Fundamentals of Surveying PDF

Fundamentals of Surveying Introduction to Fundamentals of Surveying August 2024  Fundamentals of Surveying Course Topics: 1) Introduction to Fundamentals of Surveying 2) Mistakes and Errors 3) Measuremen...

Fundamentals of Surveying Introduction to Fundamentals of Surveying August 2024  Fundamentals of Surveying Course Topics: 1) Introduction to Fundamentals of Surveying 2) Mistakes and Errors 3) Measurement of Horizontal Distances 4) Measurement of Vertical Distances 5) Measurement of Angles and Directions 6) Traverse Computations 7) Area Computations 8) Stadia Theory 9) Subdivision of Land 10) Horizontal Curves – Extended 11) Vertical Curves 12) Earthworks All the topics listed here are aligned with the provided course syllabus.  Fundamentals of Surveying Reference Books What is Surveying?  Surveying General Surveying (Questionnaire-Based Surveys) Purpose: To collect information from individuals or groups through predefined questions. Methodology: Uses questionnaires, interviews, or online surveys with open-ended or close- ended questions. Applications: Social sciences, market research, public health studies, and opinion polling  Surveying Quantity Surveying Purpose: Focuses on the financial and contractual management of construction projects. Methodology: Involves preparing bills of quantities, cost estimates, tender documents, and valuation of work in progress, often using software tools. Applications: It is used in the construction industry to manage budgets, prepare tenders, conduct feasibility studies, and ensure efficient financial administration.  Fundamentals of Surveying Surveying This broad field includes various methods and measurements to determine the positions of points on the Earth's surface. It is the science, art, and technology of determining the relative positions of points above, on, or beneath the Earth's surface and representing them in a usable form, such as maps or plans. Surveying is the art of determining the positions of points on or near the earth’s surface by means of measurements in the three elements of space; namely, distance, direction and elevation – Rayner and Schmidt  Surveying Types: 1. Plane Surveying 2. Geodetic Surveying  Surveying Plane Surveying This is a type of surveying where the Earth's curvature is ignored, and all measurements are made in a two-dimensional plane. This technique is commonly used for small-scale projects where high precision is not a top priority. Geodetic Surveying This type of surveying takes into account the curvature of the Earth. Unlike plane surveying, where the Earth is considered flat for small-scale surveys, geodetic surveying is used for large areas and long distances where the Earth's curvature cannot be ignored. It considers the Earth’s spheroidal shape.  Surveying Importance of Surveying in Civil Engineering Surveying is vital to civil engineering, providing the necessary data and insights for the successful planning, design, construction, and maintenance of infrastructure projects.  Surveying Importance of Surveying 1. Foundation for Planning and Design Accurate Mapping: Surveying provides accurate maps and plans that are essential for the planning and designing of infrastructure projects. These maps help engineers understand a site's topography, boundaries, and physical features. Site Analysis: Survey data is used to analyze site conditions, critical for making informed decisions about a project’s feasibility and design.  Surveying Importance of Surveying 2. Establishing Boundaries (Property Survey) Legal Boundaries: Surveying helps define legal boundaries for properties, ensuring that land ownership and rights are established and documented. Conflict Resolution: Accurate boundary surveys help resolve disputes between property owners and prevent legal conflicts.  Surveying Importance of Surveying 3. Construction Layout Guidance for Construction: Surveying provides the precise layout and positioning of structures, roads, bridges, and other infrastructure. This ensures that construction is carried out according to the design plans. Quality Control: Continuous surveying during construction helps monitor progress and maintain quality control by ensuring that structures are built to the specified dimensions and tolerances.  Surveying Importance of Surveying 4. Volume and Earthwork Calculations Material Estimation: Surveying calculates the volumes of earthwork required for excavation and fill, which is essential for project planning and cost estimation. Efficient Resource Use: Accurate volume calculations help optimize the use of materials and reduce wastage, leading to cost savings and environmental benefits.  Surveying Importance of Surveying 5. Infrastructure Maintenance and Management As-Built Surveys: Surveying documents the actual position and dimensions of completed infrastructure, which is vital for future maintenance and management. Monitoring Deformation: Surveying helps monitor the deformation and settlement of structures over time, ensuring their long-term stability and safety.  