Infancy Nutrition PDF

INFANCY  INFANCY Infant - not more than 12 months of age - healthy full term infant: - weighs – 2.7 to 3.2 kg (6 to 7 lbs) - length – 48 to 50 cm (19 to 20 inches) - head circumference – 35 cm (14inches) - moist skin, elastic and not wrinkled ...

INFANCY  INFANCY Infant - not more than 12 months of age - healthy full term infant: - weighs – 2.7 to 3.2 kg (6 to 7 lbs) - length – 48 to 50 cm (19 to 20 inches) - head circumference – 35 cm (14inches) - moist skin, elastic and not wrinkled  INFANCY Nutritional Objectives Provide nutritional base for rapid growth and development of the child the first year of life Establish the foundation for good food habits and attitudes Nutritional Requirements  Nutritional Requirements Calories Protein Fats Carbohydrates Minerals Vitamins  Nutritional Requirements Calories - calorie needs for infant increases from month to month - at birth – requires 350 to 500 calories - 1st year – 50 calories/lb of expected weight - 2/3 calories from milk - 1/3 from carbohydrates  Nutritional Requirements Protein - 0 to 6 months -1.5 to 2.5 of protein/kg in the body weight - 6 to 12 months – 1.5 to 2 g/kg body weight  Nutritional Requirements Fats - it is included with no specific amount  Nutritional Requirements Carbohydrates - an allowance of 1/10 oz./lb body weight or 1 oz per 10 oz of milk is prescribed - later in 1st yr give: * carbohydrate (starch cereal) * carbohydrate in milk formula is reduced  Nutritional Requirements Minerals - first 4 mos. – greater amounts of iron for the rapidly expanding blood circulation  Nutritional Requirements Vitamins - all the vitamins needed by the baby are contained in the milk except for Vitamin D and ascorbic acid  Nutritional Requirements Water - 2.5 oz/lb - requirement may vary depending on the body weight of the infant Feeding the Infant  Nutritional Requirements Infant feeding has: - nutritional - psychological - biological interaction between mother and baby An infant can be feed thru: - breastfed - bottle-fed - combined Breastfeeding  Breastfeeding -has physiologic and psychologic value for both mother and infant -provides nutrients needed by the infant during the early months -provides immunity factor and reduces chances of infection -beneficial to the health of the mother -Hastens the return of the uterus to its normal size  Breastfeeding Breast Milk - clean - lowers intestinal illness and general infection - provides a host of protective factors (cellular and hormonal) - easy to digest - non-allergenic  Benefits of Breastfeeding B – est for baby, also best for mommy R – educes the incidence of allergies E – conomical, no waste A – nti-bodies to protect baby against infection S – terile and pure T – emperature is always ideal F – resh milk never goes off E – asy to prepare and to digest E – readicates feeding difficulties D – evelops mother and child bonding I – mmediately available N – utritionally oprimal G – astroenteritis greatly reduced  Tips of Breastfeeding 1. With a clean washcloth or cotton swabs, wipe your breasts clean before your baby feeds. 2. Sit comfortably in an upright position. 3. Support you baby’s head 4. Guide your nipple towards the baby’s mouth. Baby’s chin should be against the breast and his tongue underneath your nipple. Make sure that the baby is sucking the whole areola (darkened area of the nipple).  Tips of Breastfeeding 5. When the baby is sucking subsides, switch the baby to the other breast until stops feeding. 6. The next feeding, start from the last breast. 7. If the nipple get sore, never wash your nipples with soap, give a minute for them to be exposed for air dry. 8. Always burp the baby after feeding.  When not to breastfeed? Breastfeeding is not advisable to a mother with: - syphilis - diabetes - AIDS - any severe acute infections - emotional and mental stress - smoke heavily - take contraceptives pills and drugs  Simple Tips on How to Help Infants Eat Better Beware of baby dinners or creamed product s that contain nutritionally incomplete refin ed starches. Drain off the syrup from canned fruits befor e serving – it is rich in sugar which the infa nt does not need Watch the number of egg yolks the child co nsumes per week (3-4) With doctor’s advise – give 2% low fat milk instead of whole milk – contains less fat Lugaw is a good food for the baby. The following are to be added one at a time: a. - Vitamin C – to keep gums healthy, to prevent easy bruising and to help the body fight infection - sources: papaya, mango, citrus fruits (dalanghita) - foods that provide a variety of nutrients: banana (ripe latundan), ripe papaya, mango and tiesa b. - good body builders that make the baby grow faster and healthier, build strong muscles, keep blood healthy and give the body heat - sources: eggs, fish, meat, liver, munggo, soybeans, garbanzos, and peanuts c. - vitamin and mineral for good eye sight, clear skin, glossy hair, and good growth. These foods help keep away colds. - sources: green leafy and yellow vegetables (kamote tops, kangkong, malunggay, petsay, carrot and squash) d. - vitamin and mineral that promote growth and make the body fit. - sources: vegetables like abitsuwelas, sitaw and potatoes e. - energy food - sources: cereals like oatmeal, biscuits and boiled root crops (mashed kamote, gabi) Supplementary Foods  Supplementary Foods 2nd month - liquids like rice water, vegetable water, or kalamansi juice – depending on the infant’s tolerance and acceptance 4th month - scraped banana or papaya or thin lugaw or cerelac - gradually introduce iron rich foods: egg yolk, liver, meat, fish and poultry  Supplementary Foods 5th month to 6th month - full diet: meat, egg, fruit, vegetables and cereals - weaning should take place. Supplements on high calorie and high protein. - when teething begins – give chewy foods (crackers and biskotso) to soothe the sensitive gums and to teach baby self feeding.  Supplementary Foods 7th month to 8th month - foods are chopped finely- teach mastication Ex. - Soft cooked eggs with rice porridge, - soft cooked rice with boiled fish, - munggo and leafy vegetables, - misua soup with beaten egg, - peanut-banana mash, - kamote cubes in meat broth and - mashed liver in green leafy vegetables  Supplementary Foods 9th month to 12th month - give whole tender foods or chopped coarsely.  Tips on giving new food Check for the infants readiness to accept new food by placing a teaspoon between the lips. Start new food in small amount. Start one new food at a time Give water in between feeds Have the baby drink liquid in a cup Finely chopped foods Offer bland food – salty food may injure the kidneys. Too much sugar tend to like sweets foods and may lead to tooth decay and obesity  Tips on giving new food Proper food handling is very important. Ob serve and maintain proper and good hygiene Feed only with freshly cooked food. Fruits- freshly peeled. No left over foods be given. Refer to pages 229-235 for easy to prepare baby foods Common Disorders  Common Disorders Diarrhea Vomiting Allergy Constipation Colic  Indication of good nutrition Weight gain - 150 to 240g/wk - slows down toward the end of the 1st yr – 120g/wk ( double at 5th mo.; tripled at the end of the yr) Length - increases by 25.4cm or 50% more at the end of the yr. Behavioral development  Behavioral development 0-1 – suckles and smiles 2-3 – vocalizes and controls head 4-5 – controls hand and rolls over 6-7 – sits briefly and crawls 8-9 – grasp and pulls up 10-11- walks with support and stands alone 12 – starts to walk alone Bowel movement – normal w/o green or red streaks Sleeping habits – regular Tooth formation – average Motor coordination – developing Muscles – firm and well formed with mode rate subcutaneous fat