Nonvascular Plants PDF

 Kingdoms of life Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia (Ancient (True (Myceteae) Bacteria) Bacteria) Nonvascular vascular...

 Kingdoms of life Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia (Ancient (True (Myceteae) Bacteria) Bacteria) Nonvascular vascular Angiosperm Gymnosperms  Archaebacteria Eubacteria (True (Ancient Bacteria) Protista Bacteria)  Prokaryotic  Prokaryotic  Eukaryotic  Unicellular  Unicellular  Mostly unicellular  No nuclear membrane  No nuclear membrane and  With nuclear membrane and  Without chloroplast membrane bound organelles membrane bound organelles  cell walls of Archaea does not  Without chloroplast  Some with chloroplast have peptidoglycan.  With cell wall (peptidoglycan)  Some with cell wall  Heterotrophic or  Some produce spores (cellulosic or various types) chemoautotrophic  Bacteria are sensitive to  Many are extremophiles traditional antibacterial  Do not form spores antibiotics but are resistant to  Archaea are not sensitive to most antibiotics that affect some antibiotics that affect the Eukarya. Bacteria, but are sensitive to some antibiotics that affect the Eukarya.  Fungi (Myceteae) Plantae Animalia  Eukaryotic  Eukaryotic  Eukaryotic  Unicellular or multicellular  Multicellular  Multicellular  With nuclear membrane and  With nuclear membrane and  With nuclear membrane and membrane-bound organelles mebrane-bound organelles membrane-bound organelles  No chloroplast  With chloroplast  Heterotrophic through  Heterotrophic through  Autotrophic through ingestion absorption photosynthesis  Has no cell wall  With cell wall (chitin &  With cell wall (cellulose) cellulose)  Types of plants Non-Vascular Vascular Plants plants All of the plants in this group have true They are plants that do not have a roots, stems, and leaves. Majority of vascular bundle, which is composed of the plants on earth are vascular. These the xylem and phloem; most of them plants possess all the tissues needed to are small and prostate to the ground transport water and minerals in their bodies  TYPES OF PLANTS NONVASCULAR VASCULAR THALLOPHYTES BRYOPHYTES GYMNOSPERMS ANGIOSPERMS PTERIDOPHYTES CONIFEROPHYTA CYCADOPHYTA MONOCOT GINKOPHYTA DICOT GNETOPHYTA THE PLANT KINGDOM There are two main divisions of the plant kingdom: A. Cryptogams: They are lower plants, which never bear flowers or seeds. The main groups of Cryptogams from the lower types to the higher are the following: 1. Thallophyta: They are lower Cryptogams in which the plant body is not differentiated into the root, stem and leaf. Such an undifferentiated plant body is called a thallus. Thallus-bearing plants are called Thallophyta. a. Bacteria: are the smallest known organisms, not visible to the naked eye. They are unicellular, non-green, usually spherical or rod-like. They occur almost everywhere. b. Algae: They are commonly green thallophyta containing chlorophyll although this color may be masked by another color in matters. c. Fungi: They are non-green thallophytes containing no chlorophyll. They grow mostly on land either as saprophytes or in living bodies as parasites. d. Lichens: They are an association of Algae and Fungi. THE PLANT KINGDOM 2. Bryophyta: They are a group of higher Cryptogams in which the plant body may be thalloid or leafy. They develop some root-like structures called rhizoids, but no true roots, and the conducting tissue is very simple and primitive. They grow on all damp walls, on moist ground and on bark of trees forming a sort of beautiful green carpet. They are classified as: 1.Thalloid Bryophyta 2. Leafy Bryophyta THE PLANT KINGDOM 3. Pteridophyta: They are the highest group of Cryptophyta in which the plant body is differentiated into an underground horizontal stem (Rhizome) or an erect stem, well-developed green leaves and true roots. The plant body is more complicated which the development of conducting and mechanical tissues. They bear spores on their leaves by which they reproduce and multiply. THE PLANT KINGDOM B- Phnerogams or Spermatophytes: These are flowering or seed, bearing plants. Their two main characteristic are:  Formation of the pollen-type for facility of fertilization.  