12th History Past Paper (Tamil Nadu)

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www.tntextbooks.in GOVERNMENT OF TAMILNADU HIGHER SECONDARY SECOND YEAR HISTORY A publication under Free Textbook Programme of Government of Tamil Nadu Department of School Education Untouchability is Inhuman and a Crime 12th History_EM_Index.indd 1 24-03-2020 09:54:21  www.tntextbooks.in Government of Tamil Nadu First Edition - 2019 Revised Edition - 2020 (Published under new syllabus) NOT FOR SALE Content Creation The wise possess all State Council of Educational Research and Training © SCERT 2019 Printing & Publishing Tamil NaduTextbook and Educational Services Corporation www.textbooksonline.tn.nic.in (ii) 12th History_EM_Index.indd 2 24-03-2020 09:54:21  www.tntextbooks.in The scope of the lesson is presented Learning Objectives Introduction The subject to be discussed in the lesson is introduced Leads the students to animated audio, video aids for getting experiential learning Provides additional information related to the subject in boxes to stir up the curiosity of students Infographs Visual representations intended to make the complex simple and make the students grasp difficult concepts easily Activities Activities for ‘learning by doing’ individually or in groups HOW TO USE THE BOOK Describe the main points briefly in bullets for recapitulation Summary Exercise For self-study and self evaluation Glossary Key words and technical terms explained at the end of the lesson for clarity References List of books and net sources for further reading Using technology for learning activities, which enables the ICT Corner students to access digital sources relevant to their lessons. (iii) 12th History_EM_Index.indd 3 24-03-2020 09:54:21  www.tntextbooks.in TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Unit Content Month No 1 Rise of Nationalism in India 1 June 2 Rise of Extremism and Swadeshi Movement 16 June 3 Impact of World War I on Indian Freedom Movement 31 June 4 Advent of Gandhi and Mass Mobilisation 42 July 5 Period of Radicalism in Anti-imperialist Struggles 61 July 6 Communalism in Nationalist Politics 73 July 7 Last Phase of Indian National Movement 84 August 8 Reconstruction of Post-colonial India 100 August August & 9 Envisioning a New Socio-Economic Order 115 September 10 Modern World: The Age of Reason 130 October 11 The Age of Revolutions 151 October October & 12 Europe in Turmoil 176 November 13 Imperialism and its Onslaught 195 November 14 Outbreak of World War II and its Impact in Colonies 219 November 15 The World after World War II 244 December Timeline 265 E-book Assessment DIGI links Let’s use the QR code in the text books! Download DIKSHA app from the Google Play Store. Tap the QR code icon to scan QR codes in the textbook. Point the device and focus on the QR code. On successful scan, content linked to the QR code gets listed. Note: For ICT corner, Digi Links QR codes use any other QR scanner. (iv) 12th History_EM_Index.indd 4 24-03-2020 09:54:21  www.tntextbooks.in UNIT Rise of Nationalism in India 1 Learning Objectives To acquaint ourselves with „„Changes in agrarian conditions and import of British manufactures ruin Indian handicrafts and the artisanal class Q.R.Code „„Periodical outbreak of famines force landless labourers and jobless artisans to emigrate „„Introduction of Western education and birth of national awakening. „„Other contributory factors for the rise of Nationalism in India „„Modern Indian intelligentsia lays the foundation of Indian National Congress „„Early Nationalists and their contribution, especially of Naoroji and his Drain Theory    Introduction Prior to Gandhi, prominent leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, The political and economic centralisation Bipin Chandra Pal, Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal of India achieved by the British for the better Gangadhar Tilak, and others took the early exploitation and control of India inevitably led to the growth of national consciousness initiative to educate the Indians about their and the birth of the national movement. The national identity and colonial exploitation. history of nationalism in India begins with the In this chapter, while tracing the origin and campaigns and struggles for social reforms in growth of Indian Nationalism, we focus on the the nineteenth century followed by the Western- contribution of these leaders who are known as educated Indians’ prayers and petitions for the early nationalists. political liberties. With the return of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi from South Africa in 1915, and his leadership of the Indian nationalist 1.1  Socio-economic movement in 1919 Indian nationalism entered Background a mass phase. (a) Implications of the New Land Nationalism: Broadly, nationalism means Tenures loyalty and devotion to a nation. It is a The British destroyed the traditional consciousness or tendency to exalt and place basis of Indian land system. In the pre- one nation above all others, emphasising British days, the land revenue was realised by promotion of its culture and interests as opposed to those of other nations. sharing the actual crop with the cultivators. The British fixed the land revenue in cash 1 12th_History_EM_Unit_1.indd 1 24-03-2020 09:55:29  www.tntextbooks.in without any regard to various contingencies, The finished products made from those raw such as failure of crops, fall in prices and materials were then transported back to the droughts or floods. Moreover, the practice of Indian markets. Mass production with the help sale in settlement of debt encouraged money of technological advancement enabled them lenders to advance money to landholders to flood the Indian market with their goods. and resorting to every kind of trickery to rob It was available at a comparatively cheaper them of their property. price than the Indian handloom cloth. Prior There were also two other major to the arrival of the British, India was known implications of the new land settlements for its handloom products and handicrafts. It introduced by the East India Company. They commanded a good world market. However, as institutionalised the commodification of land a result of the colonial policy, gradually Indian and commercialisation of agriculture in India. handloom products and handicrafts lost there As mentioned earlier, there was no private market, domestic as well as international. property in land in pre-British era. Now, land Import of English articles into India threw the became a commodity that could be transferred weavers, the cotton dressers, the carpenters, either by way of buying and selling or by way the blacksmiths and the shoemakers out of of the administration taking over land from employment. India became a procurement holders, in lieu of default on payment of area for the raw material and the farmers were tax/rent. Land taken over in such cases was forced to produce industrial crops like indigo auctioned off to another bidder. This created and other cash crops like cotton for use in a new class of