أسئلة المحاضرات (13 - 14 - 15) أناتومي (قبل التعديل)
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the loose areolar tissue layer of the scalp?

  • It acts as a barrier to prevent infections.
  • It allows the scalp to move over the skull. (correct)
  • It contains the blood vessels and nerves.
  • It provides structural support to the scalp.

    • Which lymph nodes drain the anterior part of the scalp?

  • Parotid lymph nodes (correct)
  • Submental lymph nodes
  • Occipital lymph nodes
  • Mastoid lymph nodes

    • What characterizes a scalp wound according to the layers involved?

  • It is typically a dry wound.
  • It is often gaping due to aponeurosis attachment. (correct)
  • It rarely affects blood vessels.
  • It is non-bloody due to the pericranium.

    • Which layer of the scalp is referred to as the 'Dangerous layer'?

    <p>Loose areolar tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the lymphatic vessels from the lower lip and chin drain?

    <p>Submental lymph nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the arterial supply for the anterior part of the scalp?

    <p>Ophthalmic artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure does the anterior division of the retro-mandibular vein unite with?

    <p>Anterior facial vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery supplies the back of the scalp?

    <p>Occipital artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the facial artery?

    <p>Branch of the external carotid artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vein drains into the subclavian vein?

    <p>External jugular vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the anterior facial vein originate?

    <p>Union of supratrochlear and supraorbital veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the danger area of the face primarily associated with?

    <p>Upper lip and nose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery provides blood supply to the side of the face through the transverse facial artery?

    <p>Superficial temporal artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the anterior facial vein connect to the cavernous sinus directly?

    <p>Through the superior ophthalmic vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin point of the occipitalis muscle?

    <p>Highest nuchal line</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery is primarily responsible for supplying the lips?

    <p>Facial artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve supplies the occipitalis muscle?

    <p>Posterior auricular branch of the facial nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the end point of the facial artery?

    <p>Angular artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the action of the frontalis muscle?

    <p>Raise the eyebrows</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What supplies the face through buccal, mental, and infra-orbital branches?

    <p>Maxillary artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The anterior facial vein indirectly connects to the cavernous sinus through which structure?

    <p>Pterygoid plexus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve is responsible for supplying the platysma muscle?

    <p>Cervical branch of facial nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the action associated with the muscle that has its insertion at the lower border of the mandible?

    <p>Grimacing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of the epicranial aponeurosis?

    <p>Pull the scalp forward and elevate the eyebrows</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which branch of the facial nerve supplies the upper part of the orbicularis oculi?

    <p>Temporal branch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In case of a lower motor neuron lesion affecting the facial nerve, what type of paralysis occurs?

    <p>Ipsilateral hemiplegia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which branch of the facial nerve supplies the orbicularis oculi?

    <p>Temporal branch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the palpebral part of the orbicularis oculi?

    <p>Gentle closure of the eye for sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve provides sensory supply to the anterior part of the temporal fossa?

    <p>Zygomatico-temporal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle acts as a sphincter for whistling or kissing?

    <p>Orbicularis oris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of nerve lesion causes contralateral paralysis in the lower quadrant of the face?

    <p>Upper motor neuron lesion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nerves supplies the scalp behind the auricle?

    <p>Great Auricular nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following muscles originates from the pterygo-mandibular raphe?

    <p>Buccinator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sensory supply does the supra-orbital branch of the ophthalmic nerve provide?

    <p>Medial of upper eyelid and forehead</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of the buccinator muscle?

    <p>Decrease the mouth vestibule to prevent food accumulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area does the upper fibers of the buccinator originate from?

    <p>Alveolar margin of maxilla opposite molar teeth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve supplies the skin over the angle of the mandible?

    <p>Great Auricular nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What region is primarily supplied by the Ophthalmic nerve?

    <p>Upper eyelid and forehead</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the platysma muscle?

    <p>Pectoral fascia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which branch of the Maxillary nerve supplies the skin of the upper lip?

    <p>Infra-orbital nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area is primarily supplied by the Bucco-temporal nerve?

    <p>Cheek</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Naso-ciliary branch supply?

