1.3 MODULE 1.pdf

PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC COMPOUNDS SODIUM - Diuretic - Antacid - Diuretic Sodium Acetate - Alkalizing Agent in Benedict’s Solution - Antacid - Alkalinizing Agent In...

PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC COMPOUNDS SODIUM - Diuretic - Antacid - Diuretic Sodium Acetate - Alkalizing Agent in Benedict’s Solution - Antacid - Alkalinizing Agent In - Baking soda Benedict's Sodium Bicarbonate - Antacid Solution - Antioxidant Sodium Bisulfate - “Table salt” - “rock salt” Sodium Chloride - Condiment - Oral rehydrating salt - “Fleet enema” - Stool softener Sodium Biphosphate - Urinary acidifier for cystitis - “Anhydrous” – soda ash - “dihydrate” – trona - “decahydrate” – sal soda, washing soda, soda crystals Sodium Carbonate - Antacid Sodium Flouride - Anticariogenic agent (2%) - “Caustic soda” “sosa” “lye” Sodium Hydroxide - Saponifying agent (soap making) - “Dakin’s solution” “chlorox” - Disinfectant Sodium Hypochlorite - Bleaching agent - Expectorant Sodium Iodide - Iodine Solubilizer - Vasodilator Sodium Nitrite - Antidote for Cyanide Poisoning - Food Preservative - “Photographer’s hypo” Sodium Thiosulfate - Together with sodium nitrate,  o It acts as an antidote to cyanide poisoning Sodium Tartrate - Used in the standardization of Karl Fischer reagent - “Glauber’s salt” Sodium Sulfate - Cathartic (Decahydrate) - POTASSIUM - Ringer’s solution - Darrow’s solution Potassium Chloride - Electrolyte replenisher - “Mineral chameleon” - Volumetric solution and indicator in Potassium Permanganate permanganometry antidote in strychnine poisoning - "Cream of tartar" Potassium Bitartrate - "creamor" - Only insoluble salt of potassium - Component of toothpaste, gargles and mouthwashes Potassium Chlorate due to its cooling, cleaning, and deodorant reaction - "Liver of sulfur" - Mixture of potassium polysulfide and potassium thiosulfate Sulfrated Potash - Used in the preparation of white lotion (lotio alba, lotio ulfurata) - - CESIUM - Catalyst in The Polymerization of Resinforming - Density gradient centrifugation for the separation of - Materials Discovered Cesium Chloride resin by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchoff - Spectrum Of Mineral Water RUBIDIUM AMMONIA & Preparation: AMMONIUM - Haber-Bosch Process COMPOUNDS Ammonium Ions - Haber Process Hypothetical Akali Metal - "Muriate of hartshorn" - Sal ammoniac salmiac Ammonium Chloride Buffer for zinc analysis (complexation) - "Stronger ammonia water" - "spirit of hartshorn" Strong Ammonia Solution Contains 27-31% ammonia Used primarily in making ammonia water ingredient of aromatic spirit of ammonia - COPPER Wilson’s disease (copper toxicity) THE ALLOYS OF - S/s: - Only COPPER: o Hepatic reddish-colored o Serosis metal Bronze: Cu + Sn + Zn o Jaundice - 3rd most malleable Brass: Cu + Zn o Bloating - 3rd best conductor Gun Metal: Cu + Sn o Brain damage of electricity Sterling: Cu + Ag o Demyelination - Salts are blue in Devarda’s Alloy: Cu + Al o Kidney defects +Zn color - Doc: penicillamine (cuprimine) - Occurs in the respiratory pigment - "Blue vitriol" hemocyanin and - "Blue stone" cytochrome oxidase protein precipitant Ingredient in: enhances absorption - Benedict's solution of Fe - Fehling's solution Copper Sulfate (Pentahydrate) - Barfoed's reagent - Bordeaux mixture Antidote for phoshorous poisoning 1. Copper sulate 2. Calcium oxide 3. Water - "Verdigris" Basic Copper Acetate - Use as pink pigment - SILVER Argyria (silver toxicity) Doc: - Has Oligodynamic - NSS Action – Can Inhibit - Sodium thiosulfate Microorganisms - Potassium ferricyanide Small Concentration - "Howe's solution" Ammoniated Silver Nittrate One of the components of Tollen’s reagent SILVER PROTEINATES: - 19-25% Argyrol (Mild) - Antiseptic for the eyes - Treatment of vaginitis Protargol - 7.5-8.5% - Potent germicide for ears, throat and bladder - 18-22% Collargol - Mild antiseptic - 2% irrigate sinus - 50% female genital tract antiseptic - - GOLD Bn: solganal Aurothioglucose (Im) Ind: - King of all metals - Rheumatoid arthritis gout - Most malleable Bn: miochrysine - Most ductile Ind: - Best conductor of Gold Sodium Thiomalate - Rheumatoid arthritis electricity (Im) - Gout - Soluble only in Aqua - Sle Regia And Selenic Acid Bn: ridaura Auranofin (Po) Main s/e: glossitis - Most toxic metal use in fluorescent lights BERYLLIUM Toxicity: berylliosis - MAGNESIUM - 2nd