Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the loose areolar tissue layer of the scalp?
What is the primary function of the loose areolar tissue layer of the scalp?
- It acts as a barrier to prevent infections.
- It allows the scalp to move over the skull. (correct)
- It contains the blood vessels and nerves.
- It provides structural support to the scalp.
Which lymph nodes drain the anterior part of the scalp?
Which lymph nodes drain the anterior part of the scalp?
- Parotid lymph nodes (correct)
- Submental lymph nodes
- Occipital lymph nodes
- Mastoid lymph nodes
What characterizes a scalp wound according to the layers involved?
What characterizes a scalp wound according to the layers involved?
- It is typically a dry wound.
- It is often gaping due to aponeurosis attachment. (correct)
- It rarely affects blood vessels.
- It is non-bloody due to the pericranium.
Which layer of the scalp is referred to as the 'Dangerous layer'?
Which layer of the scalp is referred to as the 'Dangerous layer'?
Where do the lymphatic vessels from the lower lip and chin drain?
Where do the lymphatic vessels from the lower lip and chin drain?
What is the arterial supply for the anterior part of the scalp?
What is the arterial supply for the anterior part of the scalp?
What structure does the anterior division of the retro-mandibular vein unite with?
What structure does the anterior division of the retro-mandibular vein unite with?
Which artery supplies the back of the scalp?
Which artery supplies the back of the scalp?
What is the origin of the facial artery?
What is the origin of the facial artery?
Which vein drains into the subclavian vein?
Which vein drains into the subclavian vein?
Where does the anterior facial vein originate?
Where does the anterior facial vein originate?
What is the danger area of the face primarily associated with?
What is the danger area of the face primarily associated with?
Which artery provides blood supply to the side of the face through the transverse facial artery?
Which artery provides blood supply to the side of the face through the transverse facial artery?
How does the anterior facial vein connect to the cavernous sinus directly?
How does the anterior facial vein connect to the cavernous sinus directly?
What is the origin point of the occipitalis muscle?
What is the origin point of the occipitalis muscle?
Which artery is primarily responsible for supplying the lips?
Which artery is primarily responsible for supplying the lips?
Which nerve supplies the occipitalis muscle?
Which nerve supplies the occipitalis muscle?
What is the end point of the facial artery?
What is the end point of the facial artery?
What is the action of the frontalis muscle?
What is the action of the frontalis muscle?
What supplies the face through buccal, mental, and infra-orbital branches?
What supplies the face through buccal, mental, and infra-orbital branches?
The anterior facial vein indirectly connects to the cavernous sinus through which structure?
The anterior facial vein indirectly connects to the cavernous sinus through which structure?
Which nerve is responsible for supplying the platysma muscle?
Which nerve is responsible for supplying the platysma muscle?
What is the action associated with the muscle that has its insertion at the lower border of the mandible?
What is the action associated with the muscle that has its insertion at the lower border of the mandible?
What is the primary action of the epicranial aponeurosis?
What is the primary action of the epicranial aponeurosis?
Which branch of the facial nerve supplies the upper part of the orbicularis oculi?
Which branch of the facial nerve supplies the upper part of the orbicularis oculi?
In case of a lower motor neuron lesion affecting the facial nerve, what type of paralysis occurs?
In case of a lower motor neuron lesion affecting the facial nerve, what type of paralysis occurs?
Which branch of the facial nerve supplies the orbicularis oculi?
Which branch of the facial nerve supplies the orbicularis oculi?
What is the function of the palpebral part of the orbicularis oculi?
What is the function of the palpebral part of the orbicularis oculi?
Which nerve provides sensory supply to the anterior part of the temporal fossa?
Which nerve provides sensory supply to the anterior part of the temporal fossa?
Which muscle acts as a sphincter for whistling or kissing?
Which muscle acts as a sphincter for whistling or kissing?
What type of nerve lesion causes contralateral paralysis in the lower quadrant of the face?
What type of nerve lesion causes contralateral paralysis in the lower quadrant of the face?
Which of the following nerves supplies the scalp behind the auricle?
Which of the following nerves supplies the scalp behind the auricle?