    <p>Medial angle of the eye and skin over the nose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily indicated by the description of the scalp as a 'bloody wound'?

    <p>The presence of dense connective tissue and blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of lymphatic drainage, which region of the face drains into the parotid lymph nodes?

    <p>Forehead, upper, and cheek</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the role of the loose areolar tissue in the scalp?

    <p>It can lead to the spread of blood to the upper eyelid in case of injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which node is responsible for draining the posterior part of the scalp?

    <p>Occipital lymph node</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the aponeurosis layer of the scalp?

    <p>It is directly attached to the occipito-frontalis muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the maxillary artery?

    <p>Terminal branch of the external carotid artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery supplies the lateral part of the face?

    <p>Superficial temporal artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final destination of the anterior facial vein?

    <p>Common facial vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical feature does the facial artery primarily supply?

    <p>Lips</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What supplies the anterior part of the scalp?

    <p>Supratrochlear and supraorbital arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery is responsible for supplying the side of the nose?

    <p>Facial artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the termination of the retro-mandibular vein's anterior division?

    <p>It forms the common facial vein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle's primary action involves pulling the scalp backward?

    <p>Occipitalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the anterior facial vein indirectly connect to the cavernous sinus?

    <p>Through the pterygoid plexus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What region of the face is particularly vulnerable to infections that may lead to cavernous sinus thrombosis?

    <p>The area drained by the anterior facial vein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vein combines with the posterior auricular vein to form the external jugular vein?

    <p>Retro-mandibular vein's posterior division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following muscles is primarily associated with the second pharyngeal arch in terms of facial expression?

    <p>Occipitofrontalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical structure does the deep facial vein connect to when involving the anterior facial vein?

    <p>Cavernous sinus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of the orbicularis oculi's palpebral part?

    <p>Gentle closure of the eye</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscles have their origin primarily on the alveolar margin of the mandible opposite molar teeth?

    <p>Buccinator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nerve supply for the platysma muscle?

    <p>Buccal branches of the facial nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the orbicularis oculi controls the size of the lacrimal sac?

    <p>Lacrimal part</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following actions is performed by the epicranial aponeurosis?

    <p>Pull the scalp forward and elevate eyebrows</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the inclusive action of the buccinator muscle?

    <p>Decreases the mouth vestibule to prevent food accumulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What branches of the facial nerve supply the orbicularis oculi muscle?

    <p>Temporal and zygomatic branches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle acts primarily as a sphincter for whistling or kissing?

    <p>Orbicularis oris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which branch of the ophthalmic nerve supplies the medial part of the upper eyelid and scalp near the midline?

    <p>Supra-trochlear branch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What area is primarily supplied by the Great Auricular nerve?

    <p>Angle of the mandible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which branch of the Maxillary nerve supplies the skin of the lower eyelid, side of the nose, and upper lip?

    <p>Infra-orbital</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which branch of the trigeminal nerve is responsible for supplying the scalp up to the vertex and forehead region?

    <p>Ophthalmic nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main action of the muscle that inserts at the lower border of the mandible?

    <p>Grimacing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which branch of the facial nerve is responsible for supplying the platysma muscle?

    <p>Cervical branch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In case of an upper motor neuron lesion, what type of paralysis affects the face?

    <p>Contralateral paralysis in the lower quadrant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What area does the greater occipital nerve supply?

    <p>Scalp behind the auricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which branch of the facial nerve supplies the lower part of the orbicularis oris?

    <p>Mandibular branch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sensory supply for the medial area of the upper eyelid?

    <p>Supra-trochlear nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of paralysis occurs due to a lower motor neuron lesion affecting the facial nerve?

    <p>Ipsilateral hemiplegia of the face</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the significance of the emissary veins found in the loose areolar tissue layer of the scalp.

    <p>Emissary veins in the loose areolar tissue can lead to the spread of infection to the upper eyelids, causing a black eye.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the lymphatic drainage pattern of the scalp and face, particularly for the lower lip and chin?

    <p>The lower lip and chin drain into the submental lymph nodes due to their anatomical location.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe how the layers of the scalp contribute to the appearance of a gaping wound.