Production of seeds for reproduction. They are divided into two main groups: 1- Gymnosperms: (gymnos= naked, sperma=seed) They are naked-seeded plants. That means the seeds are not enclosed in the fruit, the flowers are unisexual, simple in construction and primitive in nature. THE PLANT KINGDOM 2. Angiosperms: They are closed seeded plants, that means the seeds are enclosed in the fruit, they have the flowers more complicated in construction and more advanced. a. Dicotyledons: In this group the embryo of the seed bears two cotyledons, and the flower commonly bears five petals or a multiple of this number, other characteristics are tap root in the root system and reticulate venation in the leaves. b. Monocotyledons: In this group the embryo of the seeds bears only one cotyledon, and the flower commonly bears three petals or a multiple of this number. Other characteristics are fibrous roots and parallel venation in the leaves. Regnum Vegetable consist of 359,425 species of plants 1. Algae 20,000 2. Fungi 90,000 3. Bacteria 2,000 4. Lichens 15,000 5. Bryophyta 23,725 6. Pteridophyta 9,000 7. Gymnosperms 700 8. Angiosperms 199,000 a. Dicotyledone 159,000 b. Monocotyledone 40,000 THALLOPHYTES Include those plants which are not differentiated into root, stems, and leaves. They include bacteria, algae, fungi, and lichens. BACTERIOPHYTA Bacteria occur almost everywhere Structure:  Bacteria are the smallest and single celled organisms.  They do not have true nucleus or true plastids and do not contain chlorophyll.  Size range from 0.75 to 8 µm  The cell wall of bacteria made of proteins and carbohydrates.  Plasma Membrane: formed by the cytoplasm.  Cytoplasm: spread uniformly throughout the cell and contain vacuoles.  Vacuoles: stored food granules  Incipient Nucleus BACTERIOPHYTA Physiology of Bacteria: Bacteria are lacking in chlorophyll and thus are mostly unable to utilize carbon dioxide for synthesis of organic compounds for their food. They are mostly heterotrophic in habit, leading a saprophytic or parasitic life. A few, however are autotrophic, they are able to manufacture food for themselves. Reproduction: Binary fission BACTERIOPHYTA Shapes of Bacteria: Rod-shaped or bacillary forms ex. Clostridium welchii, Escherichia coli and Bacillus; subtilis BACTERIOPHYTA Shapes of Bacteria: Spherical or coccal forms- which can occur singly but usually found in characteristic aggregates – i.e. in chain ( streptococci), in groups of two (diplococci), four (tetracocci) or eight (sarcinae). Aggregates of irregular pattern are said to be staphylococcal forms BACTERIOPHYTA Shapes of Bacteria: Bacteria with a spirally wound body are classified as twisted or spirillar. Those with a single twist belong to the genus Vibrio, while those with multiple twists are categorized under the genus Spirillum. BACTERIOPHYTA Shapes of Bacteria: Commas: are bacteria with the body slightly twisted like a comma BACTERIOPHYTA Other important morphological features which are of value in classifying bacteria The possession of flagella, thread-like processes whose number and position are often of diagnostic importance. Formation of capsule consisting of polysaccharide materials which is of great importance in relation to the immunological properties of the organism The possession of endospores, which are highly refractive bodies formed by certain species under what appear to be adverse environmental conditions. Pigmentation: many bacteria are capable of elaborating complex coloring matters BACTERIOPHYTA Nomencalture of Bacteria Scientific Nomenclature ✓According to scientific nomenclature, each bacteria is assigned two names (binomial nomenclature): a genus and a species. ✓Rules for assigning names to bacteria are established by the International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology. BACTERIOPHYTA Nomenclature of Bacteria Scientific Nomenclature Linnaean hierarchy Example for E.coli Domain: Eubacteria Kingdom: Procaryotae Division/Phylum: Gracilicutes Class: Scotobacteria Family: Enterobacteriaceae Genus: Escherichia Species: coli BACTERIOPHYTA Some of the common disease-producing bacteria are a. Bacillus typhosus causing Typhoid fever. b. Bacillus anthracis causing Anthrax c. Clostridium tetani causing Tetanus d. Clostridium botilinum causing a dangerous type of food-poisoning called Ptomaine poisoning e. Bacillus diphtheriae causing Diphtheria f. Bacillus tuberculosis causing Tuberculosis g. Mycobacterium leprae causing Leprosy h. Bacillus dysenteriae causing dysentery k. Bacillus pneumonia causing Pneumonia l. Vibrio cholerae causing cholera BACTERIOPHYTA Some of the common disease-producing bacteria are Some kinds of the species of Streptococcus causing blood poisoning. Parasitic bacteria also attack plants and cause various diseases. BACTERIOPHYTA Beneficial Effect of Bacteria: Although some bacteria are very harmful, it is a fact that a large number of them are very useful in various ways, particularly in agriculture and some industries. a. Agricultural: 1.Decay of organic substances: Bacteria act on the dead bodies of plant and animals and convert various organic compounds into simple forms such as nitrates, sulfates. phosphates. For utilization by green plants again. 