Architecture in Context: Modernism in Mexico, Scandinavia, & West Africa PDF

ARCH 241: History & Theory of Architecture II 11.07.24 Architecture in Context: Modernism in Mexico, Brazil, Scandinavia, & West Africa  MEXICO BRAZIL S C A N D I N AV I A BRITISH WEST AFRICA  MEXICO BRAZIL Luis Barragan...

ARCH 241: History & Theory of Architecture II 11.07.24 Architecture in Context: Modernism in Mexico, Brazil, Scandinavia, & West Africa  MEXICO BRAZIL S C A N D I N AV I A BRITISH WEST AFRICA  MEXICO BRAZIL Luis Barragan Juan O’Gorman Lina Bo Bardi Paulo Mendes de Rocha S C A N D I N AV I A BRITISH WEST AFRICA Alvar Aalto Jørn Utzon Maxwell Fry & Jane Drew Mexico Luis Barragán Born in 1902 in Guadalajara, Mexico. Studied engineering at Escuela Libre de Ingenieros. Combined Mexican vernacular with modernist principles advanced by European architects such as Le Corbusier, who he met briefly in France. Emphasis on Emotion: Sought to evoke spiritual and emotional responses through architecture. Use of Color: Known for vibrant colors – pinks, yellows, and blues – inspired by Mexican tradition. Integration with Nature: Designed with gardens, courtyards, and water elements to blend architecture with the landscape. Luis Barragán, Casa Barragán, Mexico City, Mexico (1947) Luis Barragán, Casa Barragán, Mexico City, Mexico (1947) Luis Barragán, Casa Barragán, Mexico City, Mexico (1947) Luis Barragán, Casa Barragán, Mexico City, Mexico (1947) Luis Barragán, Casa Barragán, Mexico City, Mexico (1947) Luis Barragán, Casa Barragán, Mexico City, Mexico (1947) Luis Barragán, Casa Barragán, Mexico City, Mexico (1947) Luis Barragán, Casa Barragán, Mexico City, Mexico (1947) Luis Barragán, Casa Barragán, Mexico City, Mexico (1947) Luis Barragán, Casa Barragán, Mexico City, Mexico (1947) Luis Barragán, Casa Barragán, Mexico City, Mexico (1947) Luis Barragán, Casa Barragán, Mexico City, Mexico (1947) Luis Barragán, Casa Barragán, Mexico City, Mexico (1947) Luis Barragán, Casa Barragán, Mexico City, Mexico (1947) Luis Barragán, Casa Barragán, Mexico City, Mexico (1947) Luis Barragán, Casa Barragán, Mexico City, Mexico (1947) Luis Barragán, Casa Barragán, Mexico City, Mexico (1947) Luis Barragán, Casa Barragán, Mexico City, Mexico (1947) Luis Barragán, Cuadra San Cristóbal, Las Arboledas, Mexico (1968) Luis Barragán, Cuadra San Cristóbal, Las Arboledas, Mexico (1968) Luis Barragán, Cuadra San Cristóbal, Las Arboledas, Mexico (1968) Luis Barragán, Cuadra San Cristóbal, Las Arboledas, Mexico (1968) Luis Barragán, Cuadra San Cristóbal, Las Arboledas, Mexico (1968) Luis Barragán, Cuadra San Cristóbal, Las Arboledas, Mexico (1968) Luis Barragán, Cuadra San Cristóbal, Las Arboledas, Mexico (1968) Luis Barragán, Casa Gilardi, Mexico City, Mexico (1977) Luis Barragán, Casa Gilardi, Mexico City, Mexico (1977) Luis Barragán, Casa Gilardi, Mexico City, Mexico (1977) Luis Barragán, Casa Gilardi, Mexico City, Mexico (1977) Luis Barragán, Casa Gilardi, Mexico City, Mexico (1977) Luis Barragán, Casa Gilardi, Mexico City, Mexico (1977) Luis Barragán, Casa Gilardi, Mexico City, Mexico (1977) Luis Barragán, Casa Gilardi, Mexico City, Mexico (1977) Luis Barragán, Casa Gilardi, Mexico City, Mexico (1977) Luis Barragán, Casa Gilardi, Mexico City, Mexico (1977) Luis Barragán, Casa Gilardi, Mexico City, Mexico (1977) Luis Barragán, Casa Gilardi, Mexico City, Mexico (1977) Luis Barragán, Casa Gilardi, Mexico City, Mexico (1977) Luis Barragán, Casa Gilardi, Mexico City, Mexico (1977) Luis Barragán, Casa Gilardi, Mexico City, Mexico (1977) Luis