    <p>The aponeurosis layer, being tightly adhered to the occipito-frontalis muscle, causes scalp wounds to gape due to lack of support when injured.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the two main lymph nodes involved in draining different parts of the scalp and their locations.

    <p>The anterior part drains into the parotid lymph node, while the posterior part drains into mastoid and occipital lymph nodes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Analyze the implications of a scalp wound being classified as a 'bloody wound'.

    <p>The dense connective tissue layer rich in blood vessels results in significant bleeding during scalp injuries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What branches supply the lateral part of the scalp?

    <p>The superficial temporal artery supplies the lateral part of the scalp.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the facial artery navigate through the face?

    <p>It enters at the angle of the masseter muscle and travels upwards and forwards in a wavy course.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures contribute to the formation of the anterior facial vein?

    <p>The anterior facial vein originates from the union of the supratrochlear and supraorbital veins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the maxillary artery in the arterial supply of the face?

    <p>The maxillary artery supplies the face through its buccal, mental, and infra-orbital branches.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery supplies the posterior aspect of the scalp?

    <p>The occipital artery supplies the back of the scalp.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the lymph drainage to the submandibular lymph nodes?

    <p>The rest of the face drains into the submandibular lymph nodes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the arterial supply for the anterior part of the face.

    <p>The anterior part of the face is supplied by the supra-trochlear and supraorbital arteries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ending point of the anterior facial vein?

    <p>The anterior facial vein unites with the anterior division of the posterior facial vein to form the common facial vein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action does the epicranial aponeurosis perform concerning the scalp and eyebrows?

    <p>It pulls the scalp forward and elevates the eyebrows.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the nerve supply for the orbicularis oculi muscle.

    <p>Temporal and zygomatic branches of the facial nerve.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the primary function of the palpebral part of the orbicularis oculi.

    <p>It performs gentle closure of the eye for sleep.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the buccinator muscle?

    <p>The alveolar margin of the maxilla and mandible opposite molar teeth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What functions are performed by the lacrimal part of the orbicularis oculi?

    <p>It controls the size of the lacrimal sac.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the action of the orbicularis oris muscle.

    <p>It provides firm closure of the mouth, acting as a sphincter for whistling or kissing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nerve supply for the buccinator muscle?

    <p>Buccal branches of the facial nerve.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the insertion of the platysma muscle occur?

    <p>At the lower border of the mandible.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the terminal divisions of the retro-mandibular vein?

    <p>The retro-mandibular vein divides into the anterior division and the posterior division.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the region drained by the anterior facial vein?

    <p>This region, including the upper lip and nose, is known as a 'danger area' due to its susceptibility to infections spreading to the cavernous sinus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin and nerve supply of the occipitalis muscle?

    <p>The occipitalis muscle originates from the highest nuchal line and is supplied by the posterior auricular branch of the facial nerve.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure drains into the subclavian vein?

    <p>The external jugular vein drains into the subclavian vein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action is performed by the frontalis muscle?

    <p>The frontalis muscle is responsible for raising the eyebrows and wrinkling the forehead.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the muscle that is responsible for pulling the scalp backward.

    <p>The occipitalis muscle is responsible for pulling the scalp backward.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vein is a component of the dangerous area of the face?

    <p>The anterior facial vein is a component of the dangerous area of the face.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the branches of the ophthalmic nerve and their specific sensory areas.

    <p>Lacrimal branch (lateral part of upper eyelid), Frontal branch (middle part of upper eyelid &amp; scalp), Naso-ciliary branch (medial angle of eye &amp; nose).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What areas are predominantly supplied by the maxillary nerve?

    <p>Lower eyelid, upper lip, and anterior part of the temporal fossa.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the sensory functions of the mandibular nerve branches?

    <p>Auriculo-temporal (posterior part of temporal fossa), Buccal (cheek), Mental (lower lip).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the distributions of the infra-orbital nerve.

    <p>It supplies the skin of the lower eyelid, side of the nose, and upper lip.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of the platysma muscle?

    <p>The platysma muscle predominantly grimaces and helps decrease pressure on the veins of the neck.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerves are responsible for the sensory supply of the scalp?

