OPTM4102 Innervation of the Orbit and Contents (University of Western Australia) PDF

OPTM4102 Innervation of the orbit and contents A #T AR &I ** H all the nerves outside the central Spinal and cranial nerves nerrous system. Responsible for sending, receiving, and interpreting messages from the body CNS Processing centre of the body Regulates comp...

OPTM4102 Innervation of the orbit and contents A #T AR &I ** H all the nerves outside the central Spinal and cranial nerves nerrous system. Responsible for sending, receiving, and interpreting messages from the body CNS Processing centre of the body Regulates complex - functions throughout - the body Assists the whole body to adapt quickly - m https://www.dana.org/article/neuroanatomy-the-basics/ PNS Sends/receives info to/from CNS Divided into two components – Autonomic nervous system Involuntary – Somatic Nervous system Voluntary  The present of threat will activate sympathetic Create response like > nervous system - Autonomic NS ↑ heartbeat to prepare for , Pupil dilation fight or.... flight response. Involuntary Sensory and motor fibres from/to all smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, - and glands Tris Divided into three major parts: – Sympathetic Nervous System Generally, mobilisation of energy stores for increased activity - - Fight-or-flight – Parasympathetic Nervous System Generally, conservation of energy - - stores - - liTX7 – Enteric Nervous System to Neurons intrinsic to the specific gastrointestinal tract https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323481106000132 the gastro -  Somatic NS From & To the Skeletal muscles. Voluntary motor fibres to skeletal muscle – Afferent/sensory nerves ↓ – Efferent/motor nerves information responsible for sending to the central from the environment afferent send infors system. e f. nerve. to the brain from the eye. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25827274/ e f. the extraocular muscle Nerves innervate Cranial nerves 12 pairs of cranial nerves – Transmit sensory information from the head and neck to the brain - - - - - – Control the actions of the head and neck - Prayson RA. Neuropathology, 2nd Edition. Elsevier. 2012 Cranial nerve organisation Motor and/or sensory nerves – Comprise a central nucleus in the brain and a peripheral nerve fibre send infors to the brain Sensory lafferent Motor (efferent) Sensory and Motor Olfactory R Oculomotor Trigeminal Optic Rit Trochlear Facial Vestibulocochlear F:TI H Abducent Glossopharyngeal Accessory Vagus Hypoglossal Motor neurons will send their information through from the brain efferent nerves Need to know Functions of CNs. ** CN I – Olfactory nerve T sense of smell. Function Olfaction (Sensory) Olfactory receptor cells Origin in nasal cavity Pass through cribriform Course plate in ethmoid bone Olfactory bulb Central Projects, via olfactory Connections tract, to olfactory centres in cerebral cortex Paulsen F and Waschke J. Sobotta: Atlas of Human Anatomy, Volume 3, 15th Edition. Elsevier. 2013. CN II – Optic nerve Optic to nerve Will optic tract at transition optic Chiasm ↑ CNI carries Visual information from the retina to the Optic Chiasm Function Vision (Sensory) Origin Ganglion cells of the retina O Pass from posterior globe through optic canal, Course decussating at the optic chiasm, emerging as optic tract Lateral geniculate nucleus of Central thalamus, pretectal area of Connections midbrain https://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/d/d_02/d_02_cr/d_02 _cr_vis/d_02_cr_vis.html  #EEF ifRinE CN III – Oculomotor nerve Innovates 4 of the 6 extraocular muscles. superior inferior , , medial rectus & inferior obliquel. Pupillary constriction and Movement of eye, elevation of Function accommodation (Motor; upper lid (Motor) parasympathetic) Accessory oculomotor Central Connections Ocular motor nucleus (Edinger-Westphal) nucleus Emerges from anterior Follow oculomotor fibres to midbrain, runs forward along orbit, synapse ciliary ganglion, Course lateral cavernous sinus, enters travel as short ciliary nerves to orbit through superior orbital sphincter and ciliary muscle fissure Structures Superior, inferior, and medial Sphincter pupillae and ciliary Innervated rectus; inferior oblique, levator muscle, via ciliary ganglion palpebrae superioris  CN III – Oculomotor nerve Divides into superior and inferior divisions before entering superior orbital fissure – Enter within the common tendinous ring Superior division Peter – Superior rectus and levator muscles Inferior division – Medial and inferior recti, inferior oblique, ciliary, iris sphincter muscles orbital fissure. Paulsen F and Waschke J. Sobotta: Atlas of Human bony orbit through the superior Anatomy, Volume 3, 15th Edition. Elsevier. 