Barragán, Casa Gilardi, Mexico City, Mexico (1977) Luis Barragán, Casa Gilardi, Mexico City, Mexico (1977) Luis Barragán, Casa Gilardi, Mexico City, Mexico (1977) Juan O’Gorman Born in 1905 in Mexico City, Mexico. Studied architecture at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). Dual Career: Known as both an architect and muralist, blending functionalism with rich cultural symbolism. Social Responsibility: Believed architecture should serve the people, reflecting Mexican cultural identity and supporting social ideals. Critique of Modernism: By the 1950s, he openly criticized functionalism’s lack of cultural depth, preferring a Mexican- infused style. Juan O’Gorman, Cecil O’Gorman House, Mexico City, Mexico (1929) Juan O’Gorman, Cecil O’Gorman House, Mexico City, Mexico (1929) Juan O’Gorman, Cecil O’Gorman House, Mexico City, Mexico (1929) Juan O’Gorman, Cecil O’Gorman House, Mexico City, Mexico (1929) Juan O’Gorman, Cecil O’Gorman House, Mexico City, Mexico (1929) Juan O’Gorman, Diego Rivera & Frida Kahlo House & Studio, Mexico, City (1931) Frida Kohla and Diego Rivera Frida Kohla, Frieda and Diego Rivera (1931) Diego Rivera, Dream of a Sunday Afternoon in Alameda Park (1947) Juan O’Gorman, Diego Rivera & Frida Kahlo House & Studio, Mexico, City (1931) ”La Casa Azul,” Frida Kahlo’s childhood home Juan O’Gorman, Historical Representation of Culture (mural), UNAM Central Library, Mexico City, Mexico (1956) Juan O’Gorman, Historical Representation of Culture (mural), UNAM Central Library, Mexico City, Mexico (1956) Juan O’Gorman, Historical Representation of Culture (mural), UNAM Central Library, Mexico City, Mexico (1956) Juan O’Gorman, Historical Representation of Culture (mural), UNAM Central Library, Mexico City, Mexico (1956) Ricardo Legorreta, Camino Real Hotel, Mexico City, Mexico (1968) Ricardo Legorreta, Museum of Contemporary Art (MARCO), Monterrey, Mexico (1991) Brazil Lina Bo Bardi Born in 1914 in Rome, Italy. Studied architecture at the Rome College of Architecture, graduating in 1939. Moved to Brazil in 1946, where she became a central figure in Brazilian modernism. Legacy: Known for combining modernist principles with Brazilian culture and materials, deeply committed to accessibility and social relevance in design. Social and Communal Spaces: Prioritized creating spaces that foster community interaction and inclusivity, with a focus on egalitarian design. Lina Bo Bardi, Casa de Vidro, São Paulo, Brazil (1951) Lina Bo Bardi, Sketch for Casa de Vidro, São Paulo, Brazil (1951) Lina Bo Bardi, Sketch for Casa de Vidro, São Paulo, Brazil (1951) Lina Bo Bardi, Casa de Vidro, São Paulo, Brazil (1951) Lina Bo Bardi, Casa de Vidro, São Paulo, Brazil (1951) Lina Bo Bardi, Casa de Vidro, São Paulo, Brazil (1951) Lina Bo Bardi, Casa de Vidro, São Paulo, Brazil (1951) Lina Bo Bardi, Casa de Vidro, São Paulo, Brazil (1951) Lina Bo Bardi, Casa de Vidro, São Paulo, Brazil (1951) Lina Bo Bardi, Casa de Vidro, São Paulo, Brazil (1951) Lina Bo Bardi, Casa de Vidro, São Paulo, Brazil (1951) Lina Bo Bardi, Casa de Vidro, São Paulo, Brazil (1951) Lina Bo Bardi, Casa de Vidro, São Paulo, Brazil (1951) Lina Bo Bardi, Casa de Vidro, São Paulo, Brazil (1951) Lina Bo Bardi, Casa de Vidro, São Paulo, Brazil (1951) Lina Bo Bardi, Casa de Vidro, São Paulo, Brazil (1951) Lina Bo Bardi, Casa de Vidro, São Paulo, Brazil (1951) Lina Bo Bardi, Casa de Vidro, São Paulo, Brazil (1951) Lina Bo Bardi, Casa de Vidro, São Paulo, Brazil (1951) Lina Bo Bardi, Casa de Vidro, São Paulo, Brazil (1951) Lina Bo Bardi, Casa