    <p>The sensory supply of the scalp is primarily from branches of the trigeminal nerve and cervical nerves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the branch of the facial nerve that supplies buccinator and the upper part of orbicularis oris.

    <p>The buccal branch of the facial nerve supplies the buccinator and the upper part of orbicularis oris.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of facial paralysis is caused by a lower motor neuron lesion?

    <p>A lower motor neuron lesion causes ipsilateral hemiplegia of the face.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the function of the zygomatic branch of the facial nerve.

    <p>The zygomatic branch supplies the lower part of the orbicularis oculi muscle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve supplies the medial aspect of the upper eyelid and the forehead?

    <p>The supra-trochlear branch of the ophthalmic nerve supplies the medial part of the upper eyelid and forehead.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the action of the facial nerve before it enters the parotid gland.

    <p>Before entering the parotid gland, the facial nerve gives off the posterior auricular branch, which supplies the occipitalis muscle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the cervical branch of the facial nerve?

    <p>The cervical branch of the facial nerve supplies the platysma muscle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary lymph nodes that drain the posterior part of the scalp?

    <p>The mastoid and occipital lymph nodes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the emissary veins found in the loose areolar tissue of the scalp?

    <p>Injury to these veins can lead to blood spreading to the upper eyelid, resulting in a black eye.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the two main components of the scalp's connective tissue layer.

    <p>The dense layer rich in blood vessels and nerves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the role of the aponeurosis layer of the scalp.

    <p>It is attached to the occipito-frontalis muscle and contributes to the scalp's movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the lymphatic drainage of the forehead differ from that of the lower lip?

    <p>The forehead drains into the parotid lymph nodes, while the lower lip drains into the submental lymph nodes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the superficial temporal artery?

    <p>It originates from the terminal branch of the external carotid artery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which arteries are involved in the supply of the anterior part of the scalp?

    <p>The supra-trochlear and supraorbital arteries are responsible for supplying the anterior part of the scalp.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main danger associated with the area drained by the anterior facial vein?

    <p>This area is prone to infections that can spread to the cavernous sinus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the path of the facial artery as it enters the face.

    <p>The facial artery enters the face at the angle of the masseter muscle and runs upwards and forward in a wavy course.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action does the occipitalis muscle perform?

    <p>The occipitalis muscle pulls the scalp backward.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the anterior facial vein end?

    <p>The anterior facial vein ends by uniting with the anterior division of the posterior facial vein to form the common facial vein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What branches arise from the maxillary artery to supply the face?

    <p>The maxillary artery supplies the face through the buccal, mental, and infra-orbital branches.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms the common facial vein?

    <p>The common facial vein is formed by the union of the anterior facial vein and the anterior division of the retro-mandibular vein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the angular artery?

    <p>The angular artery is the terminal branch of the facial artery and supplies the medial angle of the eye.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the posterior division of the retro-mandibular vein end?

    <p>The posterior division ends by uniting with the posterior auricular vein to form the external jugular vein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vascular structure is formed by the union of the supratrochlear and supraorbital veins?

    <p>The anterior facial vein is formed by the union of the supratrochlear and supraorbital veins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nerve supply for the epicranial aponeurosis?

    <p>Temporal branch of the facial nerve.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the action of the orbicularis oculi's palpebral part?

    <p>It allows for gentle closure of the eye, primarily during sleep.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the buccinator prevent food accumulation in the mouth?

    <p>By decreasing the mouth vestibule during chewing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of the orbicularis oris?

    <p>It provides firm closure of the mouth, acting as a sphincter for whistling or kissing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the upper fibers of the buccinator originate?

    <p>From the alveolar margin of the maxilla opposite the molar teeth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What muscle is primarily responsible for pulling the scalp forward and elevating the eyebrows?

    <p>The frontalis muscle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary nerve supply for the orbicularis oculi muscle?

    <p>Temporal and zygomatic branches of the facial nerve.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the insertion point for the lower fibers of the buccinator?

    <p>The lower lip.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Great Auricular nerve?