2013. CN III – Oculomotor nerve Paulsen F and Waschke J. Sobotta: Atlas of Human Anatomy, Volume 3, 15th Edition. Elsevier. 2013. CN IV – Trochlear nerve Function Movement of eye (Motor) Central Trochlear nucleus Connections Only CN to leave posterior brain stem, decussates and runs forward along lateral Course cavernous sinus, enters orbit through superior orbital fissure superior to common tendinous ring Structures Superior oblique muscle Innervated Crossman AR and Neary D. Neuroanatomy: An Illustrated Colour Text, 5th Edition. Elsevier. 2015. Paulsen F and Waschke J. Sobotta: Atlas of Human Anatomy, Volume 3, 15th Edition. Elsevier. 2013. CN IV – Trochlear nerve Paulsen F and Waschke J. Sobotta: Atlas of Human Anatomy, Volume 3, 15th Edition. Elsevier. 2013. CN V – Trigeminal nerve Ophthalmic - divided into 3 breaches - Maxillary & Mandibular Ophthalmic Maxillary Mandibular Function Sensory Sensory Motor and sensory of the mouth Masticatory muscles Skin of anterior Sensation from Sensory to anterior 2/3 temporal and upper forehead, scalp, eyelids, of tongue, skin Origin/ Target cheek, below eye, nose, and eye (cornea posterior temporal, u palate, teeth, maxillary and conjunctiva) cheek, chin, teeth, - sinus lower jaw Trigeminal ganglion Central Trigeminal ganglion Trigeminal ganglion Trigeminal motor Connections nucleus  = &Y# 32 REFE. Ophthalmic – Trigeminal nerve Ophthalmic branch divides further into: Frontal nerve Lacrimal nerve Nasociliary nerve Crossman AR and Neary D. Neuroanatomy: An Illustrated Colour Text, 5th Edition. Elsevier. 2015. Paulsen F and Waschke J. Sobotta: Atlas of Human Anatomy, Volume 3, 15th Edition. Elsevier. 2013.  Ophthalmic – Frontal nerve Enters through superior orbital fissure outside - - common tendinous ring Branches into: – Supraorbital nerve sensor a Provides Skin and conjunctiva of upper io lid, and forehead – Supratrochlear nerve Communicates with infratrochelar branch of nasociliary nerve Skin and conjunctiva of upper lid, and lower forehead Dutton JJ. Atlas of Clinical and Surgical Orbital Anatomy, 2nd Edition. Elsevier. 2011. Paulsen F and Waschke J. Sobotta: Atlas of Human Anatomy, Volume 3, 15th Edition. Elsevier. 2013. Ophthalmic – Lacrimal nerve Enters through superior orbital fissure outside - - common tendinous ring – Receives parasympathetic fibres from the zygomatic - F nerve, and stimulates the lacrimal gland ~ nerve the branch of zygomatic i cerve sends parasympathetic Dutton JJ. Atlas of Clinical and Surgical Orbital Anatomy, 2nd Edition. Elsevier. 2011. maxillary. Paulsen F and Waschke J. Sobotta: Atlas of Human Anatomy, Volume 3, 15th Edition. Elsevier. 2013. to the lacrimal glands. signal  Ophthalmic – Nasociliary nerve ciliary ganglion parasympathetic roots of the also imports to the ciliary ganglion. Enters through superior orbital fissure inside common tendinous - - ring – Passes forward to become the anterior ethmoidal nerve Branches into: – Ramus communicans Communication with ciliary ganglion provides – Long posterior ciliary nerves sensory - Ciliary body, iris, sclera and cornea innovation – Infratrochlear nerve Lacrimal sac, conjunctiva and skin of innovate - medial lower eyelid and lateral nose Dutton JJ. Atlas of Clinical and Surgical Orbital Anatomy, 2nd Edition. Elsevier. 2011. CN V – Maxillary division Travels anteriorly through infraorbital groove as infraorbital nerve – Sensory for skin and C provides sensation conjunctiva of lower lid, to the lateral side of forehead. cheek and upper lip C provides sensation Zygomatic nerve over the check – Branches off the maxillary, C provides sensory with the zygomaticotemporal innovation to branch joining lacrimal nerve the skin & mucus to stimulate the lacrimal - membrane around the middle of the gland m face. Dutton JJ. Atlas of Clinical and Surgical Orbital Anatomy, 2nd Edition. Elsevier. 