de Vidro, São Paulo, Brazil (1951) Lina Bo Bardi, Casa de Vidro, São Paulo, Brazil (1951) Lina Bo Bardi, Casa de Vidro, São Paulo, Brazil (1951) Lina Bo Bardi, São Paulo Museum of Art, São Paulo, Brazil (1968) Lina Bo Bardi, São Paulo Museum of Art, São Paulo, Brazil (1968) Lina Bo Bardi, São Paulo Museum of Art, São Paulo, Brazil (1968) Lina Bo Bardi, São Paulo Museum of Art, São Paulo, Brazil (1968) Lina Bo Bardi, São Paulo Museum of Art, São Paulo, Brazil (1968) Lina Bo Bardi, São Paulo Museum of Art, São Paulo, Brazil (1968) Lina Bo Bardi, São Paulo Museum of Art, São Paulo, Brazil (1968) Lina Bo Bardi, São Paulo Museum of Art, São Paulo, Brazil (1968) Lina Bo Bardi, SESC Pompéia, São Paulo, Brazil (1986) Lina Bo Bardi, SESC Pompéia, São Paulo, Brazil (1986) Lina Bo Bardi, SESC Pompéia, São Paulo, Brazil (1986) Lina Bo Bardi, SESC Pompéia, São Paulo, Brazil (1986) Lina Bo Bardi, SESC Pompéia, São Paulo, Brazil (1986) Lina Bo Bardi, SESC Pompéia, São Paulo, Brazil (1986) Lina Bo Bardi, SESC Pompéia, São Paulo, Brazil (1986) Lina Bo Bardi, SESC Pompéia, São Paulo, Brazil (1986) Lina Bo Bardi, SESC Pompéia, São Paulo, Brazil (1986) Lina Bo Bardi, SESC Pompéia, São Paulo, Brazil (1986) Lina Bo Bardi, SESC Pompéia, São Paulo, Brazil (1986) Lina Bo Bardi, SESC Pompéia, São Paulo, Brazil (1986) Lina Bo Bardi, SESC Pompéia, São Paulo, Brazil (1986) Lina Bo Bardi, SESC Pompéia, São Paulo, Brazil (1986) Paulo Mendes de Rocha Born in 1928 in Vitória, Brazil. Studied architecture at the Mackenzie Presbyterian University in São Paulo. Brutalist Aesthetic: Embraced Brutalism, focusing on exposed concrete structures that reveal the rawness of materials. Functional Simplicity: Believed in “architecture as a resource” – structures that are straightforward, durable, and serve a purpose beyond aesthetics. Integration with Landscape: Designed buildings that integrate bold, sculptural forms within the landscape. Social Responsibility: Advocated for architecture that contributes to social progress, creating inclusive, accessible spaces for the public. Paulo Mendes da Rocha, Casa Mendes da Rocha, Sāo Paulo, Brazil (1964) Paulo Mendes da Rocha, Casa Mendes da Rocha, Sāo Paulo, Brazil (1964) Paulo Mendes da Rocha, Casa Mendes da Rocha, Sāo Paulo, Brazil (1964) Paulo Mendes da Rocha, Casa Mendes da Rocha, Sāo Paulo, Brazil (1964) Paulo Mendes da Rocha, Casa Mendes da Rocha, Sāo Paulo, Brazil (1964) Paulo Mendes da Rocha, Casa Mendes da Rocha, Sāo Paulo, Brazil (1964) Paulo Mendes da Rocha, Casa Mendes da Rocha, Sāo Paulo, Brazil (1964) Paulo Mendes da Rocha, Capela de São Pedro, Campos do Jordão, Brazil (1970) Paulo Mendes da Rocha, Capela de São Pedro, Campos do Jordão, Brazil (1987) Paulo Mendes da Rocha, Brazilian Pavilion for Expo 70, Osaka, Japan (1970) Paulo Mendes da Rocha, Brazilian Pavilion for Expo 70, Osaka, Japan (1970) Paulo Mendes da Rocha, Brazilian Pavilion for Expo 70, Osaka, Japan (1970) Paulo Mendes da Rocha, Brazilian Pavilion for Expo 70, Osaka, Japan (1970) Paulo Mendes da Rocha, Brazilian Pavilion for Expo 70, Osaka, Japan (1970) Paulo Mendes da Rocha, Brazilian Pavilion for Expo 70, Osaka, Japan (1970) Nordic Countries Alvar Aalto Born in 1898, in Kuortane, Finland. Studied architecture at the Helsinki University of Technology, graduating in 1921. Humanistic Modernism: Emphasized architecture that prioritizes human comfort, experience, and interaction with nature. Functional and Organic Forms: Created designs that harmonize with natural landscapes and emphasize organic shapes and flowing