Surveying Importance of Surveying in other Fields Agriculture: Surveying is used for soil mapping and farm layout. Mining: Accurate surveying is crucial for identifying mineral deposits and planning extraction processes. Archaeology: Surveying helps archaeologists map out dig sites and understand the spatial layout of historical locations  Common Types of Surveys Based on the Nature of Survey Field Land Surveys 1. Topographic Surveys: Measure elevations to represent hills, valleys, and the slope of the land. Use: Maps, civil engineering projects, and land development. 2. Cadastral Surveys: Define property lines and land ownership. Use: Real estate transactions, legal documentation.  Common Types of Surveys Based on the Nature of Survey Field Land Surveys 3. Route Survey: Involves the determination of alignment, grades, earthwork quantities, location of natural and artificial objects in connection with the planning, design, and construction of highways, railroads, pipelines, canals, transmission lines, and other linear projects  Common Types of Surveys Based on the Nature of Survey Field Hydrographic Surveys 1. Bathymetric Surveys: Measure depths of bodies of water. Use: Nautical charts, dredging, and coastal management. 2. Tidal Surveys: Observe and record tide levels. Use: Coastal construction, flood prediction.  Common Types of Surveys Based on the Nature of Survey Field Mining Surveys 1. Exploratory Surveys: Identify mineral deposits. Use: Mining and resource extraction planning. 2. As-built Surveys: Measure constructed mining elements like tunnels and pits. Use: Safety assessments and operational planning.  Common Types of Surveys Based on the Nature of Survey Field Environmental Surveys 1. Ecological Surveys: Assess the flora and fauna in an area. Use: Environmental impact assessments, conservation planning. 2. Soil and Geological Surveys: Study the soil and rock types. Use: Agriculture, construction, and geological research.  Types of Surveys Based on Instruments Used Chain Survey Compass Survey Plane Table Survey Theodolite Survey Tacheometric Survey Modern Survey using Electronic Distance Meters and Total Station Photographic and Aerial Survey  Types of Surveys Based on Methods Employed Triangulation Triangulation uses a series of connected triangles to map out an area. The angles of the triangles are measured, and one side (the baseline) is known. Using trigonometry, the other sides can be calculated.  Types of Surveys Based on Methods Employed Traversing Traversing involves moving from point to point while measuring angles and distances to map out an area or establish control points.  General Tips for Surveying 1. Preparation and Planning Study the Site: Understand the project requirements and review existing maps, plans, and records. Conduct a reconnaissance survey to identify potential challenges. Equipment Check: Before heading to the site, ensure all surveying instruments are calibrated and in good working condition. Weather Considerations: Plan surveys when weather conditions are favorable to avoid issues like poor visibility, extreme temperatures, or rain.  General Tips for Surveying 2. Field Techniques Set Up Properly: Before mounting the instrument, ensure that the tripod is stable and level. Use a plumb bob to center the instrument over the survey point accurately. Double-Check Measurements: Always take multiple readings and cross-check them to minimize errors. Use different methods to verify critical measurements. Use Control Points: Establish and use reliable control points for reference throughout the survey to maintain consistency and accuracy.  General Tips for Surveying 3. Accuracy and Precision Avoid Parallax Errors: When reading levels and other instruments, ensure your eye is directly aligned with the measurement mark to avoid parallax errors. Maintain Clean Instruments: Keep lenses, mirrors, and other sensitive parts of the instruments clean to avoid inaccuracies. Record Data Carefully: Write down measurements and observations clearly and accurately. Use electronic data collectors when possible to reduce human error.  General Tips for Surveying 4. Data Management Organize Data: Keep all field notes, sketches, and data organized and labeled properly for easy reference. Backup Data: Regularly back up electronic data to prevent loss due to equipment failure or other issues. Use Software: Employ surveying software for data analysis, error checking, and creating maps and plans.  General Tips for Surveying 5. Safety Practices Wear Protective Gear: Use appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) like hard hats, safety vests, and boots. Be Aware of Surroundings: Be mindful of traffic, machinery, and other hazards. Use safety signs and barriers to protect the survey area. Follow Safety Protocols: Adhere to all site-specific safety regulations and procedures.  General Tips for Surveying 6. Communication Coordinate with Team: Ensure clear communication with team members to avoid confusion and errors. Report Issues: Promptly report any problems or discrepancies encountered during the survey to the project manager or supervisor.  Do You Need Wisdom? James 1: (NIV) 5 If any of you lacks wisdom, you should ask God, who gives generously to all without finding fault, and it will be given to you. 6 But when you ask, you must believe and not doubt, because the one who doubts is like a wave of the sea, blown and tossed by the wind. 7 That person should not expect to receive anything from the Lord.