absentee landlords who lived British factories. Due to this shift, subsistence in the cities and extracted revenue from the agriculture, which was the mainstay for lands without actually living on the lands. In several hundred years, suffered leading to food the traditional agricultural set-up, the villagers scarcity. produced largely for their consumption among themselves. After the new land settlements, agricultural produce was predominantly for the market. The commodification of land and commercialisation of agriculture did not improve the lives and conditions of the peasants. Instead, this created discontent among the peasantry and made them restive. These peasants later on turned against the imperialists and their collaborators. (b) Laissez Faire Policy and De-industrialization: Impact on Indian Artisans The policy of the Company in the wake of Industrial Revolution in England resulted in the de-industrialization of India. This continued until the beginning of the World War I. The British Government pursued a policy of free trade or laissez faire. Raw materials like cotton, jute and silks from India were taken to Britain. Indigo cultivation Rise of Nationalism in India 2 12th_History_EM_Unit_1.indd 2 24-03-2020 09:55:29  www.tntextbooks.in The Indigo revolt of 1859 – 60 in Bengal years (1891-1900), nineteen was one of the responses from the Indian million had died in India in farmer to the oppressive policy of the British. famines alone. Indian tenants were forced to grow indigo by Q.R.Code Sadly when people were their planters who were mostly Europeans. dying of starvation millions Used to dye the clothes indigo was in high of tonnes of wheat was demand in Europe. Peasants were forced to exported to Britain. During accept meagre amounts as advance and enter the 1866 Orissa Famine, for instance, while into unfair contracts. Once a peasant accepted a million and a half people starved to death, the contract, he had no option but to grow the British exported 200 million pounds of indigo on his land. The price paid by the rice to Britain. The Orissa Famine prompted planter was far lower than the market price. nationalist Dadabhai Naoroji to begin his Many a times, the peasants could not even lifelong investigations into Indian poverty. pay their land revenue dues. Hoping that the The failure of two successive monsoons caused authorities would address their concerns, the a severe famine in the Madras Presidency peasants wrote several petitions to authorities during 1876-78. The viceroy Lytton adopted a and organised peaceful protests. As their hands-off approach similar to that followed in plea for reform went in vain, they revolted by Orissa. An estimated 3.5 million people died in refusing to accept any further advances and the Madras presidency. enter into new contracts. Peasants, through the Indigo revolt of 1859-60, were able to force the planters to withdraw from northern- Bengal. (c) Famines and Emigration of Indians to Overseas British Colonies Famines As India became increasingly de- industrialised and weavers and artisans engaged Madras Famine in handicrafts were thrown out of employment, there were recurrent famines due to the neglect Indentured Labour of irrigation and oppressive taxation on land. The introduction of plantation crops such as Before the arrival of the British, Indian rulers coffee, tea and sugar in Empire colonies such as had ameliorated the difficulties of the populace Ceylon (Sri Lanka), Mauritius, Fiji, Malaya, the in times of famines by providing tax relief, Caribbean islands, and South Africa required regulating the grain prices and banning food enormous labour. In 1815, the Governor of exports from famine-hit areas. But the British Madras received a communication from the extended their policy of non-intervention Governor of Ceylon asking for “coolies” to (laissez faire) even to famines. As a result, work on the coffee plantations. The Madras millions of people died of starvation during the Governor forwarded this letter to the collector Raj. It has been estimated that between 1770 of Thanjavur, who reported that the people and 1900, twenty five million Indians died in were very much attached to the soil and unless famines. William Digby, the editor of Madras some incentive was provided it was not easy to Times, pointed out that during 1793-1900 alone make them move out of their native soil. But an estimated five million people had died in all the outbreak of two famines (1833 and 1843) the wars around the world, whereas in just ten forced the people, without any incentive from 3 Rise of Nationalism in India 12th_History_EM_Unit_1.indd 3 24-03-2020 09:55:30  www.tntextbooks.in the government, to leave for Ceylon to work 1.2  Western Education as coolies in coffee and tea plantations under the indentured labour system. The abolition of and its Impact slavery in British India in 1843 also facilitated the processes of emigration to Empire colonies. In (a) Education in Pre-British India 1837 the number of immigrant Tamil labourers Education in pre-colonial India was employed in Ceylon coffee estate was estimated characterised by segmentation along religious at 10,000. The industry developed rapidly and and caste lines. Among the Hindus, Brahmins so did the demand for Tamil labour. In 1846 its had the exclusive privilege to acquire higher presence was estimated at 80,000 and in 1855 at religious and philosophical knowledge. They 128,000 persons. In 1877, the famine year, there monopolised the education system and were nearly 380,000 Tamil labourers in Ceylon. occupied positions in the society, primarily as priests and teachers. They studied in special seminaries such as Vidyalayas and Chatuspathis. The medium of instruction was Sanskrit, which was considered as the sacred language. Technical knowledge – especially in relation to architecture, metallurgy, etc. – was passed hereditarily. This came in the way of innovation. Another shortcoming of this system was that it barred women, lower castes and other under- Indentured labour privileged people from accessing education. Besides Ceylon, many Indians opted to The emphasis on rote learning was another emigrate as indentured labour to other British impediment to innovation. colonies such as Mauritius, Straits Settlements, (b) Contribution of Colonial Caribbean islands, Trinidad, Fiji and South State: Macaulay System of Africa. In 1843 it was officially reported that Education 30,218 male and 4,307 females had entered Mauritius as indentured labourers. By the end The colonial government aided the spread of the century some 5,00,000 labourers had of modern education in India for a different moved from India to Mauritius. reason than educating and empowering the Indians. To administer a large colony like Indentured Labour: Under this penal contract India, the British needed a large number of system (indenture), labourers were hired for a personnel to work for them. It was impossible period of five years and they could return to their for the British to import the educated lot, homeland with passage paid at the