10VA HISAT2 - Summary Sheet.pdf

10VA History Assessment Task 2 - Summary Sheet V1 MCQ - Explain why the Cold War began in 1945 - Wartime tensions: USSR was weakened (10-13M), the Eastern Bloc (Poland, Romania, Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, & East Germany) vs the Western Bloc (US, Britain, France, West Germany). 1939: Nazi-...

10VA History Assessment Task 2 - Summary Sheet V1 MCQ - Explain why the Cold War began in 1945 - Wartime tensions: USSR was weakened (10-13M), the Eastern Bloc (Poland, Romania, Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, & East Germany) vs the Western Bloc (US, Britain, France, West Germany). 1939: Nazi-Soviet Pact. 1946: Stalin’s speech declaring Communism & Capitalism incompatible. Mar 1947: Truman Doctrine & Marshall Aid. Oct 27 1947: US U-2 spy plane was shot. NATO (1949) and The Warsaw Pact (1955) added to these tensions countering each other’s threats - Ideological differences: Soviets were afraid of the West, and the Americans were afraid of the Russians spreading communism. Russia made a buffer-zone (Iron Curtain) in East Europe subjugating the governments to turn communist. Both sides wanted their own ideologies to be adapted for their own gains - Disagreements over Germany: July 1945: Potsdam conference (divided Germany into 4 zones). The Soviets wanted to destroy Germany so it would never rise again, the West wanted Germany to be strong enough to contribute to world trade. Stalin treated East Germany harshly and took what was produced as well as infrastructure and raw materials. All other zones started reconstruction. Jun 1948: Stalin closed all land routes into Berlin, blocking the Western Allies (& Marshall Aid). The West then used airlift, and and eventually the block was lifted 322 days later on May 12 1949 Paragraph I - Describe the nature of the Cold War considering the Arms Race and the Cuban Missile Crisis Rivalry: - AR: USSR testing its first atomic bomb in 1949; 1955 and the Moscow Air Show; SLBMs: US in 1960s, USSR in 1968 - CMC: Bay of Pigs Invasion Apr 1961: The US unsuccessfully attempts to overthrow the Cuban government, Fidel Castro Intense competition: - AR: US and the USSR testing hydrogen bombs in 1953; 1954: ‘Massive Retaliation’; MAD; MIRV: US in 1966 USSR in 1975 - CMC: 22 Oct 1962 ‘Quarantine’: US Navy intercepted all Soviet shipments; 14 Oct 1962: U-2 from the US spots the missiles Heightened tensions: - AR: Jan 1954 and the US development of ICBMs (Atlas - 6000km % Thor/Jupiter - 2400km); Soviet development of AMBs - CMC: 1961: Cuba formally sides with USSR and aligns with Communism; 27 Oct 1962: US spy plane shot down by Soviets Context: - AR: 6-9 Aug 1945 was the US bombings on Hiroshima and Nagasaki; 1949: USSR testing atomic bomb; 1970s: MX ICBMs - CMC: Jan 1959 - Castro takes control of Cuba and the Soviets show interest; 28 Oct 1962 - dismantling of Soviet missiles in Cuba. Meeting between Att. GEN R. Kennedy and Soviet Ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin. The US removes missiles from Italy and Turkey & never invades Cuba again.. Soviets remove missiles from Cuba under UN inspection Paragraph II - The Century of Humiliation, Communist Victory, Founding of the RPC, the Great Leap Forward Century of Humiliation: - 1839 - 1949, China faced extreme turmoil as well as external aggression. Caused by China’s internal weakness and corruption (governance corruption, inability to modernise, economic decline - instability and poverty) - China lost sovereignty, lost land, and overthrew its Emperor and the monarchy in 1911 - 1st Opium War (1839 - 1842): Treaty of Nanking forced china to cede Hong Kong & open 5 treaty ports to British trade - 2nd Opium War (1856 - 1864): Treaty of Tientsin (1858) and Convention of Peking (1860) - more ports, legalised opium trade - Both wars granted more foreign powers control (such as extraterritorial rights to British citizens from the 1st OW) - 1st S-J War (1894 - 1895): Treaty of Shimonoseki forced china to recognise Korean independence, cede Taiwan to Japan - 2nd S-J War (1969 - 1928): Japanese invasion and occupation of most of Eastern China (Beijing, Shanghai fell in 1937) - Both S-J Wars resulted in devastating impacts in China and them being forced to pay indemnities - Impacts: Loss of Sovereignty, economic exploitation, social and political upheaval, modernisation efforts Communist Victory: - The CCP beat the KMT in the Chinese Civil War which began in 1927 - Strategic leadership (winning support of the rural population, military minded (won battles against the KMT), independant) - Popular support (land reform policies, redistributing land from landlords to peasants. Social reforms (women & education) - KMT Weakness: corruption within the government (appointing loyalty over skill), economic mismanagement (hyperinflation) and military failures (strategies resulted in significant defeats), little achievements (unable to remove foreigners, unable to stop the Japanese, 800 000 deaths at the flooding of the Yellow River (1938) - Foreign influence: The USSR provided strategic support to the CPC, especially in the later stages of the civil war - The KMT lost and fled to Taiwan, taking logs of gold/wealth. They were nationalist, and were in power from 1928 - 1945. - The CCP represented the rural peasant (majority of China) and in 1927, the KMT ruthlessly turned against them (ruining trust) - Oct 1 1949 - Tiananmen Square: Mao declared the creation of the People’s Republic of China, (RPC) Founding of the RPC: (Note this must link with the Communist Victory) - Created Oct 1 1949 - Tiananmen Square: Mao Zedong officially proclaimed the establishment of the PRC in Beijing - The PRC established a land reform (redistributing land from landlords to peasants to eliminate feudal land ownership) - Establishment of the one-party state (PRC) under the leadership of the CPC which centralised power and control over all Great Leap Forward: - From 1958 - 1962, it was the term the Mao used to describe the second Five Year Plan (modelled after the USSR 5-year plan) - Goal of turning the PRC into a modern industrial state that can protect itself from the West or other invaders in a short time - The GLF did not go to plan and ended up failing due to many factors: - Communes (unite all aspects of agriculture, industry, trade, & military) and achieve a level of cooperation within the communes. Communes had up to 5000 people and by 1963, there were 74 000 communities. 1978 - 53 000 of them - Households → Teams → Brigades → Commune. Each commune was responsible for various activities like small workshops or elementary schools. They were to provide for the people - Main aspect of this was mass labour and were designated for certain infrastructure projects (roads, irrigation schemes, dams, & bridges). They were able to set production targets locally meaning where was no teamwork - Resulted in a famine killing at least 30M deaths and this was caused by: - Local officials distorting the figures, the belief that the mobilisation of the masses would lead to progress, sparrowcide - blaming the famine on sparrows which them resulted in an unbalanced ecosystem, fear of criticising Mao, the transfer of work from agricultural to non-agricultural (industrial), up to 90M people - Collectivisation - banned private farming and forced farmers off their land and into communities. Meant to be extremely efficient (it failed) - Backyard Furnace (over 500 000) - solution to doubling steel production in a year. Many things (houses, railway tracks, and shops) were pulled down to fuel/provide this. This resulted in a push from 5.3M tonnes to 10.7M but it was unusable