lines. Integration with Nature: Incorporated natural materials and light, creating a warm, inviting atmosphere in his buildings. Innovative Use of Materials: Pioneered the use of wood, brick, and natural materials in modern architecture, blending them with industrial materials like concrete and glass. Alvar Aalto, Villa Mairea, Noormarku, Finland (1939) Alvar Aalto, Villa Mairea, Noormarku, Finland (1939) Alvar Aalto, Villa Mairea, Noormarku, Finland (1939) Alvar Aalto, Villa Mairea, Noormarku, Finland (1939) Alvar Aalto, Villa Mairea, Noormarku, Finland (1939) Alvar Aalto, Villa Mairea, Noormarku, Finland (1939) Alvar Aalto, Villa Mairea, Noormarku, Finland (1939) Alvar Aalto, Villa Mairea, Noormarku, Finland (1939) Alvar Aalto, Villa Mairea, Noormarku, Finland (1939) Alvar Aalto, Villa Mairea, Noormarku, Finland (1939) Alvar Aalto, Maison Louis Carré, Bazoches-sur-Guyonnes, France (1959) Alvar Aalto, Maison Louis Carré, Bazoches-sur-Guyonnes, France (1959) Alvar Aalto, Maison Louis Carré, Bazoches-sur-Guyonnes, France (1959) Alvar Aalto, Maison Louis Carré, Bazoches-sur-Guyonnes, France (1959) Alvar Aalto, Maison Louis Carré, Bazoches-sur-Guyonnes, France (1959) Alvar Aalto, Maison Louis Carré, Bazoches-sur-Guyonnes, France (1959) Alvar Aalto, Maison Louis Carré, Bazoches-sur-Guyonnes, France (1959) Alvar Aalto, Maison Louis Carré, Bazoches-sur-Guyonnes, France (1959) Alvar Aalto, Maison Louis Carré, Bazoches-sur-Guyonnes, France (1959) Alvar Aalto, Säynätsalo Town Hall, Säynätsalo, Finland (1949) Alvar Aalto, Säynätsalo Town Hall, Säynätsalo, Finland (1949) Alvar Aalto, Säynätsalo Town Hall, Säynätsalo, Finland (1949) Alvar Aalto, Säynätsalo Town Hall, Säynätsalo, Finland (1949) Alvar Aalto, Säynätsalo Town Hall, Säynätsalo, Finland (1949) Alvar Aalto, Helsinki University, Otaniemi, Finland (1966) Alvar Aalto, Maison Louis Carré, Bazoches-sur-Guyonnes, France (1959) Gunnar Asplund, Woodland Chapel, Stockholm, Sweden (1920) Gunnar Asplund, Woodland Chapel, Stockholm, Sweden (1920) Gunnar Asplund, Woodland Chapel, Stockholm, Sweden (1920) Gunnar Asplund, Woodland Chapel, Stockholm, Sweden (1920) Gunnar Asplund, Woodland Chapel, Stockholm, Sweden (1920) Jørn Utzon, Bagsværd Church, Copenhagen, Denmark (1976) Jørn Utzon, Bagsværd Church, Copenhagen, Denmark (1976) Jørn Utzon, Bagsværd Church, Copenhagen, Denmark (1976) Jørn Utzon, Bagsværd Church, Copenhagen, Denmark (1976) Jørn Utzon, Bagsværd Church, Copenhagen, Denmark (1976) Jørn Utzon, Bagsværd Church, Copenhagen, Denmark (1976) Jørn Utzon, Bagsværd Church, Copenhagen, Denmark (1976) Jørn Utzon, Bagsværd Church, Copenhagen, Denmark (1976) Jørn Utzon Born in 1919 in Copenhagen, Denmark. Studied architecture at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts. Moved to Stockholm after graduation to work under Gunnar Asplund, alongside Arne Jacobsen. Organic Architecture: Drew inspiration from nature, often designing structures that evoke natural forms and harmony with the environment. Expression of Structure and Form: Often explored structural expression through bold, sculptural forms that are both functional and visually powerful. Empathy for the Site: Designed buildings that deeply consider the landscape and culture, creating structures that are rooted in their location. Jørn Utzon, Sydney Opera House, Sydney, Australia (1957) Jørn Utzon, Sydney Opera House, concept model, Sydney, Australia (1957) Jørn Utzon, Silkeborg Museum Proposal (unbuilt), Silkeborg, Denmark (1964) Jørn Utzon, Silkeborg Museum Proposal (unbuilt), Silkeborg, Denmark (1964) Jørn Utzon, Silkeborg Museum Proposal (unbuilt), Silkeborg, Denmark (1964) Jørn Utzon, Silkeborg Museum Proposal (unbuilt), Silkeborg, Denmark (1964) Jørn Utzon, Silkeborg Museum Proposal (unbuilt), Silkeborg, Denmark (1964) Jørn Utzon, Silkeborg Museum Proposal (unbuilt), Silkeborg, Denmark (1964) Sverre Fehn, Nordic Pavilion, Venice, Italy (1962) Sverre Fehn, Nordic Pavilion, Venice, Italy (1962) Sverre Fehn, Nordic Pavilion, Venice, Italy (1962) Sverre Fehn, Nordic Pavilion, Venice, Italy (1962) Sverre Fehn, Nordic Pavilion, Venice, Italy (1962) Sverre Fehn, Nordic Pavilion, Venice, Italy (1962) Sverre Fehn, Nordic Pavilion, Venice, Italy (1962) Sverre Fehn, Nordic Pavilion, Venice, Italy (1962) ”The Tropics” as identified by Maxwell Fry & Jane Drew (1947) Maxwell Fry & Jane Drew ”The Tropics” as identified by Maxwell Fry & Jane Drew (1947) British Colonization of West Africa 16th Century – early 19th Century: British traders were involved in extensive trade along the West African coast, exchanging goods like gold, ivory, and later, slaves. 1807: Abolition efforts officially ended the era of British slave trade. 19th Century: Britain gradually established control over key coastal regions in West Africa, exploiting their resources, often with labor systems detrimental to local populations.. 1950s – 1960s: British West African colonies gained independence, starting with Ghana in 1957, followed by Nigeria and others through negotiations with the British government. Maxwell Fry & Jane Drew Maxwell Fry: Born in 1899 in London, England; studied at the Liverpool School of Architecture. Jane Drew: Born in 1911 in Surrey, England; studied at the Architectural Association in London. Fry worked with Walter Gropius in England, who fled Nazi Germany after founding the Bauhaus. Fry & Drew married in 1942 and formed an architectural partnership, designing housing, schools, and public buildings in the British colonies of West Africa. Pioneers of Tropical Modernism: Among the first architects to adapt modernist principles to tropical climates, creating functional and climatically responsive designs with innovative ventilation systems, sunshades, and natural materials. Collaborated with Le Corbusier on the design of the city of Chandigarh, India from 1951 – 1956. Maxwell Fry & Jane Drew, Mfantsipim School, Cape Coast, Ghana (1958) Maxwell Fry & Jane Drew, Sultan Bello Dining Hall, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria (1948-1957) Maxwell Fry & Jane Drew, Kenneth Dike Library, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria (1948-1957) Maxwell Fry & Jane Drew, Kenneth Dike Library, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria (1948-1957) Maxwell Fry & Jane Drew, Kenneth Dike Library, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria (1948-1957) Maxwell Fry & Jane Drew, Campus Buildings, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria (1948-1957) Maxwell Fry & Jane Drew, Campus Buildings, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria (1948-1957) Diébédo Francis Kéré, recipient of the 2022 Pritzker Architecture Prize Diébédo Francis Kéré, Dano Secondary School, Dano, Burkina Faso (2007) Diébédo Francis Kéré, Burkina Institute of Technology, Koudougou, Burkina Faso (2020)  MEXICO BRAZIL S C A N D I N AV I A BRITISH WEST AFRICA  MEXICO BRAZIL Luis Barragan Juan O’Gorman Lina Bo Bardi Paulo Mendes de Rocha S C A N D I N AV I A BRITISH WEST AFRICA Alvar Aalto Jørn Utzon Maxwell Fry & Jane Drew  MEXICO BRAZIL S C A N D I N AV I A BRITISH WEST AFRICA