2.Nitrification: Proteins contained in the dead bodies converted into nitrates by different kinds of bacteria then absorbed and utilized by the green plants. 3.Nitrogen Fixation: Azotobacter and Clostridium bacteria make fixation of the free nitrogen of the air in their own bodies which is very important in the agriculture. 4. Fertility of the Soil: Bacteria bring about physical and chemical changes in the soil, particularly conversion of insoluble materials into soluble and suitable forms for absorption by green plants. BACTERIOPHYTA b.Industrial: From an industrial stand point also many bacteria are most useful: 1. Curing and ripening of tobacco leaves. 2- Fermentation of tea leaves. 3- Ripening of cheese. 4- Manufacture of vinegar from alcohol by acetic acid bacteria ( Acetobacter aceti ). 5- Fermentation of sugar into alcohol by yeast and a few bacteria. 6- Curdling of milk to form lactic acid by Lactobacillus species. BACTERIOPHYTA Medical: In the field of medicine valuable antibiotic drugs have been obtained from a number of bacteria. Definition: Antibiotic is the substance produce by microorganism and using in the control of reproduction and the life cycle of another microorganism. BACTERIOPHYTA 1- Streptomyces griseus produced Streptomycin 2- Streptomyces aureofaciens produced Chlortetracycline 3- Streptomyces rimosus produced Oxytetracycline 4- Streptomyces fradiae produced Neomycin 5- Streptomyces kanmyceticus produced Kanamycin 6- Streptomyces erythreus produced Erythromycin 7- Streptomyces venezuelae produced Chloramphenicol PHYCOPHYTA Algae are considered the first true plants. They are nonvascular and have a simple structure called the thallus Algae range from unicellular forms to multicellular, yet microscopic cell filaments, and large macroscopic plants like seaweeds, made up of millions of cells. While seaweeds are plant-like in structure and habit, attaching to rocks or other surfaces, unicellular algae are motile and swim freely using flagella. PHYCOPHYTA Algae are found in a variety of environments, including land, where smaller or unicellular Grow on moist soil, rocks, wood surfaces, and tree bark. The smaller aquatic algae, typically unicellular and suspended in marine and freshwater, are known as phytoplankton. These algae serve as food for microscopic aquatic organisms, with many of them being flagellates. Classification of algae DIVISION CHLOROPHYTA (green algae) Class Raphidophyceae Class Chlorophyceae Class Synurophyceae Class Charophyceae Class Xanthophyceae Class Pleurastrophyceae  DIVISION CRYPTOPHYTA Class Prasinophyceae(Micromonadophyceae) Class Ulvophyceae Class Cryptophyceae  DIVISION CHROMOPHYTA  DIVISION RHODOPHYTA Class Bacillariophyceae  DIVISION DINOFLAGELLATA(PYRROPH YTA) Class Bicosoecaceae  DIVISION EUGLENOPHYTA Class Chrysophyceae Class Eugenophyceae Class Dictyochophyceae Order Pedinellales Order Dictyochales Class Eustigmatophyceae Class Phaeophyceae Class Prymnesiophyceae (Haptophyceae) Division Chlorophyta (green algae) characterized by the presence of chlorophylls a and b, with starch stored within chloroplasts. There are an estimated 9,000 to 12,000 species in this division.  Class Chlorophyceae  Class Charophyceae  Class Pleurastrophyceae  Class Prasinophyceae (Micromonadophyceae)  Class Ulvophyceae Class Chlorophyceae Primarily freshwater includes Chlamydomonas, Chlorella, Dunali ella, Oedogonium, and Volvox. Chlamydomonas Chlamydomonas is a genus of biflagellated, single-celled green algae, commonly found in soil, ponds, and ditches.  