Endocrine Pancreas And Pharmacotherapy Of Diabetes Mellitus (2023-2024) PDF

ENDOCRINE PANCREAS AND PHARMACOTHERAPY OF DIABETES MELLITUS DR DAN ESTANDARTE SY 2023-2024 REVIEW: ENDOCRINE PANCREAS PANCREAS › The pancreatic islets comprise 1-2% of the pancreatic volume and are scattered throughout the exocrine pancreas. › The pancreatic islet is a highly vascularized, h...

ENDOCRINE PANCREAS AND PHARMACOTHERAPY OF DIABETES MELLITUS DR DAN ESTANDARTE SY 2023-2024 REVIEW: ENDOCRINE PANCREAS PANCREAS › The pancreatic islets comprise 1-2% of the pancreatic volume and are scattered throughout the exocrine pancreas. › The pancreatic islet is a highly vascularized, highly innervated mini-organ containing five endocrine cell types: – α cells that secrete glucagon, – β cells that secrete insulin, – Δ (delta) cells that secrete somatostatin, – PP (gamma cells or F cells) cells that secrete pancreatic polypeptide, and – ε (Epsilon) cells that secrete ghrelin Ghrelin is a hormone that is produced and released mainly by the stomach with small amounts also released by the small intestine, pancreas and brain. It is termed the 'hunger hormone' because it stimulates appetite, increases food intake and promotes fat storage. PHYSIOLOGY OF GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS › In healthy humans, blood glucose is tightly maintained despite wide fluctuations in glucose consumption, utilization, and production. The maintenance of glucose homeostasis is generally termed glucose tolerance › Normal blood sugar levels are less than 100 mg/dL after not eating (fasting) for at least eight hours. And they're less than 140 mg/dL two hours after eating. A reading of more than 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) after two hours indicates diabetes. A reading between 140 and 199 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L and 11.0 mmol/L) indicates prediabetes. › FFA Level: › > or =18 years: 0.00-0.72 mmol/L › Reference values have not been established for patients who are