end. Many needed in such large numbers, from Britain. impoverished peasants and weavers went hoping With this aim, the English Education Act was to earn some money. It turned out to be as worse passed by the Council of India in 1835. T.B. than slave labour. The colonial state allowed agents Macaulay drafted this system of education (kanganis) to trick or kidnap indigent landless introduced in India. Consequently, the colonial labourers. The labourers suffered terribly on the administration started schools, colleges and long sea voyages and many died on the way. The universities, imparting English and modern percentage of deaths of indentured labour during education, in India. Universities were 1856-57, in a ship bound for Trinidad from established in Bombay, Madras and Calcutta in Kolkata is as follows: 12.3% of all males, 18.5% of the females, 28% of the boys 36% of the girls and 1857. The colonial government expected this 55% of the infants perished. section of educated Indians to be loyal to the British and act as the pillars of the British Raj. Rise of Nationalism in India 4 12th_History_EM_Unit_1.indd 4 24-03-2020 09:55:30  www.tntextbooks.in (c) Role of Educated Middle Class T. B. Macaulay The economic and administrative was India’s first law member of the transformation on the one side and the Governor General growth of Western education on the other in Council from gave the space for the growth of new social 1834 to 1838. Before classes. From within these social classes, a Macaulay arrived in modern Indian intelligentsia emerged. The India the General “neo-social classes” created by the British Committee of T.B. Macaulay Raj, which included the Indian trading and Public Instruction was formed in 1823 with business communities, landlords, money the responsibility to guide the East India lenders, English-educated Indians employed Company on the matter of education and the in imperial subordinate services, lawyers and medium of instruction. The Committee was doctors, initially adopted a positive approach split into two groups. The Orientalist group towards the colonial administration. However, advocated education in vernacular languages. soon they realised that their interests would The Anglicists advocated Western education be better served only in independent India. in English. People of the said social classes began to play Macaulay was on the side of Anglicists a prominent role in promoting patriotism and wrote his famous ‘Minute on Indian amongst the people. The consciousness of Education’ in 1835. In this Minute, he these classes found articulation in a number argued for Western education in the English of associations prior to the founding of the language. His intention behind supporting Indian National Congress at the national the Anglicists was that he wanted to create a level. class of persons from within India who would Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Ishwar Chandra 'be Indian in blood and colour, but English in Vidyasagar, Swami Vivekananda, Aurobindo taste, in opinion, in morals and in intellect'. Ghose, Gopala Krishna Gokhale, Dadabhai Naoroji, Feroz Shah Mehta, Surendra Nath The British created an educated Indian Banerjea and others who belonged to modern middle class for their own ends but sneered at Indian intelligentsia led the social, religious it as the Babu class. That very class, however, and political movements in India. Educated became the progressive intelligentsia of India Indians had exposure to ideas of nationalism, and played a leading role in mobilising the democracy, socialism, etc. articulated by John people for the liberation of the country. Locke, James Stuart Mill, Mazzini, Garibaldi, Rousseau, Thomas Paine, Marx and other western intellectuals. The right of a free press, the right of free speech and the right of association were the three inherent rights, which their European counterparts held dear to their heart, and the educated Indians too desired to cling to. Various forums came into existence, where people could meet and discuss the issues affecting their interests. This became possible now at the national level, due to the rapid expansion of transport network and establishment of postal, telegraph and University of Madras wireless services all over India. 5 Rise of Nationalism in India 12th_History_EM_Unit_1.indd 5 24-03-2020 09:55:31  www.tntextbooks.in (d) Contribution of Missionaries The reformers of nineteenth century One of the earliest initiatives to impart responded to the challenge posed by Western modern education among Indians was taken up Enlightenment knowledge based on reason. by the Christian missionaries. Inspired by the Indian national consciousness emerged as proselytizing sprit, they attacked polytheism a result of the rethinking triggered by these and caste inequalities that were prevalent among reforms. The Brahmo Samaj was founded the Hindus. One of the methods adopted by the by Ram Mohan Roy in 1828. Other socio- missionaries, to preach Christianity, was through cultural organisations like the Prarthana Samaj modern secular education. They provided (1867), the Arya Samaj (1875) were founded opportunities to acquire education to the subsequently. Roy’s initiative was followed up by underprivileged and the marginalised sections, reformers like Keshav Chandra Sen and Iswar who were denied learning opportunities in the Chandra Vidyasagar. Abolition of sati and child traditional education system. However only a marriage and widow remarriage became the very small fraction converted to Christianity. main concerns for these reformers. The Aligarh But the challenge posed by Christianity led to movement played a similar role among the various social and religious reform movements. Muslims. Slowly, organisations and associations of political nature came up in different parts of British India to vent the grievances of the people. 1.4  Other Decisive Factors for the Rise of Nationalism Mission School (a) Memories of 1857 1.3  Social and Religious Indian national movement dates its birth Reforms from the 1857 uprising. The outrages committed The English educated intelligentsia felt the by the British army after putting down the revolt need for reforming the society before involving remained “un-avenged”. Even the court-martial the people in any political programmes. The law and formalities were not observed. Officers reform movements of nineteenth century are who sat on the court martial swore that they categorised as 1. Reformist movements such would hang their prisoners, guilty or innocent as the Brahmo Samaj founded by Raja Ram and, if any dared to raise his voice against such Mohan Roy, the Prarthana Samaj, founded indiscriminate vengeance, he was silenced by by Dr Atmaram Pandurang and the Aligarh his angry colleagues. Persons condemned to Movement, represented by Syed Ahmad Khan; death after the mockery of a trial were often 2. Revivalist movements such as the Arya Samaj, tortured by soldiers before their execution, the Ramakrishna Mission and the Deoband while the officers looked on approvingly. It is Movement. 