Pharmacology and Toxicology Quiz

Sodium

• Diuretic, antacid, and alkalizing agent
• Sodium acetate: diuretic, and alkalizing agent in Benedict's solution
• Sodium bicarbonate: antacid, antioxidant, and baking soda
• Sodium bisulfate: antigas and antacid
• Sodium chloride: condiment, oral rehydrating salt, and “table salt” or “rock salt”
• Sodium biphosphate: urinary acidifier for cystitis
• Sodium carbonate: antacid, and “anhydrous” – soda ash, “dihydrate” – trona, and “decahydrate” – sal soda, washing soda, soda crystals
• Sodium fluoride: anticariogenic agent (2%)
• Sodium hydroxide: saponifying agent (soap making), and “caustic soda” or “sosa” or “lye”
• Sodium hypochlorite: disinfectant, and bleaching agent, and “Dakin’s solution” or “chlorox”
• Sodium iodide: expectorant, and iodine solubilizer
• Sodium nitrite: vasodilator, and antidote for cyanide poisoning, and food preservative
• Sodium thiosulfate: together with sodium nitrate, it acts as an antidote to cyanide poisoning, and “photographer’s hypo”

Potassium

• Potassium chloride: electrolyte replenisher, and Ringer’s solution, and Darrow’s solution
• Potassium permanganate: antidote in strychnine poisoning, and “mineral chameleon”, and volumetric solution and indicator in permanganometry
• Potassium bitartrate: “cream of tartar”, and “creamor”, and only insoluble salt of potassium
• Potassium chlorate: component of toothpaste, gargles, and mouthwashes, and deodorant reaction
• Sulfrated potash: used in the preparation of white lotion (lotio alba, lotio ulfurata)

Cesium

• Catalyst in the polymerization of resinforming materials
• Discovered by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchoff
• Spectrum of mineral water
• Cesium chloride: density gradient centrifugation for the separation of resin

Rubidium

• Ammonium ions: preparation, Haber-Bosch process, and Haber process
• Ammonium chloride: “muriate of hartshorn”, and sal ammoniac, and salmiac
• Strong ammonia solution: contains 27-31% ammonia, and used primarily in making ammonia water, and ingredient of aromatic spirit of ammonia

Copper

• Only reddish-colored metal
• 3rd most malleable, and 3rd best conductor of electricity
• Salts are blue in color
• Occurs in the respiratory pigment hemocyanin and cytochrome oxidase protein
• Enhances absorption of Fe, and ingredient in Benedict's solution, and Fehling's solution, and Barfoed's reagent
• Copper sulfate: “blue vitriol”, and “blue stone”, and antidote for phoshorous poisoning
• Basic copper acetate: “verdigris”, and used as a pink pigment

Silver

• Has oligodynamic action, and can inhibit microorganisms, and small concentration
• Ammoniated silver nitrate: one of the components of Tollen's reagent, and antiseptic for the eyes, and treatment of vaginitis
• Argyrol: mild antiseptic, and 19-25% concentration, and treatment of vaginitis
• Protargol: potent germicide for ears, throat, and bladder, and 7.5-8.5% concentration
• Collargol: mild antiseptic, and 18-22% concentration, and 2% irrigate sinus, and 50% female genital tract antiseptic

Gold

• King of all metals, and most malleable, and most ductile, and best conductor of electricity
• Soluble only in Aqua Regia and Selenic Acid
• Aurothioglucose: treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, and gout, and sle
• Auranofin: treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, and gout, and sle
• Main side effect: glossitis

Beryllium

• Most toxic metal, and used in fluorescent lights, and toxicity: berylliosis

Magnesium

• 2nd most abundant intracellular cation, and metal present in chlorophyll, and component of Grignard reagent
• Therapeutic uses: insoluble compound, and gastric antacids, and So4 compound, and anticonvulsant, and Conc.So4, and topical anti-inflammatory, and stearate, and lubricant
• Hypermagnesemia: magnesium toxicity, and antidote: calcium gluconate
• Magnesium oxide: component of the universal antidote, and “calcined magnesia”, and “magnesia”, and “light magnesia”
• Magnesium sulfate: laxative, and anticonvulsant, and antidote in barium and barbiturate toxicity
• Hydrated magnesium silicate: “talc”, and “soapstone”, and “french chalk”, and softest mineral known

