1.2 Carbohydrates_Completed PDF

1.2 – Macromolecules: Carbohydrates The Body is made up of huge molecules called macromolecules, most of which are polymers (exception: lipids). __________________ are long chain-like molecules that are made of many polymers smaller molecules (monomers) covalently bonded tog...

1.2 – Macromolecules: Carbohydrates The Body is made up of huge molecules called macromolecules, most of which are polymers (exception: lipids). __________________ are long chain-like molecules that are made of many polymers smaller molecules (monomers) covalently bonded together. There are four types of macromolecules: 1. hydrates 2. 3. p 4. proteins nucleicacids 1. CARBOHYDRATES Monosaccharides (from Greek mono for single and sacchar for sugar) Formula: made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, usually in the ratio of 1:2:1, CH2O, usually using 3-7 carbons. Ex. Glucose ___________________ 06H06 Functions: Major fuel source in cells Properties: Many _____________ functional groups and a _____________ functional group hydroxyl (making them highly soluble in water) carbonyl Three main sugars we will be looking at: Linear form GLUCOSE GALACTOSE FRUCTOSE isomers misomers Often monosaccharides are drawn in linear form, but in solution, they form rings: if more stable as rings 6  Glucose can form an ____________ ring or a _______________ ring depending if the alpha hydroxyl group on Carbon betaposition. 1 is in the “up” of “down” A Disaccharides (di for two) Formation: Created by a ___________________________ between two monosaccharides. This is formed through a glycosidiclinkage __________________________________: dehydrationsynthesis Two types: α-glycosidic linkage - bond between twoα-glucose (like in potato starch): cosigic.in o Tycoddiclinkage 20 β-glycosidic linkage - bond between two β-glucose (like in the cellulose in grass): OH I H B linkage H2O The reverse of this reaction to separate two monosaccharides is called a __________________ _____________ because you add the water back in. hydrolysisreaction 79 fretting 7  Important Examples of Disaccharides: o Sucrose (table sugar) = ____________________ + ______________________ fructose o Maltose (sugar in beer) = glucose ___________________ + ______________________ glucose o Lactose (sugar in dairy) = ___________________ + glucose ______________________ glucose galactose complexsugars Polysaccharides (poly for many) Formation: __________________ monosaccharides joined together by glycosidic linkages 100 1000 Important Examples: Starch Cellulose Glycogen Amylose Amylopectin Source plants plant plant animals Function supportcell way energy storage Subunit Bglucose glucose monomer Bonds a cy Cl Cy Cl Ct Cl 06 a ca d cg Branches no No yes LOTS Diagram Hydrogen finds 0 f i Effded Shape 0 OF 0 8 Why can we live off of potatoes but not grass? we lack the enzyme to break down the B glycosidiclinkagefound in cellulose Therefore we cannot get glucose from it amylase break We de have the enzyme to the alpha glycosidic linkage so from it we cant get glucose stability of cell way g cell se i 9 Practice Questions: 1. Show the condensation reaction between galactose and α-glucose to form lactose. Label all products and reactants as well as the glycosidic linkage. 0H20 Chron chron chron on 0 E OH OH OH OH OH OH 0H o Glucose galactos awag Galactose 2. Why is it good for humans to include vegetables in their diet despite the fact that we are not able to totally digest them? Textbook Questions: pg. 21 #7, 8, 12. 10