3. There were social movements worth recalling what Elphinstone, Governor of led by Jyotiba Phule in Pune, Narayana Guru Bombay Presidency, wrote to Sir John Lawrence, and Ayyankali in Kerala and Ramalinga future Viceroy of India (1864) about the British Adigal, Vaikunda Swamigal and later Iyothee siege of Delhi during June-September, 1857: Thassar in Tamilnadu. All these reformers ‘...A wholesale vengeance is being taken without and their contributions have been dealt with distinction of friend or foe. As regards the comprehensively in the XI Std. text book. looting, we have indeed surpassed Nadirshah.’ Rise of Nationalism in India 6 12th_History_EM_Unit_1.indd 6 24-03-2020 09:55:31  www.tntextbooks.in (b) Racial Discrimination of nationalist and vernacular news papers came The English followed a policy of racial to be launched to build public opinion and discrimination. The systematic exclusion of the they did yeomen service in fostering nationalist Indians from higher official positions came to be consciousness. Among them Amrit Bazaar looked upon as an anti-Indian policy measure Patrika, The Bombay Chronicle, The Tribune, The and the resultant discontent of the Indian upper Indian Mirror, The Hindu and Swadesamitran classes led the Indians to revolt against the were prominent. British rule. When civil service examinations were introduced the age limit was fixed at (e) Invoking India’s glorious twenty one. When Indians were making it, with Past a view to debarring the Indians from entering Orientalists like William Jones, Charles the civil services, the age limit was reduced Wilkins and Max Muller explored and to nineteen. Similarly, despite requests from translated religious, historical and literary Indian educated middle class to hold the civil texts from Sanskrit, Persian and Arabic into service examinations simultaneously in India, English and made them available to all. the Imperial government refused to concede Influenced by the richness of Indian traditions the request. and scholarship, many of the early nationalists made a fervent plea to revive the pristine (c) Repressive as well as glory of India. Aurobindo Ghose would write, Exploitative Measures ‘The mission of Nationalism, in our view, is against Indians to recover Indian thought, Indian character, Repressive regulations like Section 124A Indian perceptions, Indian energy, Indian of the Indian Penal Code (1870), punishing greatness and to solve the problems that attempts to excite disaffection towards the perplex the world in an Indian spirit and from Government, and the Vernacular Press the Indian standpoint.’ Act (1878), censoring the press, evoked protest. Abolition of custom duty on cotton manufactures imported from England and levy 1.5  Birth of Indian of excise duty on cotton fabrics manufactured Associations in India created nationwide discontent. During the viceroyalty of Ripon the Indian judges (a) Madras Native Association were empowered through the Ilbert Bill to try One of the Europeans. But in the face of resistance from first attempts to the Europeans the bill was amended to suit the organise and vent the European interests. grievances against the British came through (d) Role of Press the formation of The introduction of printing press in India the Madras Native was an event of great significance. It helped people Association (MNA) Gajula Lakshminarasu to spread, modern ideas of self-government, on 26 February 1852. democracy, civil rights and industrialisation. The An association of landed and business classes press became the critic of politics. It addressed of the Madras Presidency, they expressed the people on several issues affecting the country. their grievances against the Company’s Raja Rammohan Roy’s Sambad Kaumudi (1821) administration in the revenue, education in Bengali and Mirat-Ul-Akbar (1822) in Persian and judicial spheres. Gajula Lakshminarasu, played a progressive role in educating the people who inspired the foundation of MNA, was a on issues of public importance. Later on a number prominent businessman in Madras city. 7 Rise of Nationalism in India 12th_History_EM_Unit_1.indd 7 24-03-2020 09:55:31  www.tntextbooks.in The Association presented its grievances (b) Madras Mahajana Sabha (MMS) before British Parliament when it was discussing After the Madras Native Association the East India Company’s rule in India before became defunct there was no such public the passing of the Charter in 1853. In a petition organisation in the Madras Presidency. As submitted in December 1852, the MNA pointed many educated Indians viewed this situation out that the ryotwari and zamindari systems had with dismay, the necessity for a political thrown agricultural classes into deep distress. It organisation was felt and in May 1884 the urged the revival of the ancient village system to Madras Mahajana Sabha was organised. free the peasantry from the oppressive interference In the inaugural meeting held on 16 May of the zamindars and the Company officials. 1884 the prominent participants were: G. The petition also made a complaint about the Subramaniam, Viraraghavachari, Ananda judicial system which was slow, complicated and Charlu, Rangiah, Balaji Rao and Salem imperfect. It pointed out that the appointment of Ramaswamy. With the launch of the Indian judges without assessing their judicial knowledge National Congress, after the completion of and competence in the local languages affected the the second provincial conference of Madras efficiency of the judiciary. The diversion of state Mahajana Sabha, the leaders after attending funds to missionary schools, under the grants-in- the first session of the Indian National aid system, was also objected to in the petition. Congress (INC) in Bombay amalgamated the The MNA petition was discussed in the MMS with the INC. Parliament in March 1853. H. D. Seymour, Chairman of the Indian Reform Society, came to (c) Indian National Congress (INC) Madras in October 1853. He visited places like The idea of forming Guntur, Cuddalore, Tiruchirappalli, Salem and a political organisation Tirunelveli. However, as the Charter Act of 1853 that would raise issues allowed British East India Company to continue and grievances against its rule in India, the MNA organised an agitation the colonial rule did not for the transfer of British territories in India to the emerge in a vacuum. direct control of the Crown. MNA sent its second Between 1875 and petition to British Parliament, signed by fourteen 1885 there were many thousand individuals, pleading the termination of agitations against British A.O. Hume Company rule in India. policies in India. The Indian textile industry The life of MNA was short. Lakshminarasu was campaigning for imposition of cotton died in 1866 and by 1881, the association ceased to import duties in 1875. In 1877, demands for exist. Though the MNA did not achieve much in the Indianisation of Government services were terms of reforms, it was the beginning of organised made vociferously. There were protests against effort to articulate Indian opinion. In its