Protective Measures - Military Science (MS-1) PDF

MILITARY SCIENCE (MS-1) Name of Presenter I. Personal hygiene and sanitation II. First aid III. Basic life support  It is virtually to go through life without encountering a medical problem. For most of us, medical questions arise all the time, not necessarily because we are ill but...

MILITARY SCIENCE (MS-1) Name of Presenter I. Personal hygiene and sanitation II. First aid III. Basic life support  It is virtually to go through life without encountering a medical problem. For most of us, medical questions arise all the time, not necessarily because we are ill but simply because we are alive. Most of us have been in situations involving health issues, where we suddenly become aware of questions and do not know the answers. Why did it happen? What caused it? What should I do? Should I call doctor? What can the doctor do for me?  Personal hygiene is the individual concern of every soldier. It is therefore important for them to practice the rules of hygiene and sanitation. In camp sanitation, it is a command responsibility that under the guideline of a command, it is the mirror image of its commander. And so for a sad state of health of his men and the unsanitary condition they work in, it reflects the poor leadership, weak discipline and inadequate supervision in the unit. Personal Hygiene and Sanitation A. Health Maintenance and Sanitary Practice The rules of hygiene and sanitation are simple and easy to follow. 1. Always keep your body clean. Take a bath at least once a day. 2. Change your underclothing daily. Inspect them for lice, fleas or other bugs that may keep you itchy. 3. Change socks immediately after they get wet to avoid getting colds, athlete’s foot and other illnesses. 4. Brush your teeth at least twice a day, preferably after waking up and before going to bed. 5. Always wash your hands with soap and water after duty, after engaging exercise, before eating and after coming out from the comfort room. 6. Use only your own eating and drinking utensils if possible. 7. Use mosquito net when mosquitoes and other flying insects are present. 8. Never drink water from any untreated source until it has been declared safe for drinking. 9. Relieve yourself on an area which is designated as the head area.. 10. Exercise your muscles and joints regularly. 11. Avoid person infected with venereal diseases. 12. Set yourself as an example of personal cleanliness and sanitary discipline. B. Measures to protect and improve health responsibility for military sanitation. The rules of cleanliness and sanitation should be followed. 1. When pulling up camps, build them around a sanitary plan. Make provision for sanitation requirements. 2. Purify drinking water, when water source is a stream or a river, mark separate water points for washing, cooking and human consumption. Of course, in case of tactical camps, these watering points must be well secured against enemy.. 3. Locate and construct heads and urinals away from the galley, mess hall and water supply but not too far from the living areas. 4. Maintain the sanitary conditions in the galley. Food must be stored in clean receptacles. Garbage and left over must be disposed on a designated dumping areas or garbage pits where they may be covered with soil or burn. 5. Carry out a continuous campaign against insect, rodents and other pests. Definition First aid – is an immediate and temporary care given to a victim of an accident or sudden illness before the services of a physician is obtained. Objectives of first aid 1. To save life 2. To prevent further injury 3. To preserve vitality & resistance to infection First Aid Rules 1. First, check for danger and then check for responsiveness. Determine whether the victim is conscious. If the victim is conscious, ask him what happened and what is wrong now. If the victim is unconscious, proceed to check the airway, breathing and circulation. Commence resuscitation as appropriate. 2. Do not move injured victim unless it is necessary. If necessary to move a casualty, seek assistance and handle gently. 3. Keep the victim lying down with his head level with his feet while being examine. 4. Keep the victim warm and comfortable. Remove enough clothing to get a clear idea to the extent of the injury. 5. Examine the victim gently. Treat the most urgent injuries first and then treat the other injuries. 6. Avoid allowing the victim to see his own injury. Assure him that his condition is understood and that he will receive good care. 7. Do not try to give any solid or liquid substance by mouth to an unconscious victim nor to a victim who has sustained an injury. 