Obesity Implications PDF

12.2 obesity and it's implications Definition of Obesity Obesity is a prevalent, complex, progressive, and relapsing chronic disease characterized by abnormal or excessive body fat (adiposity) that impairs health. Epidemiological Definition: Body Mass Index (BMI) > 30 kg/m²...

12.2 obesity and it's implications Definition of Obesity Obesity is a prevalent, complex, progressive, and relapsing chronic disease characterized by abnormal or excessive body fat (adiposity) that impairs health. Epidemiological Definition: Body Mass Index (BMI) > 30 kg/m² Class 1: 30-34.9 Class 2: 35-39.9 Class 3: > 40 Health complications increase with higher BMI. Waist circumference is also a proposed measure for assessing obesity. Prevalence Approximately 2 billion adults worldwide are overweight, with 650 million classified as obese (WHO 2016). By 2030, obesity figures are expected to exceed 1 billion. Obesity is considered a pandemic, affecting 39% of men and 40% of women aged 18 and over. Stigmatization and Bias Individuals with obesity often face substantial bias and stigma, which can lead to increased morbidity and mortality independent of weight. Stigmatization can have serious consequences for mental and physical health. Potential consequences of stigmatisation and patients with obesity  Depression Suicide Low self esteem Further weight gain Poor body image Binge eating Pathogenesis of Obesity Obesity results from a complex interplay of genetic, metabolic, behavioural, and environmental factors. Appetite Regulation: Involves central neural circuits, including the hypothalamus (homeostatic control), mesolimbic system (hedonic control), and frontal lobe (executive control of food choice and decision to eat). The interaction between homeostatic and hedonic eating is influenced by mediators from adipose tissue, pancreas, gut, and other organs. Energy Balance: Obesity is viewed as a disorder of energy homeostasis rather than merely excess weight accumulation. Two key processes: 1. Sustained positive energy balance (intake > expenditure) 2. Resetting of the body weight "set point," making weight loss challenging. Endogenous factors Exogenous factors Genetics Occupation Epigenetic Drugs Family profile Stress  Endocrine abnormalities MODIFIABLE FACTORS Risk Assessment BMI is widely used but not always accurate for identifying adiposity-related complications. Waist circumference is associated with cardiovascular risk but is not a good predictor of visceral adiposity. A combination of measures is likely the best approach for assessing obesity-related risks. Consequences of Obesity Obesity is linked to numerous health complications, including: Increased risk of developing diabetes mellitus (DM) Cardiovascular diseases  Endocrine changes Economic consequences due to healthcare costs and loss of productivity. Recommendations for Management Regularly assess for overweight and obesity due to associated health risks. Weight loss is emphasized as key to restoring hormonal balance. Routine referrals to endocrinologists are not necessary unless specific concerns arise. Consider potential drug interactions and test thyroid function (TSH) as needed, but do not routinely test for other endocrine dysfunctions unless indicated. Obesity in pregnancy