Which of the following muscles originates from the pterygo-mandibular raphe?
Which of the following muscles originates from the pterygo-mandibular raphe?
What type of sensory supply does the supra-orbital branch of the ophthalmic nerve provide?
What type of sensory supply does the supra-orbital branch of the ophthalmic nerve provide?
What is the primary action of the buccinator muscle?
What is the primary action of the buccinator muscle?
Which area does the upper fibers of the buccinator originate from?
Which area does the upper fibers of the buccinator originate from?
Which nerve supplies the skin over the angle of the mandible?
Which nerve supplies the skin over the angle of the mandible?
What region is primarily supplied by the Ophthalmic nerve?
What region is primarily supplied by the Ophthalmic nerve?
What is the origin of the platysma muscle?
What is the origin of the platysma muscle?
Which branch of the Maxillary nerve supplies the skin of the upper lip?
Which branch of the Maxillary nerve supplies the skin of the upper lip?
Which area is primarily supplied by the Bucco-temporal nerve?
Which area is primarily supplied by the Bucco-temporal nerve?
What does the Naso-ciliary branch supply?
What does the Naso-ciliary branch supply?
What is primarily indicated by the description of the scalp as a 'bloody wound'?
What is primarily indicated by the description of the scalp as a 'bloody wound'?
In the context of lymphatic drainage, which region of the face drains into the parotid lymph nodes?
In the context of lymphatic drainage, which region of the face drains into the parotid lymph nodes?
Which statement accurately describes the role of the loose areolar tissue in the scalp?
Which statement accurately describes the role of the loose areolar tissue in the scalp?
Which node is responsible for draining the posterior part of the scalp?
Which node is responsible for draining the posterior part of the scalp?
What characterizes the aponeurosis layer of the scalp?
What characterizes the aponeurosis layer of the scalp?
What is the origin of the maxillary artery?
What is the origin of the maxillary artery?
Which artery supplies the lateral part of the face?
Which artery supplies the lateral part of the face?
What is the final destination of the anterior facial vein?
What is the final destination of the anterior facial vein?
What anatomical feature does the facial artery primarily supply?
What anatomical feature does the facial artery primarily supply?
What supplies the anterior part of the scalp?
What supplies the anterior part of the scalp?
Which artery is responsible for supplying the side of the nose?
Which artery is responsible for supplying the side of the nose?
What is the termination of the retro-mandibular vein's anterior division?
What is the termination of the retro-mandibular vein's anterior division?
Which muscle's primary action involves pulling the scalp backward?
Which muscle's primary action involves pulling the scalp backward?
How does the anterior facial vein indirectly connect to the cavernous sinus?
How does the anterior facial vein indirectly connect to the cavernous sinus?
What region of the face is particularly vulnerable to infections that may lead to cavernous sinus thrombosis?
What region of the face is particularly vulnerable to infections that may lead to cavernous sinus thrombosis?
Which vein combines with the posterior auricular vein to form the external jugular vein?
Which vein combines with the posterior auricular vein to form the external jugular vein?
Which of the following muscles is primarily associated with the second pharyngeal arch in terms of facial expression?
Which of the following muscles is primarily associated with the second pharyngeal arch in terms of facial expression?
What anatomical structure does the deep facial vein connect to when involving the anterior facial vein?
What anatomical structure does the deep facial vein connect to when involving the anterior facial vein?
What is the primary action of the orbicularis oculi's palpebral part?
What is the primary action of the orbicularis oculi's palpebral part?
Which muscles have their origin primarily on the alveolar margin of the mandible opposite molar teeth?
Which muscles have their origin primarily on the alveolar margin of the mandible opposite molar teeth?
What is the nerve supply for the platysma muscle?
What is the nerve supply for the platysma muscle?
Which part of the orbicularis oculi controls the size of the lacrimal sac?
Which part of the orbicularis oculi controls the size of the lacrimal sac?
Which of the following actions is performed by the epicranial aponeurosis?
Which of the following actions is performed by the epicranial aponeurosis?
What is the inclusive action of the buccinator muscle?
What is the inclusive action of the buccinator muscle?