8.Do not touch open wounds or burns with fingers or other objects except when sterile compresses or bandages are not available. 9.Do not try to arouse an unconscious person. 10.Seek medical attention immediately. “HURRY CASES” in First Aid 1. Stoppage of Breathing Critical time is four minutes to restore the victim to normal before brain damage take place. Management of the Casualty: Clear the airway. Inflate the lungs with five quick breaths (proceed to CPR) 2. Severe Bleeding Bleeding and hemorrhage mean the same thing that blood is escaping from arteries, capillary vessels or veins.  Types of Hemorrhage 1. Arterial Bleeding – Blood from an open artery. The color of the blood is bright red. The blood spurts which are synchronized with the pulse. 2. Venous Bleeding – Blood from an open vein. The color of the blood is dark red. The blood escapes in a slow steady flow. 3. Capillary Hemorrhage – Blood from damage capillaries. The color of the blood is intermediate between bright and dark red. The blood only oozes from the wound. This is the common type of hemorrhage. Controlling External Bleeding Direct pressure Digital pressure (pressure points) Facial – Temporal Carotid – Subclavian Auxiliary – Brachial Femoral  Compress and Bandage Ligation – tying Torsion – twisting Elevate the injured part to Lessen the flow of blood. Indirect pressure – Tourniquet 3. Poisoning a. Swallowed – Antidote is to dilute with water or milk to lessen the concentration of the poison. Milk coats the lining of the intestines. b. Inhaled – Proper ventilation at once (open air). c. Contacted poison – Wash with soap and water. Bath soap is recommended. Snake Bite Immediately expose the wound then remove clothing, remove shoes, remove casualty’s jewelry and place it in casualty’s pocket. Determine the nature of bite.  Non-poisonous Four to six rows of teeth - No fang marks on victim Poisonous Two rows of teeth - Two fangs which create puncture wound  Signs and Symptoms Less than one hour ▪ Headache - Vomiting ▪ Transcript faintness, confusion, unconscious One to three hours after. ▪ Dropping eyelids -Double vision (Diplopia) ▪ Difficulty in swallowing- Enlarged lymph ▪ glands ▪ Abdominal pain -Dark urine ▪ Rapid pulse -Hemorrhage After three hours ▪ Paralysis in large muscles- respiratory paralysis ▪ Circulatory failure  Treatment Non-poisonous Cleanse/disinfect wound. Use soap and water or an antiseptic solution. Use iodine (if casualty is not allergic to it) CAUTION: If the bite cannot be positively identified as poisonous or non-poisonous, treat as a poisonous bite. Poisonous Rest the casualty / have casualty lie down. Keep casualty still to delay venom absorption. Apply broad bandage. Keep bitten part below heart level. Immobilize the limb and bring transport to casualty.  DON’TS Cut or incise wound Apply tourniquet Wash bitten area PREVENTION Avoidance – know where the snake rests like near the logs or in heavy brush (vegetation) and or In Rocky Edges (reef) 4. Shock Shock – is a condition in which there is insufficient blood I the circulation to fill the blood vessels. As a result, the tissue do not receive enough oxygen to maintain life and there is extreme body weakness or physical collapse.  Main Causes of Shock Hemorrhage, also loss of water due to nausea and vomiting and loose bowel movement Severe injuries, such as burns and fractures Asphyxiation – lack of oxygen Signs and Symptoms of Shock 1.The casualty is pale 2.Skin is cold and clammy 3.Pulse is rapid and weak 4. Respiration is rapid, irregular and shallow 5. If the casualty is conscious, he may be listless and drowsy and complain of thirst and dryness in the mouth. The eyes may have a vacant, dull expression and the pupils may be enlarged 5. Fracture Fracture – is a break in the continuity of the bone Kinds of Fracture Open (compound) fracture – Bone has broken through skin. Closed (simple) fracture – Skin has not been penetrated on both ends  Treatment for Shock 1. Control the bleeding 2. Give oral fluids providing there is no contradictions such as abdominal wounds or unconsciousness. 3. Keep the casualty comfortable and warm but do not overheat. 4. Lay the patient on his back with his feet higher than his head except in cases of chest or head injuries. Signs and Symptoms Deformity Pain at the point of fracture Crepitation (grating sound) Felt and heard when bones rub together  Discoloration Loss of motion Exposed bones Swelling (endema) Possible loss of pulse below fracture Splinting Splinting – a device to immobilize an injured part of the body. Reasons for Splinting ▪ Relieve pain by minimized movement. ▪ Prevent further damage to injury site. General Principles of Splinting ✓Splint fracture where it lies – DO NOT reposition ✓Immobilize fracture site before moving casualty. ✓Pad splints before applying. ✓Dress all wounds and/or open fracture (exposed bones) prior to splinting. ✓Check for neurovascular function before, during and after application of splint. 