Psyo 111 Schacter Ch 6 Memory - 1 24/25 W1 PDF

PSYO 111 SCHACTER CH 6. MEMORY - I 24/25 W1 TAREQ YOUSEF, PhD 1  course check-in trying to learn how to most effectively study? check out the studying module on Canvas! have you reviewed the SONA options? —> go to Canvas and syllab...

PSYO 111 SCHACTER CH 6. MEMORY - I 24/25 W1 TAREQ YOUSEF, PhD 1  course check-in trying to learn how to most effectively study? check out the studying module on Canvas! have you reviewed the SONA options? —> go to Canvas and syllabus T. Yousef, 2024 2  support my office hours: Mondays, 10am-12pm in ART 312 TA office hours: see Canvas first-steps module! T. Yousef, 2024 3  Check out the Okanagan Syilx Research Guide https://guides.library.ubc.ca/OkanaganSyilxResearchGuide/Home Maintained by UBCO’s Indigenous Initiatives Librarian, Christian Isbister “This guide is a starting point for resources and research strategies on your journey of strengthening knowledge of the relationship between UBC, its community members, and the Syilx Okanagan Nation and people.” T. Yousef, 2024 4  Jill Price highly superior autobiographical memory (HSAM) fMRI: increased coupling between memory-related brain regions Video: Price is interviewed and corrects a mistake in a published records book T. Yousef, 2024 5  memory: ability to store and retrieve information over time encoding: process of transforming what we perceive, think, or feel into an enduring memory storage: process of maintaining information in memory over time retrieval: process of bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded and stored T. Yousef, 2024 13  encoding: transforming perceptions into memories Learning objectives explain how memory is a construction and not a recording of new information describe the three main ways that information is encoded into the brain give reasons why we remember survival-related information so well DEFINITIONS/NAMES IN THE TEXTBOOK All content in the readings and lectures LECTURE SUPPLEMENT is testable content. Reading quizzes will only test the "Quiz" question readings! T. Yousef, 2024 14  memory as construction incorrect: memory is a recording device that makes exact copies of information from our senses memories made by combining already known information with new information from the senses memories are constructed encoding: transform what we perceive/think/feel into a memory Digit span test: number of digits you can remember T. Yousef, 2024 15 correctly is your digit span  semantic encoding semantic encoding: relating new information in a meaningful way to knowledge that is already stored in memory i.e., why we can remember 20 experiences but not 20 digits lower left frontal lobe inner left temporal lobe more activity = ??? T. Yousef, 2024 16  Craig & Tulving, 1975 participants were asked to make one of three judgements semantic judgement: asked to Is hat a type of clothing? think about the meaning of the best performance on a recall test word Does hat rhyme with cat? rhyme judgement: asked to think about the sound of the word Is HAT written in uppercase case judgement: asked to think or lowercase? about the appearance of the word T. Yousef, 2024 17  visual imagery encoding visual imagery encoding: storing new information by converting it into mental pictures similar to semantic encoding: when visual images are created, have to relate incoming information to what is already in memory e.g., visual image of a dog may help to link to memory of first pet T. Yousef, 2024 18  visual imagery encoding continued using visual imagery to encode verbal information creates two different mental cues e.g., trying to remember word dog, conjuring an image of a dog activates occipital lobe can be effortful, limited practical use for some tasks (i.e., studying) easier with more experience T. Yousef, 2024 19  organizational encoding organizational encoding: categorizing information according to the relationships among a series of items e.g., a server groups orders into hot drinks, cold drinks, hot foods, etc. after taking an order without writing it down can organize items into a hierarchy Without writing it down… T. Yousef, 2024 20  encoding of survival-related information memory mechanisms as a result of natural selection should prefer encoded information relevant to our survival Nairne, Thompson, & Pandeirada, 2007 participants asked to rate 1-5 how helpful randomly chosen words would be for survival when stranded vs other conditions T. Yousef, 2024 21  encoding of survival-related information continued elements of semantic, visual and organizational encoding e.g., think about how useful a fork would be… see the word fork, think about what it means, visualize a fork, think about it’s utility, maybe in combination with other items encourages thinking of goals, engage in planning thinking of planning also increases recall T. Yousef, 2024 22  storage: maintaining memories over time Learning objectives distinguish sensory memory from short-term memory describe the elements of the model of working memory explain the interrelationship between memory and the hippocampus summarize the role of the neural synapse in long-term memory storage DEFINITIONS/NAMES IN THE TEXTBOOK All content in the readings and lectures LECTURE SUPPLEMENT is testable content. Reading quizzes will only test the "Quiz" question readings! T. Yousef, 2024 23  introduction to storage storage: maintaining information in memory over time sensory memory: storage that holds information for a few seconds or less letters flashed on screen for 1/20th of a second, participants recalled less than 50% (Sperling, 1960) couldn’t encode all the letters? or encoded them but forgot them while recalling? T. Yousef, 2024 24  introduction to storage Sperling, 1960 test 2, after letters disappeared gave a low, medium, or high tone to indicate bottom, middle, or top row recall asked to report a single row, people recalled almost all letters in that row without knowing which row would be asked! aka all the letters had been