What branches of the facial nerve supply the orbicularis oculi muscle?
What branches of the facial nerve supply the orbicularis oculi muscle?
Which muscle acts primarily as a sphincter for whistling or kissing?
Which muscle acts primarily as a sphincter for whistling or kissing?
Which branch of the ophthalmic nerve supplies the medial part of the upper eyelid and scalp near the midline?
Which branch of the ophthalmic nerve supplies the medial part of the upper eyelid and scalp near the midline?
What area is primarily supplied by the Great Auricular nerve?
What area is primarily supplied by the Great Auricular nerve?
Which branch of the Maxillary nerve supplies the skin of the lower eyelid, side of the nose, and upper lip?
Which branch of the Maxillary nerve supplies the skin of the lower eyelid, side of the nose, and upper lip?
Which branch of the trigeminal nerve is responsible for supplying the scalp up to the vertex and forehead region?
Which branch of the trigeminal nerve is responsible for supplying the scalp up to the vertex and forehead region?
What is the main action of the muscle that inserts at the lower border of the mandible?
What is the main action of the muscle that inserts at the lower border of the mandible?
Which branch of the facial nerve is responsible for supplying the platysma muscle?
Which branch of the facial nerve is responsible for supplying the platysma muscle?
In case of an upper motor neuron lesion, what type of paralysis affects the face?
In case of an upper motor neuron lesion, what type of paralysis affects the face?
What area does the greater occipital nerve supply?
What area does the greater occipital nerve supply?
Which branch of the facial nerve supplies the lower part of the orbicularis oris?
Which branch of the facial nerve supplies the lower part of the orbicularis oris?
What is the sensory supply for the medial area of the upper eyelid?
What is the sensory supply for the medial area of the upper eyelid?
What type of paralysis occurs due to a lower motor neuron lesion affecting the facial nerve?
What type of paralysis occurs due to a lower motor neuron lesion affecting the facial nerve?
Explain the significance of the emissary veins found in the loose areolar tissue layer of the scalp.
Explain the significance of the emissary veins found in the loose areolar tissue layer of the scalp.
What determines the lymphatic drainage pattern of the scalp and face, particularly for the lower lip and chin?
What determines the lymphatic drainage pattern of the scalp and face, particularly for the lower lip and chin?
Describe how the layers of the scalp contribute to the appearance of a gaping wound.
Describe how the layers of the scalp contribute to the appearance of a gaping wound.
Identify the two main lymph nodes involved in draining different parts of the scalp and their locations.
Identify the two main lymph nodes involved in draining different parts of the scalp and their locations.
Analyze the implications of a scalp wound being classified as a 'bloody wound'.
Analyze the implications of a scalp wound being classified as a 'bloody wound'.
What branches supply the lateral part of the scalp?
What branches supply the lateral part of the scalp?
How does the facial artery navigate through the face?
How does the facial artery navigate through the face?
What structures contribute to the formation of the anterior facial vein?
What structures contribute to the formation of the anterior facial vein?
What is the role of the maxillary artery in the arterial supply of the face?
What is the role of the maxillary artery in the arterial supply of the face?
Which artery supplies the posterior aspect of the scalp?
Which artery supplies the posterior aspect of the scalp?
What is the significance of the lymph drainage to the submandibular lymph nodes?
What is the significance of the lymph drainage to the submandibular lymph nodes?
Identify the arterial supply for the anterior part of the face.
Identify the arterial supply for the anterior part of the face.
What is the ending point of the anterior facial vein?
What is the ending point of the anterior facial vein?
What action does the epicranial aponeurosis perform concerning the scalp and eyebrows?
What action does the epicranial aponeurosis perform concerning the scalp and eyebrows?
Identify the nerve supply for the orbicularis oculi muscle.
Identify the nerve supply for the orbicularis oculi muscle.
Describe the primary function of the palpebral part of the orbicularis oculi.
Describe the primary function of the palpebral part of the orbicularis oculi.
What is the origin of the buccinator muscle?
What is the origin of the buccinator muscle?
What functions are performed by the lacrimal part of the orbicularis oculi?
