling/Climate Regulation  Fungi Members of the kingdom fungi which includes yeast, molds, and mushrooms 3 Characteristics that Fungi share Decomposers Cell walls made of Sessile or Symbionts chitin https://youtu.be/vijGdWn5-h8?si=8U8FXGkUxGc6NM5o  Fungi – Evolution and Classification Most closely related to animals than they are to plants 7 Phyla (for now) Most common phylum: Mushroom Yeast, truffles and morels Molds  Fungi – Unique Characteristics Hyphae cells Thread-like strings Interconnects to form a mass of tissue called mycelium Digest food outside their “body” Secrete enzymes to break down organic molecules Absorb nutrients Reproduction and Life Cycle Dikaryotic Contain two genetically distinct cell nuclei in the same cell Sexually reproduction Hyphae unite Asexually reproduction Spores: single-celled reproductive unit Organization of Life – Classification of Species Importance of Understanding Plant Diversification Food source Oxygen source Mental Well-Being Medicinal Aloe: Burns Poppy = Morphine Spider Plant = Air Willow = Aspirin purifier  Plants Members of the kingdom Plantae, eukaryotic, most are autotrophic (can produce their own food) but some may be heterotrophs 3 Characteristics that MOST Plants Share Create their Sessile and Multicellular own food (mostly) terrestrial  Plants – Adaptive Traits Since Most are Sessile and Terrestrial – Obtaining Food Autotrophs via photosynthesis (have chlorophyll) Evolved in plants that live in warm climate and to reduce water loss Heterotrophs (no chlorophyll) Parasite: Feeds on host Carnivorous: Eats animals Plants – Adaptive Traits Since Most are Sessile and Terrestrial – Defenses from Predators 1. Unique cell structures 2. Anatomical structures Cell wall Vacuole 3. Excretions 4. Chemicals  Plants – Adaptive Traits Since Most are Sessile and Terrestrial – Vascular System & Reproduction 1. Vascular System 2. Reproduction/Life Cycle Network of conducting tissues that interconnects all organs and transports water, minerals, nutrients, organic compounds and signal molecules throughout the plants body. Sexual Reproduction Gametophyte: Structures that produce haploid gametes Asexual Reproduction Sporophyte: diploid structure Plants – 4 Phylogenies of Plants Plants – 4 Phylogenies of Plants – Evolution from Aquatic to Terrestrial environment – Non-Vascular Plants Unique Characteristics No vascular system Uses diffusion to obtain water and nutrients Rely on water dispersal for fertilization Female capsule will rupture to spread spores Cells involved in asexual reproduction Plants – 4 Phylogenies of Plants – Evolution of Vascular System– Vascular Seedless Plants Unique Characteristics Vascular system Have sporangia: structure that produces spores Rely on wind dispersal Spores  prothallus: haploid fern Rely on water dispersal for fertilization Plants – 4 Phylogenies of Plants – Evolution of the Seed - Gymnosperms Unique Characteristics First to evolve the seed Embryonic plant with its own supply of water and nutrients within a protective coating Cones are reproductive structures Pollen: grains that carry the sperm Rely on wind dispersal for fertilization Plants – 4 Phylogenies of Plants – Evolution of the Flower- Angiosperms Unique Characteristics Double fertilization: Complex fertilization mechanism involving the female gametophyte joining with two male sperms Plants – 4 Phylogenies of Plants – Evolution of the Flower- Angiosperms Gone through adaptive radiation due to the flower and seed Flower has both reproductive structures Male: Stamen Produces the pollen Female: Carpel Pollen rely on pollinators for dispersal – Evolution of attracting pollinators Bribery Trickery Seeds rely on animals, wind, & water for dispersal