lifetime, the Vernacular Press Act of 1878. In 1883, there the MNA operated within the boundaries of was an agitation in favour of the Ilbert Bill. Madras Presidency. The grievances that the MNA But these agitations and protests were raised through its petitions and the agitations sporadic and not coordinated. There was a it launched were from the point of view of the strong realisation that these protests would elite, particularly the landed gentry of Madras not impact on the policy makers unless a Presidency. What was lacking was a national national political organisation was formed. political organisation representing every section From this realisation was born the Indian of the society, an organisation that would raise the National Congress. The concept of India grievances and agitate against the colonial power as a nation was reflected in the name of the for their redress. The Indian National Congress organisation. It also introduced the concept filled this void. of nationalism. Rise of Nationalism in India 8 12th_History_EM_Unit_1.indd 8 24-03-2020 09:55:31  www.tntextbooks.in Indian National Congress Sessions 1885-1947 N W E S Lahore Amritsar 1893 1919 1900 1909 Meerut 1929 Delhi 1946 1918 (Special) 1923 Lucknow Kanpur 1932 1899 1925 1916 1947 Guwahati Allahabad 1936 Patna Karachi 1888 Benaras 1912 1926 1892 1905 Gaya 1913 1931 Ahmedabad Tripuri 1910 1922 1902 Ramgarh 1939 1921 Haripura 1940 1938 Calcutta Surat Faizpur 1886 1937 Nagpur 1890 1907 Amravati 1891 1896 1897 1920 1901 Bombay 1906 1885 Poona 1911 1889 1895 1917 1904 1920 (Special) Kakinada 1915 1928 1923 1918 (Special) Belgaum 1933 1934 1924 1942 (Special) Madras 1887 1894 1898 1903 1908 1914 1927 Not to Scale No Session - 1930, 1935, 1941-1945 9 Rise of Nationalism in India 12th_History_EM_Unit_1.indd 9 24-03-2020 09:55:31  www.tntextbooks.in In December 1884, Economic Allan Octavian Hume, a High land revenue was one of the major retired English ICS officer, factors that contributed to the oppression presided over a meeting of of the peasants. It demanded reduction in the Theosophical Society the land revenue and protection of peasants in Madras. The formation against exploitation of the zamindars. The of a political organisation Congress also advocated the imposition of that would work on an all heavy tax on the imported goods for the India basis was discussed benefit of swadeshi goods. and the idea of forming W.C. Bonnerjee Administrative the Indian National Congress emerged in this Higher officials who had responsibility meeting. The Indian National Congress was of administration in India were selected formed on 28 December 1885 in Bombay. Apart through civil services examinations from A.O Hume, another important founding conducted in Britain. This meant that member was W C. Bonnerjee, who was elected educated Indians who could not afford to go the first president. to London had no opportunity to get high Though the activities of the INC then administrative jobs. Therefore, Indianisation revolved around petitions and memoranda, of services through simultaneous Indian from the very beginning the founders of Civil Services Examinations in England and the INC worked to bring every section of India was a major demand of the Congress. the society into its ambit. One of the main Judicial missions of the INC was to weld the Indians Because of the partial treatment against the into a nation. They were convinced that the Indian political activists by English judges struggle against the colonial rule will be it demanded the complete separation of the successful only if Indians saw themselves as Executive and the Judiciary. the members of a nation. To achieve this, the INC acted as a common political platform for (d) Contributions of Early all the movements that were being organised Nationalists (1885–1915) in different parts of the country. The INC The early nationalists in the INC came provided the space where the political workers from the elite sections of the society. Lawyers, from different parts of the country could gather college and university teachers, doctors, and conduct their political activities under its journalists and such others represented the banner. Even though the organization was Congress. However, they came from different small with less than a hundred members, it had regions of the country and this made INC a an all-India character with representation from truly a national political organisation. These all regions of India. It was the beginning of the leaders of the INC adopted the constitutional mobilisation of people on an all-India basis. methods of presenting petitions, prayers and memorandums and thereby earned the moniker The major objectives and demands of INC of “Moderates”. It was also the time some sort of were an understanding about colonialism was evolving in India. There was no ready-made Constitutional anti-colonial understanding available for Opportunity for participation in the reference in the late nineteenth century when government was one of the major demands the INC was formed. It was the early nationalists of the Indian National Congress. It who helped the formulation of the idea of we as demanded Indian representation in the a nation. They were developing the indigenous government. anti-colonial ideology and a strategy on their Rise of Nationalism in India 10 12th_History_EM_Unit_1.indd 10 24-03-2020 09:55:31  www.tntextbooks.in own which helped future mass leaders like M. K were involved in journalism. Dadabhai Gandhi. Naoroji founded and edited two journals From the late 1890s there were growing called Voice of India and RastGoftar. differences within the INC. Leaders like Bipin Surendranath Banerjea edited the Chandra Pal, Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Lala newspaper called Bengalee. Bal Gangadhar Lajpat Rai were advocating radical approaches Tilak edited Kesari and Mahratta. This instead of merely writing petitions, prayers is the means that they used to educate and memorandums. These advocates of radical the common people about the colonial methods came to be called the “extremists” as oppression and spread nationalist ideas. against those who were identified as moderates. News regarding the initiatives taken by Their objective became clear in 1897 when the INC were taken to the masses through Tilak raised the clarion call “Swaraj is my birth these newspapers. For the first time, in right and I shall have it”. Tilak and his militant the history of India, the press was used followers were now requesting Swaraj instead to generate public opinion against the of economic or administrative reforms that oppressive policies and acts of the colonial the moderates were requesting through their government. petitions and prayers. Bal Gangadhar Though they criticised each other, it would Tilak was a firm be wrong to place them in the opposing poles. believer that the Both moderates and militants, with their own lower middle classes, methods, were significant elements of the larger peasants, artisans Indian nationalist movement. In fact, they and workers could