What functions are performed by the lacrimal part of the orbicularis oculi?
Explain the action of the orbicularis oris muscle.
Explain the action of the orbicularis oris muscle.
What is the nerve supply for the buccinator muscle?
What is the nerve supply for the buccinator muscle?
Where does the insertion of the platysma muscle occur?
Where does the insertion of the platysma muscle occur?
What are the terminal divisions of the retro-mandibular vein?
What are the terminal divisions of the retro-mandibular vein?
What is the significance of the region drained by the anterior facial vein?
What is the significance of the region drained by the anterior facial vein?
What is the origin and nerve supply of the occipitalis muscle?
What is the origin and nerve supply of the occipitalis muscle?
What structure drains into the subclavian vein?
What structure drains into the subclavian vein?
What action is performed by the frontalis muscle?
What action is performed by the frontalis muscle?
Identify the muscle that is responsible for pulling the scalp backward.
Identify the muscle that is responsible for pulling the scalp backward.
Which vein is a component of the dangerous area of the face?
Which vein is a component of the dangerous area of the face?
Identify the branches of the ophthalmic nerve and their specific sensory areas.
Identify the branches of the ophthalmic nerve and their specific sensory areas.
What areas are predominantly supplied by the maxillary nerve?
What areas are predominantly supplied by the maxillary nerve?
What are the sensory functions of the mandibular nerve branches?
What are the sensory functions of the mandibular nerve branches?
Explain the distributions of the infra-orbital nerve.
Explain the distributions of the infra-orbital nerve.
What is the primary action of the platysma muscle?
What is the primary action of the platysma muscle?
Which cranial nerves are responsible for the sensory supply of the scalp?
Which cranial nerves are responsible for the sensory supply of the scalp?
Identify the branch of the facial nerve that supplies buccinator and the upper part of orbicularis oris.
Identify the branch of the facial nerve that supplies buccinator and the upper part of orbicularis oris.
What type of facial paralysis is caused by a lower motor neuron lesion?
What type of facial paralysis is caused by a lower motor neuron lesion?
Explain the function of the zygomatic branch of the facial nerve.
Explain the function of the zygomatic branch of the facial nerve.
Which nerve supplies the medial aspect of the upper eyelid and the forehead?
Which nerve supplies the medial aspect of the upper eyelid and the forehead?
Describe the action of the facial nerve before it enters the parotid gland.
Describe the action of the facial nerve before it enters the parotid gland.
What is the significance of the cervical branch of the facial nerve?
What is the significance of the cervical branch of the facial nerve?
What are the primary lymph nodes that drain the posterior part of the scalp?
What are the primary lymph nodes that drain the posterior part of the scalp?
What is the significance of the emissary veins found in the loose areolar tissue of the scalp?
What is the significance of the emissary veins found in the loose areolar tissue of the scalp?
Identify the two main components of the scalp's connective tissue layer.
Identify the two main components of the scalp's connective tissue layer.
Explain the role of the aponeurosis layer of the scalp.
Explain the role of the aponeurosis layer of the scalp.
How does the lymphatic drainage of the forehead differ from that of the lower lip?
How does the lymphatic drainage of the forehead differ from that of the lower lip?
What is the origin of the superficial temporal artery?
What is the origin of the superficial temporal artery?
Which arteries are involved in the supply of the anterior part of the scalp?
Which arteries are involved in the supply of the anterior part of the scalp?
What is the main danger associated with the area drained by the anterior facial vein?
What is the main danger associated with the area drained by the anterior facial vein?
Describe the path of the facial artery as it enters the face.
Describe the path of the facial artery as it enters the face.
What action does the occipitalis muscle perform?
What action does the occipitalis muscle perform?
Where does the anterior facial vein end?
Where does the anterior facial vein end?
What branches arise from the maxillary artery to supply the face?
What branches arise from the maxillary artery to supply the face?
What forms the common facial vein?
What forms the common facial vein?
What is the significance of the angular artery?
What is the significance of the angular artery?
Where does the posterior division of the retro-mandibular vein end?
Where does the posterior division of the retro-mandibular vein end?
Which vascular structure is formed by the union of the supratrochlear and supraorbital veins?