6. Burns and Scalds Burn - is an injury that results from heat, chemical agent or radiation. It may vary in depth, size and severity. Scalds - is a burn caused by a liquid. Classification of Burns Depth (a)First Degree – The outer skin is reddened and welted or slightly swollen. (b)Second Degree - The under skin is affected and blisters are formed. (c) Third Degree - The skin is destroyed and tissues underneath are damaged. Treatment for first Degree Burn 1)Immerse burnt area in cold water until the patient ceases to feel pain. 2)When it is possible to immerse the burned area, moist cold towels should be applied and renewed frequently. 3)Follow this application for dry dressing. 4)If desired a simple burn ointment may be applied Treatment for second degree burn 1)Follow the steps prescribe in the First degree except do not apply any burn ointment. 2) Gently Blot area dry with sterile gauge or clean cloth. 3) Apply sterile gauze or clean as protective dressing. 4) Never break a blister. Treatment for third Degree Burn 1) Do not remove adhered particles of charred clothing. 2) Cover burned area with sterile dressing or freshly laundered sheet. 3) Do not allow victim to walk 4) If medical help is not available for one hour or more and victim is conscious, and not vomiting, give a weak solution of salt and soda. 7. Fainting Fainting is loss of consciousness caused by a temporary reduction of the blood supply to the brain. Causes Emotional Hunger Fatigue Signs and symptoms of fainting Weakness Dizziness Pallor Cold Sweat Unconsciousness Treatment Seat victim with knees far apart and hold head far down between knees for about five minutes. If victim loses consciousness , lay him down on his back with head turned to one side. After unsciousness return keep victim quiet for about 15 minutes. Methods of administering Artificial Respiration (AR) 1. Mouth-To-Mouth Method 2. Chest-pressure Arm-Lift Method 3. Closed-chest heart- massage(casualty with no heartbeat)  Mouth-to-mouth Method (casualty with heartbeat) a. Clear casualty’s upper airway. b. Position the casualty on his back. c. Place him up and put a rolled blanket or similar object under his shoulders. d. Adjust the casualty’s lower jaw to a jutting position using either of the two methods - Thumb-jaw lift - Two-hand jaw lift e. Seal the airway opening (nose or mouth) f. Take a deep breath, open your mouth wide, and make an airtight seal around the casualty’s mouth or nose. g. With your eyes focused on the casualty’s chest, blow forcefully into his airway (mouth or nose) h. Remove your mouth from the casualty’s airway opening and listen for the return of air from his lungs. i. After each exhalation of air from the casualty’s lungs, blow another deep breath into his airway. Chest-Pressure Arm Lift Method a. Clear the casualty’s upper airway (as described earlier) b. Position the casualty on his back c. Position the casualty’s head in the same manner as for mouth- to-mouth resuscitation. Position Yourself ▪ Stand at the casualty’s head and face his feet. ▪ Kneel on one knee and place your opposite foot to the other side of his head and against his shoulder to steady it. ▪ If you become uncomfortable after a period of time, quickly switch to the other knee. Administer as follows ; ❑- Grasping the casualty’s hand and holding him over his lower ribs, rock forward and exert steady, uniform pressure almost directly downward until you meet firm resistance. ❑- Lift his arm vertically upward above his head then stretch them backward as far as possible. ❑- Replace his hands on his chest and repeat the cycle-press-lift- stretch-replace. ❑ - Continue AR until the casualty can breath satisfactorily for himself or until you are positive life is gone.  Closed-chest heart-massage (casualty with no heartbeat) Prepare the casualty for mouth-to- mouth AR. The surface on which the casualty is placed must be solid. Position yourself: ▪ Kneel at a right angle to the casualty’s chest so that you can use your weight to apply pressure on his breastbone. ▪ Place the heel of your hand on the upper half of the breastbone and the heel of the upper hand on top of it. Administer as follows: ❑ With your hand in position and your arms straight, lean forward to bring your shoulders directly above the casualty’s breastbone; then press straight downward. ❑ Repeat the press-release cycle 60 to 80 times per minute. ❑ If you are performing alone, you will have to administer both mouth-to- mouth resuscitation and closed-chest heart- massage.