Chlorella The genus Chlorella consists of green algae found either individually or in clusters in fresh or saltwater and soil. Chlorella has been widely used in photosynthesis research, large-scale cultivation studies, and sewage treatment Because the algae multiply rapidly and are rich in proteins and B- complex vitamins, several species have also been studied as a potential food product for humans both on Earth and in outer space. Chlorella is sometimes used as a vegan nutritional supplement. Dunaliella The green unicellular flagellate Dunaliella, which turns red under physiological stress, is cultivated in saline ponds to produce carotene and glycerol. These compounds can be generated in large quantities, extracted, and sold commercially. Oedogonium Oedogonium is a genus of filamentous green algae in the family Oedogoniaceae, commonly found in calm freshwater environments, either attached to plants or as free-floating masses. Volvox Volvox is a genus of about 20 species of freshwater green algae found worldwide, forming spherical or oval colonies of 500 to 60,000 cells within a gelatinous wall. Class Charophyceae Charophyceae, a class of green algae within the division Chlorophyta, is typically found in freshwater environments. Spirogyra, a member of this class, is a filamentous green alga recognized for its spiraling chloroplasts. Stonewort Stoneworts, an order of green algae (Charales) within the class Charophyceae, consist of six genera and primarily inhabit the muddy bottoms of fresh or brackish rivers and lakes. While they have minimal direct importance to humans, stoneworts offer food and habitat for fish and other aquatic life Spirogyra Known for their distinctive spiral chloroplasts, spirogyras are filamentous algae with slender, unbranched chains of cylindrical cells. They often form floating mats on the surface of ponds and streams, buoyed by oxygen bubbles from photosynthesis. Desmid Desmids, an order of microscopic green algae encompass about 5,000 species across 40 genera. Due to their narrow ecological ranges, certain desmid species are useful indicators in water quality assessments. Class Ulvophyceae Acetabularia is a genus of large, single-celled green algae, found in subtropical seas. Known for their umbrella-like structure and large nucleus, these algae are used in studies on genetic control of growth, as parts of one species can be grafted onto another.. Sea lettuce commonly found on rocky shores in oceans worldwide and occasionally in brackish waters with high organic matter. Some species, such as Ulva lactuca, are edible, rich in iodine and vitamins A, B, and C, and are used in dishes in northern Europe, Japan, and China. Caulerpa lentillifera Sea grapes is a type of green seaweed widely consumed as a fresh vegetable, specifically in Southeast Asia. Interestingly, this green seaweed has recently gained popularity in the food sector. Over the last two decades, many studies have reported that C. lentillifera is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, minerals, vitamins, and bioactive compounds that contribute many health benefits Division Chromophyta Most with chlorophyll a; one or two with chlorophyllide c; carotenoids present; storage product beta-1,3-linked polysaccharide outside chloroplast; mitochondria with tubular cristae; biflagellate cells and zoospores usually with tubular hairs on one flagellum; mucous organelles common. Golden algae Golden algae (class Chrysophyceae) consist of about 33 genera and around 1,200 species within the division Chromophyta, found in both marine and freshwater environments. Most golden algae are single-celled biflagellates with two distinct flagella and are notable for the pigment fucoxanthin and the storage of food as oil Class Phaeophyceae (brown algae or brown seaweeds) Range from microscopic forms to large kelps more than 20 metres long; at least 1,500 species, almost all marine; includes Ascophyllum, Ectocarpus, Fucus, Laminaria,Mac rocystis, Nereocystis, Pelagophycus, Pelvetia, Postelsia, and Sargassum. Brown algae Brown algae include around 1,500 species in the division Chromophyta, typically found in cold coastal waters. Their color ranges from dark brown to olive green, influenced by the ratio of fucoxanthin (brown pigment) to chlorophyll. Brown algae Brown algae were once a primary source of iodine and potash and remain valuable today for algin, a stabilizer used in baking and ice cream. Certain species are also used as fertilizers or consumed as vegetables, particularly in East Asia (e.g., Laminaria). Ascophyllum Ectocarpus Fucus Laminaria Pelagophycus Pelvetia Macrocystis Nereocystis Postelsia Sargassum Division Rhodophyta(red algae) Predominantly filamentous and mainly photosynthetic, with a few parasitic species, red algae contain chlorophyll a and, in some species, chlorophyll d. Their photosynthetic cells feature phycobiliproteins (phycocyanin and phycoerythrin) organized in phycobilisomes, and they store starch outside the chloroplast. Mitochondria have flattened cristae, and these algae completely lack flagella. Primarily marine, there are about 6,000 described species, including Bangia, Chondrus, Corallina, Gelidium, Gracilaria, Kappaphycus, Palmaria, Polysiphonia, Porphyra, and