contributed towards the making of the swadeshi play a very important movement. The partition of Bengal in 1905, by role in the national the colonial government, which you will be movement, He used Bal Gangadhar Tilak studying in the next lesson, was vehemently his newspapers to opposed by the Indians. The swadeshi movement articulate the discontent among this section of 1905, directly opposed the British rule and of the people against the oppressive colonial encouraged the ideas of swadeshi enterprise, rule. He called for national resistance against national education, self-help and use of Indian imperial British rule in India. On 27 July languages. The method of mass mobilisation 1897, Tilak was arrested and charged under and boycott of British goods and institutions Section 124 A of the Indian Penal Code. Civil suggested by the radicals was also accepted by liberty, particularly in the form of freedom of the Moderates. expression and press became the significant Both the Moderates and the Radicals were part of Indian freedom struggle. of the same view when it came to accepting 1.6  Naoroji and his Drain the fact that they needed to fulfil the role of educators. They tried to instil nationalist Theory consciousness through Dadabhai Naoroji, known as the ‘Grand various means Old Man of Indian Nationalism’, was a including the press. prominent early nationalist. He was elected When the INC was to the Bombay Municipal Corporation and founded in 1885, one- Town Council during the 1870s. Elected to third of the members the British Parliament in 1892, he founded were journalists. Most the India Society (1865) and the East India stalwarts of the early Association (1866) in London. He was elected freedom movement Surendranath Banerjea thrice as the President of the INC. 11 Rise of Nationalism in India 12th_History_EM_Unit_1.indd 11 24-03-2020 09:55:31  www.tntextbooks.in His major contribution Indians who strove for the reforms of to the Indian nationalist Indian society. movement was his book „„Factors like the bitter memories of 1857, Poverty and Un-British policy of racial discrimination, repressive Rule of the British in India measures against dissension contributed (1901). In this book, he to the growth of nationalism. put forward the concept „„Modern intelligentsia formed political of ‘drain of wealth’. He Dadabhai Naoroji organisation like Madras Native stated that in any country Association (1852), Madras Mahajana the tax raised would have been spent for the Sabha (1884) and Indian National wellbeing of the people of that country. But in British India, taxes collected in India were spent Congress (1885) to voice their opinions for the welfare of England. Naoroji argued that and grievances. India had exported an average of 13 million „„An important role of these leaders was pounds worth of goods to Britain each year from to educate the common mass about the 1835 to 1872 with no corresponding return. exploitative colonial rule and its impact The goods were in lieu of payments for profits on their day to day life. Drain of wealth to Company shareholders living in Britain, theory enunciated by Dadabhai Naoroji guaranteed interest to investors in railways, exposed the British loot of the resources pensions to retired officials and generals, of India. interest for the money borrowed from England to meet war expenses for the British conquest of territories in India as well as outside India. EXERCISE All these, going in the name of Home Charges, Naoroji asserted, made up a loss of 30 million Q.R.Code pounds a year.    Summary I. Choose the correct answer „„The land and revenue reforms implemented 1. When did Gandhi return to India from South by the East India Company since late Africa? eighteenth century had its impact on the agrarian conditions in India. (a) 1915 (b) 1916 (c) 1917 (d) 1918 2.  In which year English Education was „„The growth of heavy machine industries introduced in India? in Britain allowed East India Company to export raw materials from India to Britain (a) 1825 (b) 1835 (c) 1845 (d) 1855 and take back the finished products – a 3. Find the odd one. process that led to the decline of Indian (a) William Jones (b) Charles Wilkins handicrafts, making the artisans go (c) Max Muller (d) Aurobindo Ghose jobless. 4. ‘Swaraj is my birth right and I shall have it’ „„Landless labourers and jobless artisans was said by emigrating to Empire colonies to escape starvation deaths. (a) Bala Gangadhar Tilak „„The unintended result of Western (b) Dadabhai Naoroji education introduced by the British was (c) Subhash Chandra Bose the emergence of a new class of educated (d) Bharathi Rise of Nationalism in India 12 12th_History_EM_Unit_1.indd 12 24-03-2020 09:55:31  www.tntextbooks.in 5. Match and choose the correct answer from 10. Who was called the ‘Grand Old Man of India? the code given below. (a) Bala Gangadhar Tilak (A) Bala Gangadhar Tilak - 1. Voice of India (b) M.K. Gandhi (B) Dadabhai Naoroji - 2. Madras Time (c) Dadabhai Naoroji (C) Macaulay - 3. Kesari (d) Subhash Chandra Bose (D) William Digby - 4. Minute Who wrote the book - ‘Poverty and 11.  on Indian Un-British Rule in India’ ? Education (a) Bala Gangadhar Tilak Code (b) Gopala Krishna Gokhale (a) 2, 4, 1, 3 (b) 3, 1, 4, 2 (c) Dadabhai Naoroji (c) 1, 3, 2, 4 (d) 4, 2, 3, 1 (d) M.G. Ranade 6.  Which one of the following is correctly 12. A  ssertion (A): The British Government matched? pursued a policy of free trade (or) laissez fair. (a) English Education Act - 1843 Reason(R): India had comparative advantage (b) The abolition of slavery - 1859 from England's free trade policy. (c) Madras Native Association - 1852 (a) A is correct but R does not explain A. (d) Indigo revolt - 1835 (b) A is correct and R explains A. 7. Which is the correct chronological sequence (c) A is correct and R is incorrect. of the following associations? (d) Both A and R are wrong. (i) East India Association 13.  Which of the following statements are (ii) Madras Mahajana Sabha correct on Orissa famine? (iii) Madras Native Association Statement I: In 1866 a million and a half (iv) India Society people of Orissa died of starvation. Statement II: During that time the British Select the answer from the codes given below: exported 200 million pounds of rice to (a) ii, i, iii, iv (b) ii, iii, i, iv Britain. (c) iii, iv, i, ii (d) iii, iv, ii, i Statement III: The Orissa famine prompted 8. The Indian National Congress was founded Dadabai Naoroji to begin a life long by _________ investigation of poverty in India. (a) I & II (a) Subhash Chandra Bose (b) I & III (b) Gandhi (c) None of the above (c) A.O. Hume (d) All of the above (d) B.G. Tilak 9. The first President of the Indian National II. Write brief answers Congress was 1. What is nationalism ? (a) Surendranath Bannerjea 2. Describe the implications of the new land (b) Badruddin Tyabji tenures? (c) A.O. Hume 3. Write a note on Indigo revolt? (d) W.C. Bonnerjee 4. Discuss the importance of Ilbert Bill. 13 Rise of Nationalism in India 12th_History_EM_Unit_1.indd 13 24-03-2020 09:55:31  www.tntextbooks.in 5. Highlight the contribution of missionaries to 4. Explain the objectives of the Indian National modern education. Congress and contributions of the early 6. What were the grievances represented by the nationalists to the cause of India’s liberation Madras Native Association in their petition from the colonial rule. to the British Parliament? V. Activity 7.  