Most Abundant Intracellular Cation - Metal Present In Chlorophyll - Component Of Grignard Reagent Therapeutic Uses - Insoluble Compound: Gastric Antacids - So4 Compound: Anticonvulsant - Conc. So4: Topical Anti-Inflammatory - Stearate: Lubricant  Hypermagnesemia (magnesium toxicity) Antidote: calcium gluconate - "Calcined magnesia" "magnesia" "light magnesia" Component of the universal antidote Magnesium Oxide - Magnesium oxide - Activated charcoal - Tannic acid - "Epsom salt" Magnesium Sulfate Po: laxative Im: anticonvulsant Antidote in barium and barbiturate toxicity Hydrated Magnesium - "Talc" "soapstone" "french chalk" Silicate - Softest mineral known - - CALCIUM - "Plaster of paris" - "gypsum" - 2nd Most Abundant Calcium Sulfate Extracellular Cation Diluent in the manufacture of compressed tbalets used to - Cation of manufacture dental impressions and surgical casts Hydrocyapatite - Vitamin D Is Need for Its Absorption Natural Sources: - Dolomite Calcium Disodium - May be used in the tx of lead poisoning - Fluorite Versenate - Gypsum (Selenite or Calcium Sulfate) - Phosphate Rock - STRONTIUM - - BARIUM Baritosis - barium toxicity) - Antidote: Epsom salt RADIUM - - - Lassar's Paste, Zinc White ZINC - Flower of Zinc, Lanaa Philosophica - Metal present in - Phompholyx insulin Zinc Oxide - - COMPONENT OF CALAMINE, LASAAR'S PLAIN ZINC PASTE, LASAAR'S ZINC PASTE WITH Deficiency: Parakeratosis SALICYLIC ACID Toxicity: Metal Fume - Liberates Nascent Oxygen Fever Zinc Peroxide Antidote: Sodium - White sulfide Bicarbonate - Major component of White Sulfide Zinc Sulfide - The ONLY White Sulfide - CADMIUM Cadmium Chloride - Tx. of tinea infections - Yellow sulfide ITAI-ITAI Disease Cadmium Sulfide - Anti-seborrheic - Cadmium toxicity - Capsebon - Antidote: o BAL - Ophthalmic antiseptic Cadmium Sulfate - MERCURY - "Hydragyrum, Quicksilver, Liquid Silver" - Natural source: Cinnabar - Present in thermometers and amalgams Mercuric Potassium - Antidote of Alkaloid poisoning through Precipitating Iodide Effect MINAMATA Disease - Mercury Toxicity - Antidote: o Sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate o BAL o Penicillamine - BORON - “Sal sedativum hombergi” Boric Acid - 2% solution as an EYEWASH - Vulcanizing - “Borax” rubber Sodium Tetraborate - Alternate to Gold Extraction  - Appears only in - Dobell’s solution the +3 oxidation o Aqueous solution of Borax state o Antiseptic Eyewash and wet dressing for wound BOILED LOBSTER APPEARANCE - Boron Poisoning - Reddish orange skin (PO/dermal absorption) - ALUMINUM - “Alumina” Alum - 2 types: ammonium and potassium - “Ladd’s paste” - Tx. Of Silicosis - Most abundant of all metals - 3rd most abundant element - SOURCE: Cryolite USE: - Gastric antacid ALUMINUM (S/E: constipation) SILICATES: - Antiperspirant, 1. Kaolin - deodorant 2. Bentonite - Antiseptic 3. Pumice 4. Fuller’s Earth SHAVER’S disease - Aluminum poisoning - Bauxite pneumoconiosis (inhalation) - GALLIUM - Exhibits the “beating heart” - Tx. In - Non-hodgkin’s lymphoma, bladder cancer and cancer-related hypercalcemia - THALLIUM Thallium Poisoning: - GREEN TONGUE - ALOEPECIA - Antidote: - Trihexyphenidyl - Dimercaprol - CARBON 2 FORMS: Crystalline: - Diamond (tetrahedral) - 210 times affinity to hemoglobin - Graphite (Planar) - Death is due to asphyxia Amorphous: - Bituminous – soft Carbon Dioxide charcoal; 70% TREATMENT: carbon - 100% OXYGEN OXYGEN-HELIUM MIXTURE - Anthracite – hard OR HYPERBARIC OXYGEN charcoal; 90% carbon + 6% volatile matter - Coke: impure carbon - SILICON - "Diatomaceous Earth" "Purified Kieselgurh" Purified Siliceous Earth "Infusorial Earth" - 2nd most abundant NF (Al Mg Si) - DISTRIBUTING AND FILTERING MEDIUM element - Component of - “Hydrated Aluminum Silicate: (native) glass Kaolin - Clarifying Agent - Intestinal Adsorbent and Protective Toxicity: SILICOSIS - "POLYMAGMA" - Antidote: Attapulgite - BN: Diatabs, Quintess Inhalation of - ADSORBENT FOR DIARRHEA Aluminum oxide LAYER SILICATES: - dust - Softest mineral known - Formerly used as dusting powders and lubricant for Talc surgical gloves Purified Talc:  - Freed of iron and other impurities; made by boiling very finely powdered talc with water containing 2% HCl acid USP GLASS TYPES AND TEST LIMITS GENERAL TYPE OF TYPE GENERAL USE DESCRIPTION TEST Buffered and Highly unbuffered I Resistant aqueous Borosilicate solutions Buffered aqueous solutions with Treated Soda Water pH