Autism Spectrum Disorder PDF

OT1026 MEDICAL-SURGICAL FOUNDATIONS FOR ADULT PHYSICAL DYSFUNCTION SHIFT 1 Autism Spectrum Disorder...

OT1026 MEDICAL-SURGICAL FOUNDATIONS FOR ADULT PHYSICAL DYSFUNCTION SHIFT 1 Autism Spectrum Disorder LESSON Dr. Arlene Ledesma | September 6, 2024 04 q DSM-5 explicitly recognizes that ASD can be TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Autism Spectrum Disorder accompanied by other disorders, including genetic 1.1. Descriptive Epidemiology disorders (eg, fragile X syndrome) and psychiatric 1.2. Signs and Symptoms of ASD conditions (eg, ADHD) 1.3. Diagnosis 1.4. Environmental Risk Factors DIAGNOSIS 1.5. Heritability 1.6. Neurobiology According to DSM-V, to be diagnosed with ASD, a person 1.7. Screening must show evidence of difficulties, past or present, in 1.8. Early Diagnosis each of three social communication subdomains, and 1.9. ASD and Associated Pediatric Conditions must have or have had difficulty in two of the four 1.10. ASD in Adulthood different restricted, repetitive sensory–motor behaviors 1.11. Co-occurring Psychiatric Conditions in ASD 1.12. Trajectories and Predictors of Outcome 1.13. Differential Diagnosis Persistent deficits in social communication and social 1.14. Cognitive Impairments in ASD interaction across multiple contexts, as manifested by: (at 1.15. Motor Impairments least 1 symptom per subdomain) 1.16. Observations of Naturalistic Play 2. Pharmacologic Treatment Deficits in social–emotional reciprocity (eg, abnormal 3. Rehabilitative Interventions social approach and failure of normal back-and-forth 3.1. Sensorimotor Treatment Approaches conversation; or reduced sharing of interests, emotions, 3.2. Summary of Rehabilitation Approach or affect) Deficits in non-verbal communicative behaviors (eg, LEGEND poorly integrated verbal and non-verbal communication, ★ Important / Take Note ✤ Textbook Information abnormalities in eye contact and body language, or ➤ Lecturer’s Verbatim ❐ Other Transes/Resources deficits in understanding and use of gestures) Deficits in developing, maintaining, and understanding AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER relationships (eg, difficulties adjusting behavior to suit Core features of ASD as being social communication various social contexts; or difficulties in sharing deficits and repetitive and unusual sensory–motor imaginative play or making friends) behaviors (DSM-4) ○ In DSM-5 we only have social communication Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or deficits and repetitive behaviors. activities, as manifested by: (2 out of 4) Autism is now seen as a spectrum that can range from very mild to severe Stereotyped or repetitive motor movements, use of objects, or speech (eg, simple motor stereotypies, lining up toys, or flipping objects) DESCRIPTIVE EPIDEMIOLOGY 1% to 1.5% in the Global Population Insistence on sameness, inflexible adherence to ○.7 over 10,000 people or as high as 72 to 76 routines, or ritualized patterns of verbal and non-verbal over 10,000 people behavior (eg, extreme distress at small changes, difficulties with transitions, or rigid thinking patterns) ○ It can also be as high as 1/132 In the Philippines, estimated cases of autism rose from Highly restricted, fixated interests that are abnormal in 500,000 in 2008 to one million people at present (2018) - intensity or focus (eg, strong attachment to or DOH census preoccupation with unusual objects) Hyperreactivity or hyporeactivity to sensory input, or SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF ASD unusual interests in sensory aspects of the environment The American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and (eg, apparent indifference to pain or temperature, or Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-5 criteria adverse responses to specific sounds or textures) ○ Where we get our basis for diagnosis There is now a single ASD spectrum based on the two Different people may manifest different symptoms domains (social communication, and restricted, repetitive, Anthony Hopkins was diagnosed with Asperger’s or unusual sensory–motor behaviors) Syndrome when he was 70 years old ○ Subtypes such as Asperger’s disorder and Intellectual capacity is not affected Pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) not otherwise specified are now consolidated under Zthe single diagnosis of ASD UST OT 2026 | MEDICAL-SURGICAL FOUNDATIONS FOR ADULT PHYSICAL DYSFUNCTION 1 OT1026 SHIFT #1 | LESSON # | Lesson Title ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS Children with autism showed persistent frontal lobe Advanced maternal age (≥40 years) and paternal age activation and reduced cerebellar activation during a (≥50 years) finger-tapping task Short inter-pregnancy intervals (