Which vascular structure is formed by the union of the supratrochlear and supraorbital veins?
What is the nerve supply for the epicranial aponeurosis?
What is the nerve supply for the epicranial aponeurosis?
What is the action of the orbicularis oculi's palpebral part?
What is the action of the orbicularis oculi's palpebral part?
How does the buccinator prevent food accumulation in the mouth?
How does the buccinator prevent food accumulation in the mouth?
What is the primary action of the orbicularis oris?
What is the primary action of the orbicularis oris?
Where do the upper fibers of the buccinator originate?
Where do the upper fibers of the buccinator originate?
What muscle is primarily responsible for pulling the scalp forward and elevating the eyebrows?
What muscle is primarily responsible for pulling the scalp forward and elevating the eyebrows?
What is the primary nerve supply for the orbicularis oculi muscle?
What is the primary nerve supply for the orbicularis oculi muscle?
What is the insertion point for the lower fibers of the buccinator?
What is the insertion point for the lower fibers of the buccinator?
What is the function of the Great Auricular nerve?
What is the function of the Great Auricular nerve?
Identify the sensory supply components of the Ophthalmic nerve.
Identify the sensory supply components of the Ophthalmic nerve.
Which areas are supplied by the Maxillary nerve?
Which areas are supplied by the Maxillary nerve?
What is the sensory distribution provided by the Auriculo-temporal branch?
What is the sensory distribution provided by the Auriculo-temporal branch?
What muscle acts to grimace and decreases pressure on the veins of the neck?
What muscle acts to grimace and decreases pressure on the veins of the neck?
What would you expect to see in a patient with a lower motor neuron lesion of the facial nerve?
What would you expect to see in a patient with a lower motor neuron lesion of the facial nerve?
Which nerve provides sensory supply to the medial part of the upper eyelid and forehead?
Which nerve provides sensory supply to the medial part of the upper eyelid and forehead?
Which nerve supplies the scalp located posterior to the auricle?
Which nerve supplies the scalp located posterior to the auricle?
What is the sensory function of the auriculo-temporal nerve?
What is the sensory function of the auriculo-temporal nerve?
What is the primary action of the occipitalis muscle?
What is the primary action of the occipitalis muscle?
Which facial nerve branch innervates the frontal muscle?
Which facial nerve branch innervates the frontal muscle?
Flashcards
Scalp layers
Scalp layers
The scalp is composed of five layers: skin, connective tissue (rich in blood vessels and nerves), aponeurosis (attached to muscles), loose areolar tissue (allows movement and contains emissary veins), and periosteum (outer surface of the skull).
Dangerous layer of scalp
Dangerous layer of scalp
The loose areolar tissue layer of the scalp is called the dangerous layer because injuries to its emissary veins can cause blood to spread to the upper eyelid, potentially leading to a black eye.
Anterior scalp lymphatic drainage
Anterior scalp lymphatic drainage
The anterior part of the scalp drains into the parotid lymph nodes.