encoded! T. Yousef, 2024 25  types of sensory memory iconic memory: fast-decaying store of visual information ~1 second to forget what you just saw* echoic memory: fast- decaying store of auditory information ~5 seconds to forget what you just heard* *without rehearsal, etc. T. Yousef, 2024 26  short term storage short-term memory: holds information > than a few seconds, < 1 minute with attention, information enters short-term memory, limited capacity test of memory for three-letter strings (i.e., DBX, HLM) accuracy drops with increased delays to recall (Peterson & Peterson, 1959) indicate short term memory ~15 s long (15-30s) T. Yousef, 2024 27  strengthening memory rehearsal: keeping information in short- term memory by mentally repeating it serial position effect: first few and last few items are more likely to be recalled than items in the middle primacy effect: more opportunity for rehearsal of first items —> more likely encoded into long-term memory recency effect: rehearsal of last times still in short-term storage (can be interrupted) Test yourself! T. Yousef, 2024 28  size of short-term memory can hold about 7 meaningful items at once increase storage by.. chunking: combining small pieces of information into larger chunks, more easily held in short-term memory ~ organizational encoding T. Yousef, 2024 29  a more dynamic way to think of short-term stores: working memory working memory: active maintenance of information in short-term storage 2 subsystems for information manipulation and storage: visuospatial sketchpad: used for visual images phonological loop: used for verbal information damage: difficulty holding on to strings of digits, letters, and learning new words T. Yousef, 2024 30  a more dynamic way to think of short-term stores: working memory episodic buffer: integrates visual and verbal information from subsystems into a combined code e.g, recognizing words: visual and verbal info combined gateway to long-term memory central executive: coordinates subsystems and episodic buffer training working memory with cognitive tasks generally controls flow of information only improves skill on specific tasks! through system do you remember the food order from earlier? T. Yousef, 2024 31  long-term memory and the brain long-term memory: holds information for hours, days, weeks, years… remember HM? studied by Dr. Brenda Milner at the MNI temporal lobes (including hippocampus) operated on due to epilepsy could not remember new information but could converse easily and complete intelligence tests… short-term memory was fine T. Yousef, 2024 32  long-term memory and the brain hippocampus ~ putting new information into long-term store anterograde amnesia: inability to transfer new information from short-term store into long-term store retrograde amnesia: inability to retrieve information acquired before a certain date (injury, surgery) T. Yousef, 2024 33  long-term memory and the brain hippocampus critical during memory formation indexes disparate components (sensations) in cortex to experience a single memory highly detailed memories of personal experience (i.e., feel like you are there) hippocampus less engaged in less detailed, more general memory recall over time T. Yousef, 2024 34  after encoding, memories are fragile consolidation: the process by which memories become stable in the brain rehearsal…, sleep… seconds - minutes: head injury may interrupt consolidation for moments around impact sometimes can take days, weeks, months, years: transfer of info from hippocampus to cortex T. Yousef, 2024 35  recalling memories —> bring into working memory, can disrupt original memory —> reconsolidation opportunity to support those with PTSD reactivate memories while taking medication to reduce anxiety (Burnet et al., 2018) reading a negative story 1m after recall of a traumatic event interferes with original traumatic memory reconsolidation (Kredlow & Otto, 2015) why would reading a positive story not have the same effect? T. Yousef, 2024 36  what happens when memories are made? “Cells that fire together, wire together” (Hebb, 1949) Eric Kandel’s Nobel Prize winning work on Aplysia only 20,000 nuerons compared to 100 billion in human brain T. Yousef, 2024 37  what happens when memories are made? electric shock —> gill withdrawal immediately following shock —> faster gill withdrawal wait 1 hour… electric shock —> normal speed gill withdrawal T. Yousef, 2024 38  what happens when memories are made? shock over and over again —> aplasia “remembers” and consistently produces fast gill withdrawal suggests long-term storage changed the synaptic connections of neurons involved in sensing electric shock and producing motor action (gill withdrawal) T. Yousef, 2024 39  what happens when memories are made? thus, learning, or creating memory may involve: changes in the synapse for short-term storage i.e., more neurotransmitter release changes in the synapse for long-term storage i.e., growth of new synapses T. Yousef, 2024 40  what happens when memories are made? long-term potentiation (LTP): communication across synapses between neurons strengthens the connection, making further communication easier can happen in the hippocampus rapidly; last a long time when LTP is blocked by drugs, animals have trouble with tasks like mazes (Morris et al., 1986) T. Yousef, 2024 41  Self-care slide Not part of our curriculum, just for your wellbeing! Set appropriate work and social boundaries! A 2022 study found that setting 1. 2. Think about and name your limits Acknowledge and respect your emotions boundaries and having realistic 3. Be direct and assertive expectations was a coping 4. Give yourself permission mechanism associated with less 5. 6. Practice self-awareness Prioritize self-care bunrout in healthcare 7. Seek support professionals. 8. Start small Maybe it works for students, too! Read more: https://www.umass.edu/ studentsuccess/march-how-to-set-boundaries Read more: https://doi.org/10.3390/ medicina58020327 (Maresca et al., 2022) T. Yousef, 2024 42