Rhodymenia. Bangia Chondrus Corallina Gelidium Gracilaria Kappaphycus Palmaria Polysiphonia Porphyra Rhodymenia Division Dinoflagellata (Pyrrophyta) They are predominantly unicellular flagellates, with about half of the species being heterotrophic rather than photosynthetic. These organisms have mitochondria with tubular cristae and flagella lacking tubular hairs. Over 1,500 species have been described, primarily in class Dinophyceae, including Alexandrium, Ceratium, Dinophysis, Gonyaulax, Gymnodinium, Noctiluca, Peridinium, and Polykrikos. Dinoflagellates Dinoflagellates (division Dinoflagellata) are single-celled aquatic organisms with characteristics of both plants and animals. Most are marine, though some inhabit freshwater, and they play a key role in the food chain as a component of phytoplankton. Dinoflagellates are known for their bioluminescence and can form blooms, such as red tides, that may poison marine life due to toxin production. Dinoflagellates These organisms range from 5 to 2,000 micrometers in size, with nutrition modes that include autotrophy, heterotrophy, and mixotrophy; some species are parasitic or commensal. Roughly half are photosynthetic but may also exhibit predation. Dinoflagellate cells have a unique groove structure for flagella, large nuclei, and some are armored with cellulose plates. Alexandrium Ceratium Dinophysis Gonyaulax Gymnodinium Noctiluca Peridinium Polykrikos Eutrophication Eutrophication is the gradual increase of nutrients like phosphorus and nitrogen in aging aquatic ecosystems, enhancing productivity by allowing more organic material to break down into nutrients. This nutrient buildup often results in water blooms (large algae concentrations) on the surface, blocking light and reducing oxygen for underwater life, which leads to murky water and a decrease in large animals like fish and birds. Eutrophication Human activities accelerate this process through cultural eutrophication, introducing nutrients from sewage, detergents, and fertilizers. This causes problems like hypoxia—low oxygen levels—especially in stratified lakes during warm seasons. Hypoxic conditions can result in mass fish deaths, with negative impacts on the entire food chain and local economies. Red tide Red tide is a phenomenon where sea water becomes discolored, typically due to the rapid increase (or bloom) of dinoflagellates, a type of microscopic algae. These organisms can release toxins into the water, which can be fatal to fish and other marine life. Red tides occur in warm seas around the world. Algal blooms Algal blooms are rapid, temporary increases in phytoplankton populations, creating dense concentrations in diverse aquatic ecosystems, including rivers, lakes, and oceans. Dominated by one or more species of photosynthetic microorganisms, these blooms can reach tens of thousands of cells per liter, lasting from days to weeks and spanning tens to thousands of square kilometers. The high chlorophyll and pigments within phytoplankton often change water color, allowing large blooms to be detected and monitored globally via satellite. Plankton Plankton consists of marine and freshwater organisms that drift with currents due to their small size or limited mobility. It includes a wide variety of life forms, from algae, bacteria, and protozoans to tiny crustaceans and other microscopic animals, and differs from nekton (strong- swimming animals) and benthos (organisms that live on the seafloor). Plankton As the primary food source in aquatic ecosystems, plankton forms the foundation of marine and freshwater food chains, supporting fish populations However, phytoplankton, especially in controlled cultures, may play a role in space travel by recycling carbon dioxide into organic compounds and oxygen, benefiting both food production and gas exchange for astronauts. Bioluminescent Bioluminescence is light produced by a chemical reaction in a living organism. It's found in several marine animals, from bacteria and jellyfish to crustaceans and starfish. Bioluminescent Algae Bioluminescent algae are small marine organisms that emit a soft glow, creating captivating displays on the ocean's surface, especially near shorelines, as waves or boats disturb them. This light is a defense mechanism triggered by environmental disturbances. Dinoflagellates, a single-celled algae type, are primarily responsible for this bioluminescence and often form widespread blooms. Despite their beauty, these blooms can harm the environment and may release dangerous toxins.