Posterior scalp lymphatic drainage
Posterior scalp lymphatic drainage
Signup and view all the flashcards
Lower lip/chin lymphatic drainage
Lower lip/chin lymphatic drainage
Signup and view all the flashcards
Scalp arterial supply
Scalp arterial supply
Signup and view all the flashcards
Supra-trochlear & Supraorbital arteries
Supra-trochlear & Supraorbital arteries
Signup and view all the flashcards
Superficial temporal artery
Superficial temporal artery
Signup and view all the flashcards
Facial artery course
Facial artery course
Signup and view all the flashcards
Facial artery supply
Facial artery supply
Signup and view all the flashcards
Maxillary artery supply
Maxillary artery supply
Signup and view all the flashcards
Anterior facial vein
Anterior facial vein
Signup and view all the flashcards
Venous Drainage of Face
Venous Drainage of Face
Signup and view all the flashcards
Epicranial Aponeurosis: Action
Epicranial Aponeurosis: Action
Signup and view all the flashcards
Epicranial Aponeurosis: Nerve Supply
Epicranial Aponeurosis: Nerve Supply
Signup and view all the flashcards
Orbicularis Oculi: Orbital Part - Action
Orbicularis Oculi: Orbital Part - Action
Signup and view all the flashcards
Orbicularis Oculi: Palpebral Part - Action
Orbicularis Oculi: Palpebral Part - Action
Signup and view all the flashcards
Orbicularis Oculi: Lacrimal Part - Action
Orbicularis Oculi: Lacrimal Part - Action
Signup and view all the flashcards
Orbicularis Oris: Action
Orbicularis Oris: Action
Signup and view all the flashcards
Orbicularis Oris: Nerve Supply
Orbicularis Oris: Nerve Supply
Signup and view all the flashcards
Buccinator: Action
Buccinator: Action
Signup and view all the flashcards
Retro-mandibular vein origin
Retro-mandibular vein origin
Signup and view all the flashcards
Retro-mandibular vein anterior division
Retro-mandibular vein anterior division
Signup and view all the flashcards
Retro-mandibular vein posterior division
Retro-mandibular vein posterior division
Signup and view all the flashcards
Dangerous area of the face
Dangerous area of the face
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cavernous sinus connection
Cavernous sinus connection
Signup and view all the flashcards
Occipitofrontalis muscle origin
Occipitofrontalis muscle origin
Signup and view all the flashcards
Occipitofrontalis muscle insertion
Occipitofrontalis muscle insertion
Signup and view all the flashcards
Occipitofrontalis muscle nerve supply
Occipitofrontalis muscle nerve supply
Signup and view all the flashcards
Platysma Action
Platysma Action
Signup and view all the flashcards
Facial Nerve Supply
Facial Nerve Supply
Signup and view all the flashcards
Facial Nerve Branches (Before Parotid)
Facial Nerve Branches (Before Parotid)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Facial Nerve Branches (Inside Parotid)
Facial Nerve Branches (Inside Parotid)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Temporal Nerve Supply
Temporal Nerve Supply
Signup and view all the flashcards
Zygomatic Nerve Supply
Zygomatic Nerve Supply
Signup and view all the flashcards
Buccal Nerve Supply
Buccal Nerve Supply
Signup and view all the flashcards
Mandibular Nerve Supply
Mandibular Nerve Supply
Signup and view all the flashcards
What artery supplies the back of the scalp?
What artery supplies the back of the scalp?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What nerve supplies the skin over the angle of the mandible?
What nerve supplies the skin over the angle of the mandible?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Which nerve supplies the rest of the face?
Which nerve supplies the rest of the face?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What does the Ophthalmic nerve supply?
What does the Ophthalmic nerve supply?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What does the Mandibular nerve supply?
What does the Mandibular nerve supply?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Anterior Scalp Drainage
Anterior Scalp Drainage
Signup and view all the flashcards
Posterior Scalp Drainage
Posterior Scalp Drainage
Signup and view all the flashcards
Lower Lip/Chin Drainage
Lower Lip/Chin Drainage
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cavernous Sinus Connection (Direct)
Cavernous Sinus Connection (Direct)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cavernous Sinus Connection (Indirect)
Cavernous Sinus Connection (Indirect)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Buccinator Nerve Supply
Buccinator Nerve Supply
Signup and view all the flashcards
What supplies the back of the scalp?
What supplies the back of the scalp?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What nerve supplies the angle of the mandible?
What nerve supplies the angle of the mandible?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Platysma nerve supply
Platysma nerve supply
Signup and view all the flashcards
Lymphatic drainage of anterior scalp
Lymphatic drainage of anterior scalp
Signup and view all the flashcards
Lymphatic drainage of posterior scalp
Lymphatic drainage of posterior scalp
Signup and view all the flashcards
Lymphatic drainage of lower lip and chin
Lymphatic drainage of lower lip and chin
Signup and view all the flashcards
Anterior Facial Vein Origin
Anterior Facial Vein Origin
Signup and view all the flashcards
Anterior Facial Vein Course
Anterior Facial Vein Course
Signup and view all the flashcards
Retro-mandibular vein
Retro-mandibular vein
Signup and view all the flashcards
Occipitofrontalis muscle
Occipitofrontalis muscle
Signup and view all the flashcards
Muscles of facial expression
Muscles of facial expression
Signup and view all the flashcards
Orbicularis Oculi Action (Orbital)
Orbicularis Oculi Action (Orbital)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Orbicularis Oculi Action (Palpebral)
Orbicularis Oculi Action (Palpebral)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Facial nerve exits skull
Facial nerve exits skull
Signup and view all the flashcards
Facial nerve branches before parotid gland
Facial nerve branches before parotid gland
Signup and view all the flashcards
Facial nerve branches inside parotid gland
Facial nerve branches inside parotid gland
Signup and view all the flashcards
What nerve supplies the back of the scalp?