Make a list of the important political 1. A debate on what would have happened if associations formed in India prior to the western system of education had not been Indian National Congress. introduced by the British in India. 8.  Identify the prominent early Indian nationalists. 2. Compiling a volume containing biographical account of the early nationalists from Tamil III. Write short answers Nadu with images and pictures. 1.  Analyse Macaulay's ‘Minute on Indian VI. Map Work Education’. Mark the following on the outline map of India. 2. What do you know of the Madras visit of the Venues of Congress Sessions. chairman of Indian Reform Society in 1853? 1. Bombay 2. Calcutta 3. Madras 3. Point out the role played by press in creating nationalist consciousness in British India 4. Ahmedabad 5. Lucknow 6. Kanpur 4. Describe the way in which indentured labour 7. Surat 8. Lahore 9. Poona was organized in British India? 10. Allahabad 5.  Name the prominent participants in the inaugural meeting of Madras Mahajana REFERENCES Sabha held in May 1884? „„Bipan Chandra, et al., India’s Struggle for 6. Attempt a brief account of early emigration of Independence, Penguin, New Delhi, 2016. labourers to Ceylon. „„Desai, A.R., Social Background of Indian 7. What were the items which constituted Home Nationalism, Popular Prakashan, Bombay, Charges? 6th Edition 2011. „„R. Suntharalingam, Politics and IV. Answer the following in detail Nationalist Awakening in South India, 1. Discuss the impact of Western education on 1852–1891, University of Arizona Press, Indian Middle Class, highlighting the latter’s Tucson, 1974. role in reforming and regenerating Indian Society. „„Sashi Tharoor, An Era of Darkness: The British Empire in India, Aleph, New 2. Examine the Socio-economic causes for the Delhi, 2016. rise of nationalism British in India. 3. To what extent the repressive and racist policy INTERNET RESOURCES measures of the British were responsible for the national awakening in India. www.brittanica.com Rise of Nationalism in India 14 12th_History_EM_Unit_1.indd 14 24-03-2020 09:55:31  www.tntextbooks.in GLOSSARY Non-interference of the government Laissez faire in the economic affairs of individuals தடையில்லா வணிகக் க ொள்கை and society /Free Trade ameliorate to make better சீராக்கு, மேன்மையாக்கு indentured a debt bondage worker on a contract ஒப்பந்தத் த ொழிலாளர் labour someone from the west studying Orientalist the language, culture and history of கீழ்த்திசை நாடுகளின் ம ொழி, countries in eastren Asia பண்பாடு, வரலாறு கற்றவர் an authority on or student of English ஆங்கில ம ொழி இலக்கியம் Anglicists languages and literature கற்றவர் attempting to convert someone from proselytizing one religion, belief, or opinion to மதம் மாற்றும் முயற்சி another the belief in or worship of more than polytheism one god பல தெய்வ நம்பிக்கை language commonly spoken by the vernacular people of a particular a region or a சுதேச ம ொழி particular group 15 Rise of Nationalism in India 12th_History_EM_Unit_1.indd 15 24-03-2020 09:55:31  www.tntextbooks.in UNIT Rise of Extremism and 2 Swadeshi Movement Learning Objectives „„To understand the nature and significance of the Swadeshi Movement in Bengal „„To know the repressive measures of the government of British India „„To trace the events leading up to the Surat Split (in the Indian National Congress) in 1907 „„To familiarise ourselves with revolutionary extremism in Bengal „„To acquaint ourselves with the Swadeshi Struggles in Tamil Nadu „„To examine the role played by V.O. Chidambaram, V.V. Subramaniam, Subramania Siva and Subramania Bharati    Introduction were improvised for the Swadeshi campaign. Swadeshi constructive programme included By the last decade of the nineteenth century, boycott of foreign goods and government- there was conspicuous resentment against administered educational institutions. The moderate politics within the Indian National Swadeshi movement (1905–1911) is the Congress. This feeling of resentment eventually most important phase of the Indian National evolved into a new trend, referred to as the Movement in the pre-Gandhian era, as, during ‘Extremist’ trend. The extremist or what we may the course of the movement, the character call radical or militant group was critical of the of the Indian national movement changed moderates for their cautious approach and the significantly in terms of the stated objectives, “mendicant policy” of appealing to the British methods and in its social base. by way of prayers and petitions. This form of militancy developed under the leadership of Bal Gangadhar Tilak in Maharashtra, Bipin Chandra Pal in Bengal and Lala Lajpat Rai in the Punjab. The primary reasons for the rise of this trend were: factionalism in the Congress, frustration with the moderate politics, anger against Lord Curzon for dividing Bengal. The partition of Bengal in 1905 – a prime example of the British divide and rule policy – acted as the catalyst for the growth of anti- colonial swadeshi nationalism. The partition plan was first opposed by moderates but as the movement progressed, different techniques Swadeshi Movement 16 12th_History_EM_Unit_2.indd 16 24-03-2020 09:55:56  www.tntextbooks.in The mass base of the movement was speeches.) In this lesson, while discussing expanded by exposing the problems of various the Bengal as well as national scenarios, the social groups under the British governance and Swadeshi Campaigns conducted in Tamil nadu the underlying commonality in their lives - that with particular focus on the role played by V.O. is colonial exploitation. For the first time, in the Chidambaram, V.V. Subramaniam, Subramania history of Indian national movement, women, Siva and Subramania Bharati. workers, peasants, and marginalised groups were exposed to modern nationalist ideas and 2.1 Partition of Bengal politics. It was a period when the elite made a On January 6, conscious effort to address the common people, 1899, Lord Curzon calling upon them to join politics. The other was appointed the new prominent development during the Swadeshi Governor General period was the growth of the vernacular press and Viceroy of India. (newspapers published in Indian languages) This was a time when in various parts of India. The nationalistic British unpopularity tone of the vernacular press became more was increasing due to Lord Curzon pronounced during this time. The role played the impact of recurring by Swadesamitran in Tamil Nadu, Kesari in famine and the plague. Curzon did little to change Maharashtra, Yugantar in Bengal are a few the opinion of the educated Indian class. Instead examples. of engaging with the nationalist intelligentsia, As the movement gained support among he implemented a series of repressive