2011. CN VI – Abducens nerve Function Movement of eye (Motor) Central Abducens nucleus Connections Runs forward inferolateral to internal carotid artery, enters Course orbit through superior orbital fissure within the common tendinous ring Structures Lateral rectus muscle Innervated Paulsen F and Waschke J. Sobotta: Atlas of Human Anatomy, Volume 3, 15th Edition. Elsevier. 2013. CN VII – Facial nerve Function Sensory Parasympathetic Motor Proprioception from Lacrimal gland and facial muscles mucous membranes of Muscles of facial Origin/ Target nasal and oral cavities, expression Taste from anterior 2/3 and salivary glands, of tongue causing secretion Central Superior salivatory Geniculate ganglion Facial nucleus Connections nucleus  CN VII – Facial nerve CN VI Cervical Branch =. 5 Innervatestheplatysme. The muscle. the mouth). corner of 6 main branches Auricular Branch 1 Temporal muscles 6. Posterior Branch. innovate. nerve The involved in Motor (including Not directly face. facialexpressia n the of the of part muscles & frontails oculi - & back Orbicularis Branch around the eas orbicularis.. head. 2 zu gomaticclosure via lacrimal of the Drives eye Innovates muscles. Ocular glands Branch of the Buccal the muscles. 3 innervates (x M sperlip) Branch cheek unandibulararound the. Mspew 4. Marginal Themuscleslower lipl Innervates(near the mouth  rives hearing the sensation of. CN VIII – Vestibulocochlear nerve contribute to the innevation of the eye Does not. Sensation of equilibrium and Function Hearing (Sensory) motion (Sensory) Utrical, saccule, and semicircular Origin Organ of corti canals Cochlear nerve from cochlear, Vestibular nerve from internal Course travels to brain stem with acoustic meatus to brain stem vestibular nerve Vestibular nuclei Some fibres pass, via medial Central Connections longitudinal fasciculus, to Cochlear nuclei oculomotor, trochlear, and abducent nuclei CN IX – Glossopharyngeal nerve provides sensory information To the posterior tongue. Function Sensory Parasympathetic Motor Sensation from oropharynx, middle ear, carotid body and Stylopharyngeus (in carotid sinus Parotid salivary gland, Origin/ Target pharynx, aiding causing secretion swallowing) Sensation and taste from posterior 1/3 of tongue Central Glossopharyngeal ganglia Inferior salivatory nucleus Nucleus ambiguous Connections  # Epit3z CN X – Vagus nerve Function Sensory Sensory Parasympathetic Motor Sensory from Sensation from Smooth muscle in thoracic and Striated muscle in Origin/ pharynx, larynx, pharynx, larynx, abdominal viscera, pharynx, larynx, Target trachea, thoracic, and aortic arch and and oesophagus oesophagus abdominal visera aortic bodies Central Superior (jugular) Inferior (nodose) Dorsal motor Nucleus ambiguus Connections ganglion ganglion nucleus of vagus  with stimulation of the Oculocardiac reflex eye via pressure or traction will lead of extraocular muscles , result dizzines heart rate to decrease. in & fainting. Decrease in heart rate following globe pressure or traction of extraocular muscles – Afferent: trigeminal Exit &z =. – Efferent: vagus # PET, Causes dizziness, - - fainting Notable in strabismus # https://healthjade.net/oculocardiac-reflex/ surgery CN XI – Accessory nerve Cranial Root Spinal Root Function Motor Motor Muscles of soft palate and Sternocleidomastoid and Structures Innervated intrinsic larynx muscles trapezius Central Connections Nucleus ambiguus Spinal cord segments C1-C5 CN XII – Hypoglossal nerve drives movement Function Motor of the tongue. Intrinsic and extrinsic Structures Innervated muscles of the tongue Central Connections Hypoglossal nucleus Summary NS divided into ~Central nervous system (CNS); brain and spinal cord ~ Peripheral nervous system (PNS); spinal and cranial nerves Autonomic nervous system; involuntary » Sympathetic nervous system; activity » Parasympathetic nervous system; rest » Enteric nervous system; viscera Somatic nervous system; voluntary Summary know the function Need to & mortoration of each nerves · Sensory of the eye- 12 pairs of cranial nerves ~ Most have nuclei in the brain stem ~ CN II, CN III, CN IV, CN VI primary sensation from and control of the eye ~ CN V, CN VII, CN VIII involved in adnexal sensation and some control of the eye ~ CN X indirectly associated with the eye