What nerve supplies the back of the scalp?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Platysma muscle function
Platysma muscle function
Signup and view all the flashcards
Scalp Sensory Supply
Scalp Sensory Supply
Signup and view all the flashcards
Facial Artery: Course and Supply
Facial Artery: Course and Supply
Signup and view all the flashcards
Facial Nerve: Five Branches
Facial Nerve: Five Branches
Signup and view all the flashcards
Orbicularis Occuli: Orbital Part
Orbicularis Occuli: Orbital Part
Signup and view all the flashcards
Orbicularis Occuli: Palpebral Part
Orbicularis Occuli: Palpebral Part
Signup and view all the flashcards
Study Notes
Scalp & Face Anatomy
- Scalp Layers: The scalp comprises five layers: skin, connective tissue, aponeurosis, loose areolar tissue, and pericranium.
- Skin of Eyebrows (Anterior): The anterior aspect of the scalp is defined by the skin of the eyebrows.
- Superior Nuchal Line (Posterior): The superior nuchal line marks the posterior boundary of the scalp.
- Superior Temporal Line (Lateral): The lateral boundary is the superior temporal line.
- Scalp Wound Characteristics: Dense connective tissue and blood vessels make a scalp wound bloody; aponeurosis-connected wounds are gaping.
- Loose Areolar Tissue Function: Loose areolar tissue allows scalp movement over the skull and contains emissary veins.
- Dangerous Layer of Scalp: The loose areolar layer is dangerous due to emissary veins—injury can spread blood to the upper eyelid (black eye).
- Pericranium: The outermost layer of the skull is the pericranium.
Lymphatic Drainage of Scalp & Face
- Anterior Scalp Drainage: Lymphatic drainage from the anterior part of the scalp flows to the parotid lymph node.
- Posterior Scalp Drainage: Lymph from the posterior scalp drains into mastoid and occipital lymph nodes.
- Lower Lip & Chin Drainage: Lymphatic drainage from the lower lip and chin flows to submental lymph nodes.
- Forehead, Upper Cheek Drainage: Lymph from the forehead and upper cheek area drains into parotid lymph nodes.
- Rest of Face Drainage: Lymphatic drainage from the rest of the face flows to the submandibular lymph node.
Arterial Supply of Scalp
- Supra-trochlear/Supraorbital: Originates from the ophthalmic internal carotid artery, supplying the anterior scalp.
- Superficial Temporal: Originating from the terminal branch of the external carotid artery, this artery supplies the lateral scalp.
- Posterior Auricular: Originating from the external carotid artery, this artery supplies the back of the scalp behind the auricle.
- Occipital: Originating from the external carotid artery, supplies the back of the scalp.
Arterial Supply of Face
- Supra-trochlear/Supraorbital: Ophthalmic artery (internal carotid) supplies anterior face, including the scalp.
- Superficial Temporal: External carotid artery's terminal branch supplies the lateral aspect of the face (via the transverse facial).
- Facial Artery: Branch of the external carotid artery, this artery runs near the angle of the masseter muscle, passing upwards and forwards across the mouth, and then eventually into the medial angle of the eye, as the angular artery.
- Maxillary Artery: A terminal branch of the external carotid artery that supplies the face through buccal and infraorbital branches.
Venous Drainage of Scalp & Face
- Anterior Facial Vein: Formed by the union of the supratrochlear and supraorbital veins, running downward behind the facial artery, and joins the posterior facial vein.