Calcium

• 2nd most abundant extracellular cation, and cation of hydroxyapatite, and vitamin D is needed for its absorption
• Natural sources: dolomite, and fluorite, and gypsum, and phosphate rock
• Calcium sulfate: “plaster of paris”, and “gypsum”, and diluent in the manufacture of compressed tablets, and used to manufacture dental impressions and surgical casts
• Calcium disodium versenate: may be used in the treatment of lead poisoning

Strontium

• No information available

Barium

• Baritosis: barium toxicity, and antidote: Epsom salt

Radium

• No information available

Zinc

• Metal present in insulin, and deficiency: parakeratosis, and toxicity: metal fume fever, and antidote: sodium bicarbonate
• Zinc oxide: component of calamine, and Lassaar's paste, and zinc white, and flower of zinc, and lanaa philosophica
• Zinc peroxide: liberates nascent oxygen, and white sulfide, and major component of white sulfide

Cadmium

• Cadmium chloride: treatment of tinea infections, and yellow sulfide
• ITAI-ITAI disease: cadmium toxicity, and antidote: BAL, and ophthalmic antiseptic, and capsèbon
• Cadmium sulfate: no information available

Mercury

• “Hydragyrum, quicksilver, liquid silver”, and natural source: cinnabar, and present in thermometers and amalgams
• Mercuric potassium iodide: antidote of alkaloid poisoning through precipitating effect
• Minamata disease: mercury toxicity, and antidote: sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate, and BAL, and penicillamine

Boron

• Vulcanizing rubber, and present in the +3 oxidation state, and appears only in the +3 oxidation state
• Boric acid: 2% solution as an eyewash, and “sal sedativum hombergi”, and “borax”, and alternate to gold extraction
• Dobell's solution: aqueous solution of borax, and antiseptic eyewash, and wet dressing for wound
• Boiled lobster appearance: reddish orange skin, and boron poisoning, and PO/dermal absorption

Aluminum

• “Alumina”, and alum: 2 types, ammonium and potassium, and tx.of silicosis, and “Ladd's paste”, and most abundant of all metals, and 3rd most abundant element, and source: cryolite
• Uses: gastric antacid, and antiperspirant, and deodorant, and shaver's disease: aluminum poisoning, and bauxite pneumoconiosis, and inhalation
• Aluminum silicates: kaolin, and bentonite, and pumice, and fuller's earth### Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma, Bladder Cancer, and Cancer-Related Hypercalcemia
• Associated with thallium poisoning

Thallium Poisoning

• Characterized by green tongue and alopecia
• Antidotes: trihexyphenidyl and dimercaprol

Carbon

• Exists in two forms: crystalline and amorphous
• Crystalline forms:
  • Diamond (tetrahedral structure)
  • Graphite (planar structure)
• Amorphous forms:
  • Bituminous (soft charcoal, 70% carbon)
  • Anthracite (hard charcoal, 90% carbon, 6% volatile matter)
  • Coke (impure carbon)
• Treatment for carbon monoxide poisoning: 100% oxygen, oxygen-helium mixture, or hyperbaric oxygen

Silicon

• Second most abundant element
• Component of glass and "Diatomaceous Earth" (Purified Siliceous Earth, Infusorial Earth)
• Used as a distributing and filtering medium
• Forms:
  • NF (Al Mg Si)
  • Kaolin (Hydrated Aluminum Silicate, native)
  • Attapulgite (Layer Silicates)
  • Talc (softest mineral, formerly used as dusting powders and lubricant for surgical gloves)
• Purified Talc: freed of iron and other impurities, made by boiling finely powdered talc with water containing 2% HCl acid

USP Glass Types and Test Limits

• Type I: resistant borosilicate glass, used for buffered and unbuffered aqueous solutions
• Type: treated soda glass, used for water and acidic solutions