    <p>The Great Auricular nerve supplies sensation to the skin over the angle of the mandible.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the sensory supply components of the Ophthalmic nerve.

    <p>The Ophthalmic nerve supplies the scalp up to the vertex, upper eyelid, and the nose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which areas are supplied by the Maxillary nerve?

    <p>The Maxillary nerve supplies the lower eyelid, upper lip, and the anterior part of the temporal fossa.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sensory distribution provided by the Auriculo-temporal branch?

    <p>The Auriculo-temporal branch supplies sensation to the posterior part of the temporal fossa.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What muscle acts to grimace and decreases pressure on the veins of the neck?

    <p>Platysma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would you expect to see in a patient with a lower motor neuron lesion of the facial nerve?

    <p>Ipsilateral hemiplegia of the face</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve provides sensory supply to the medial part of the upper eyelid and forehead?

    <p>Supra-trochlear nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve supplies the scalp located posterior to the auricle?

    <p>Lesser Occipital nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sensory function of the auriculo-temporal nerve?

    <p>Supplies posterior part of the temporal fossa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of the occipitalis muscle?

    <p>Pulls the scalp backwards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which facial nerve branch innervates the frontal muscle?

    <p>Temporal branch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Scalp & Face Anatomy

    • Scalp Layers: The scalp comprises five layers: skin, connective tissue, aponeurosis, loose areolar tissue, and pericranium.
    • Skin of Eyebrows (Anterior): The anterior aspect of the scalp is defined by the skin of the eyebrows.
    • Superior Nuchal Line (Posterior): The superior nuchal line marks the posterior boundary of the scalp.
    • Superior Temporal Line (Lateral): The lateral boundary is the superior temporal line.
    • Scalp Wound Characteristics: Dense connective tissue and blood vessels make a scalp wound bloody; aponeurosis-connected wounds are gaping.
    • Loose Areolar Tissue Function: Loose areolar tissue allows scalp movement over the skull and contains emissary veins.
    • Dangerous Layer of Scalp: The loose areolar layer is dangerous due to emissary veins—injury can spread blood to the upper eyelid (black eye).
    • Pericranium: The outermost layer of the skull is the pericranium.

    Lymphatic Drainage of Scalp & Face

    • Anterior Scalp Drainage: Lymphatic drainage from the anterior part of the scalp flows to the parotid lymph node.
    • Posterior Scalp Drainage: Lymph from the posterior scalp drains into mastoid and occipital lymph nodes.
    • Lower Lip & Chin Drainage: Lymphatic drainage from the lower lip and chin flows to submental lymph nodes.
    • Forehead, Upper Cheek Drainage: Lymph from the forehead and upper cheek area drains into parotid lymph nodes.
    • Rest of Face Drainage: Lymphatic drainage from the rest of the face flows to the submandibular lymph node.

    Arterial Supply of Scalp

    • Supra-trochlear/Supraorbital: Originates from the ophthalmic internal carotid artery, supplying the anterior scalp.
    • Superficial Temporal: Originating from the terminal branch of the external carotid artery, this artery supplies the lateral scalp.
    • Posterior Auricular: Originating from the external carotid artery, this artery supplies the back of the scalp behind the auricle.
    • Occipital: Originating from the external carotid artery, supplies the back of the scalp.

    Arterial Supply of Face

    • Supra-trochlear/Supraorbital: Ophthalmic artery (internal carotid) supplies anterior face, including the scalp.
    • Superficial Temporal: External carotid artery's terminal branch supplies the lateral aspect of the face (via the transverse facial).
    • Facial Artery: Branch of the external carotid artery, this artery runs near the angle of the masseter muscle, passing upwards and forwards across the mouth, and then eventually into the medial angle of the eye, as the angular artery.
    • Maxillary Artery: A terminal branch of the external carotid artery that supplies the face through buccal and infraorbital branches.

    Venous Drainage of Scalp & Face

    • Anterior Facial Vein: Formed by the union of the supratrochlear and supraorbital veins, running downward behind the facial artery, and joins the posterior facial vein.
    • Retro-mandibular/Posterior Facial Vein: Union of maxillary and superficial temporal veins. It divides into anterior and posterior divisions; the anterior drains to the internal jugular, and the posterior to the external jugular via the sub-occipital plexus.
    • Occipital Vein Drainage: The Occipital vein drains into the suboccipital plexus..