- Retro-mandibular/Posterior Facial Vein: Union of maxillary and superficial temporal veins. It divides into anterior and posterior divisions; the anterior drains to the internal jugular, and the posterior to the external jugular via the sub-occipital plexus.
- Occipital Vein Drainage: The Occipital vein drains into the suboccipital plexus..
Dangerous Area of the Face
- Dangerous Area: The area drained by the anterior facial vein (including the upper lip and nose) is prone to infection spreading to the cavernous sinus.
- Direct Connection: The dangerous area is directly connected to the cavernous sinus via the superior ophthalmic vein.
- Indirect Connection: Indirectly connected via the deep facial vein and pterygoid plexus, which are linked to the cavernous sinus by emissary veins.
Muscles of Facial Expression
- Occipitalis: Originates from the highest nuchal line and inserts into the galea aponeurotica; its action is to pull the scalp backward.
- Frontalis: Originates from the eyebrow skin and inserts into the galea aponeurotica; action is to raise the eyebrows and pull the scalp forward.
Orbicularis Oculi
- Orbital Part: Originating from the medial palpebral ligament and surrounding bones, inserts into the medial palpebral ligament. Action is firm closure of eye.
- Palpebral Part: Origin from medial palpebral ligament, inserts into lateral palpebral ligament. Action is to gently close the eyelids.
- Lacrimal Part: Origin from lacrimal bones, inserts into the tarsi of eyelids. Action controls the size of the lacrimal sac.
- Nerve Supply: Temporal and zygomatic branches of the facial nerve.
Orbicularis Oris
- Origin: Muscles around the lips, primarily the buccinator.
- Insertion: Lips.
- Action: Firm closure of mouth; acts as a sphincter for actions like whistling or kissing.
- Nerve Supply: Buccal and mandibular branches of the facial nerve.
Buccinator
- Upper Fibers: Originates from the alveolar margins of the maxilla, opposite the molar teeth, and inserts into the upper lip.
- Lower Fibers: Origin from alveolar margins of mandible, inserts into lower lip.
- Middle Fibers: From pterygomandibular raphe, fibers decussate; inserts into the pterygomandibular raphe.
- Function: Decreases the oral vestibule to prevent food accumulation.
- Nerve Supply: Buccal branches of facial nerve.
Platysma
- Origin: Pectoral fascia.
- Insertion: Lower border of the mandible.
- Action: Grimacing and decreases pressure of skin on neck veins.
- Nerve Supply: Cervical branch of facial nerve.
Motor Supply of Facial Muscles
- Facial Nerve: Supplies all facial muscles, exiting the skull through the stylomastoid foramen.
- Branches before Parotid Gland: Posterior auricular (occipitalis), temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, and cervical.
- Inside Parotid Gland: Branches to various facial muscles. Branches of the facial nerve supply muscles of facial expression to the different parts of the face and the scalp near the midline.
Sensory Supply of Scalp
- Scalp Anterior to Auricle: Supplied by branches of the trigeminal nerve (ophthalmic).
- Scalp Behind the Auricle: Supplied by branches of cervical nerves (C2 and C3).
- Great Auricular (C2, C3): Supplies scalp behind the auricle and skin over the mandible angle.
- Lesser Occipital (C2): Supplies scalp behind the auricle.
- Great and Third Occipital (C2 and C3): Supplies the back of the scalp.
Sensory Supply of the Face
- Skin over Mandible Angle: Supplied by the great auricular nerve (C2-C3).
- Rest of Face: Supplied by branches of the trigeminal nerve (ophthalmic, maxillary, mandibular).
- Ophthalmic (V1): Gives branches supplying scalp up to the vertex, upper eyelid, and nose (lacrimal, frontal, supraorbital, supratrochlear, and infratrochlear).
- Maxillary (V2): Supplies lower eyelid, upper lip, and the anterior part of the temporal fossa (infraorbital, zygomaticofacial, zygomaticotemporal).
- Mandibular (V3): Supplies the posterior part of the temporal fossa, cheek, lower lip, and skin around the mouth (auriculotemporal, buccal, and mental).
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