measures. the people, the government passed a series of For instance, he reduced the number of repressive Acts such as the Public Meetings Act elected Indian representatives in the Calcutta (1907), the Explosive Substance Act (1908), Corporation (1899). The University Act of 1904 the Newspaper (Incitement and Offence Act brought the Calcutta University under the direct 1908) and the Indian Press Act (1910) to crush control of the government. The Official Secrets the nationalistic activities of any nature. One Act (1904) was amended to curb the nationalist such measure was recording and monitoring tone of Indian newspapers. Finally, he ordered of public meetings which were considered a partition of Bengal in 1905. The partition led matter of judicial scrutiny. (Shorthand was used to widespread protest all across India, starting a by the police for the first time to record political new phase of the Indian national movement. Bengal (1905 - 1911) Bengal (1905 - 1911) W N E Area (Km2) 366,692 S Population (mn) 54 Muslims (mn) 9 Muslims % 16.67 Assam Eastern Bengal Bengal Eastern Bengal & Assam (1905 - 1911) Area (Km2) 275,938 Population (mn) 31 Muslims (mn) 18 Muslims % 58.06 Not to Scale 17 Rise of Extremism and Swadeshi Movement 12th_History_EM_Unit_2.indd 17 24-03-2020 09:55:56  www.tntextbooks.in Bengal Presidency as in the central Bengal and the two communities an administrative unit was balancing out each other. There was a conscious indeed of unmanageable in attempt on the part of British administration size; the necessity of partition to woo the Muslim population in Bengal. In was being discussed since his speech at Dhaka, in Februry 1904, Curzon the 1860s. The scheme of assured the Muslims that in the new province partition was revived in of East Bengal, Muslims would enjoy a unity, March 1890. In Assam, when Curzon went on a which they had never enjoyed since the days of tour, he was requested by the European planters old Muslim rule. to make a maritime outlet closer to Calcutta The partition, instead of dividing the to reduce their dependence on the Assam– Bengali people along the religious line, united Bengal railways. Following this, in December them. Perhaps the British administration had 1903, Curzon drew up a scheme in his Minutes underestimated the growing feeling of Bengali on Territorial Redistribution of India, which identity among the people, which cut across was later modified and published as the caste, class, religion and regional barriers.By Risely Papers. The report gave two reasons in the end of the nineteenth century, a strong support of partition: Relief of Bengal and the sense of Bengali unity had developed among improvement of Assam. The report, however, large sections in the society. Bengali language concealed information on how the plan was had acquired literary status with Rabindranath originally devised for the convenience of British Tagore as the central figure. The growth of officials and the European businessmen. regional language newspapers played a role in From December 1903 and 1905 this initial building the narrative of solidarity. Similarly, idea of transferring or reshuffling some areas recurring famines, unemployment, and a slump from Bengal was changed to a full-fledged plan in the economic growth generated an anti- of partition. The Bengal was to be divided colonial feeling. into two provinces. The new Eastern Bengal and Assam were to include the divisions of 2.2 Anti-Partition Movement Chittagong, Dhaka, parts of Rajshahi hills of Both the militants and the moderates were Tippera, Assam province and Malda. critical of the partition of Bengal ever since it was announced in December 1903. But the anti- Aimed at Hindu Muslim Divide partition response by leaders like Surendranath The intention of Curzon was to suppress Banerjee, K.K. Mitra, and Prithwishchandra Ray the political activities against the British rule remained restricted to prayers and petitions. in Bengal and to create a Hindu–Muslim The objective was limited to influencing public divide. The government intentionally ignored opinion in England against the partition. alternative proposals presented by the civil However, despite this widespread resentment, servants, particularly the idea of dividing partition of Bengal was officially declared on 19 Bengal on linguistic basis. Curzon rejected July 1905. this proposal as this would further consolidate the position of the Bengali politicians. Curzon was adamant as he wanted to create a clearly segregated Hindu and Muslim population in the divided Bengal. Curzon, like many before him, knew very well that there was a clear geographical divide along the river Bhagirathi: eastern Bengal dominated by the Muslims, and western Bengal dominated by the Hindus and Bipin Chandra Pal Aswini Kumar Dutta Rise of Extremism and Swadeshi Movement 18 12th_History_EM_Unit_2.indd 18 24-03-2020 09:55:56  www.tntextbooks.in With the failure to stop the partition of of public meetings were organized in Bengal and the pressure exerted by the radical towns and villages across Bengal. Religious leaders like Bipin Chandra Pal, Aswini Kumar festivals such as the Durga Pujas were Dutta, and Aurobindo Ghose, the moderate utilized to invoke the idea of boycott. The leaders were forced to rethink their strategy, day Bengal was officially partitioned – and look for new techniques of protest. Boycott 16 Oct 1905 – was declared as a day of of British goods was one such method, which mourning. Thousands of people took bath after much debate was accepted by the moderate in the Ganga and marched on the streets of leadership of the Indian National Congress. So, Calcutta singing Bande Mataram. for the first time, the moderates went beyond their conventional political methods. It was 2.3  Boycott and Swadeshi decided, at a meeting in Calcutta on 17 July Movements in Bengal 1905, to extend the protest to the masses. In the (1905–1911) same meeting, Surendranath Banerjee gave a call for the boycott of British goods and Such efforts, institutions. On 7 August, at another meeting at both organized and the Calcutta Town Hall, a formal proclamation spontaneous, laid of Swadeshi Movement was made. the foundation for a sustained campaign However, the agenda of Swadeshi against the British. movement was still restricted to securing an The boycott and annulment of the partition and the moderates swadeshi were always were very much against utilizing the campaign interlinked to each G. Subramaniam to start a full-scale passive resistance. The other and part of a wider plan to make India militant nationalists, self-sufficient. G. Subramaniam, a nationalist on the other hand, leader from Madras, succinctly explained the were in favour aim of the swadeshi movement as ‘a revolt of extending the against their state of dependence…in all movement to other branches of their national life’. In the words provinces too and to of Gopal Krishna Gokhale, ‘the swadeshi launch a full-fledged movement is not only for the improvement of mass struggle. Aurobindo Ghose our industry but for an allround enhancement