    Dangerous Area of the Face

    • Dangerous Area: The area drained by the anterior facial vein (including the upper lip and nose) is prone to infection spreading to the cavernous sinus.
    • Direct Connection: The dangerous area is directly connected to the cavernous sinus via the superior ophthalmic vein.
    • Indirect Connection: Indirectly connected via the deep facial vein and pterygoid plexus, which are linked to the cavernous sinus by emissary veins.

    Muscles of Facial Expression

    • Occipitalis: Originates from the highest nuchal line and inserts into the galea aponeurotica; its action is to pull the scalp backward.
    • Frontalis: Originates from the eyebrow skin and inserts into the galea aponeurotica; action is to raise the eyebrows and pull the scalp forward.

    Orbicularis Oculi

    • Orbital Part: Originating from the medial palpebral ligament and surrounding bones, inserts into the medial palpebral ligament. Action is firm closure of eye.
    • Palpebral Part: Origin from medial palpebral ligament, inserts into lateral palpebral ligament. Action is to gently close the eyelids.
    • Lacrimal Part: Origin from lacrimal bones, inserts into the tarsi of eyelids. Action controls the size of the lacrimal sac.
    • Nerve Supply: Temporal and zygomatic branches of the facial nerve.

    Orbicularis Oris

    • Origin: Muscles around the lips, primarily the buccinator.
    • Insertion: Lips.
    • Action: Firm closure of mouth; acts as a sphincter for actions like whistling or kissing.
    • Nerve Supply: Buccal and mandibular branches of the facial nerve.

    Buccinator

    • Upper Fibers: Originates from the alveolar margins of the maxilla, opposite the molar teeth, and inserts into the upper lip.
    • Lower Fibers: Origin from alveolar margins of mandible, inserts into lower lip.
    • Middle Fibers: From pterygomandibular raphe, fibers decussate; inserts into the pterygomandibular raphe.
    • Function: Decreases the oral vestibule to prevent food accumulation.
    • Nerve Supply: Buccal branches of facial nerve.

    Platysma

    • Origin: Pectoral fascia.
    • Insertion: Lower border of the mandible.
    • Action: Grimacing and decreases pressure of skin on neck veins.
    • Nerve Supply: Cervical branch of facial nerve.

    Motor Supply of Facial Muscles

    • Facial Nerve: Supplies all facial muscles, exiting the skull through the stylomastoid foramen.
    • Branches before Parotid Gland: Posterior auricular (occipitalis), temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, and cervical.
    • Inside Parotid Gland: Branches to various facial muscles. Branches of the facial nerve supply muscles of facial expression to the different parts of the face and the scalp near the midline.

    Sensory Supply of Scalp

    • Scalp Anterior to Auricle: Supplied by branches of the trigeminal nerve (ophthalmic).
    • Scalp Behind the Auricle: Supplied by branches of cervical nerves (C2 and C3).
    • Great Auricular (C2, C3): Supplies scalp behind the auricle and skin over the mandible angle.
    • Lesser Occipital (C2): Supplies scalp behind the auricle.
    • Great and Third Occipital (C2 and C3): Supplies the back of the scalp.

    Sensory Supply of the Face

    • Skin over Mandible Angle: Supplied by the great auricular nerve (C2-C3).
    • Rest of Face: Supplied by branches of the trigeminal nerve (ophthalmic, maxillary, mandibular).
    • Ophthalmic (V1): Gives branches supplying scalp up to the vertex, upper eyelid, and nose (lacrimal, frontal, supraorbital, supratrochlear, and infratrochlear).
    • Maxillary (V2): Supplies lower eyelid, upper lip, and the anterior part of the temporal fossa (infraorbital, zygomaticofacial, zygomaticotemporal).
    • Mandibular (V3): Supplies the posterior part of the temporal fossa, cheek, lower lip, and skin around the mouth (auriculotemporal, buccal, and mental).

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