Kingdoms of Life and Plant Types
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Questions and Answers

What type of organisms are classified under Archaebacteria?

  • Prokaryotic, multicellular organisms
  • Prokaryotic, unicellular organisms (correct)
  • Eukaryotic, unicellular organisms
  • Eukaryotic, multicellular organisms

Which characteristic is unique to Eubacteria compared to Archaebacteria?

  • Presence of chloroplasts
  • Resistance to antibacterial antibiotics
  • Ability to form spores
  • Cell walls made of peptidoglycan (correct)

What is a distinctive feature of the Protista kingdom?

  • All have a cell wall of peptidoglycan
  • All are multicellular
  • All lack a nuclear membrane
  • Mostly unicellular and eukaryotic (correct)

Which characteristic is NOT true for Archaebacteria?

<p>They are sensitive to antibiotics that affect Eukarya (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which kingdom is characterized by organisms that may have a cell wall of various types and can be both unicellular and multicellular?

<p>Fungi (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of reproduction in bacteria?

<p>Binary fission (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bacteria are classified as rod-shaped?

<p>Bacillus subtilis (C), Escherichia coli (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bacteria is characterized by their twisted shapes?

<p>Spirillar (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structural feature helps in the classification of bacteria due to its diagnostic importance?

<p>Flagella (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of nutritional mode do most bacteria exhibit?

<p>Heterotrophic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In addition to flagella, what feature contributes to the immunological properties of certain bacteria?

<p>Capsule (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these bacteria can exhibit aggregate patterns such as chains or pairs?

<p>Cocci (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do bacteria typically store food within their cells?

<p>Vacuoles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Gymnosperms from Angiosperms?

<p>Gymnosperms have naked seeds, while Angiosperms have seeds enclosed in fruits. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of golden algae within the division Chromophyta?

<p>Store food as oil (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Bryophyta?

<p>They have true roots. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pigment is predominantly found in brown algae?

<p>Fucoxanthin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of reproduction is primarily associated with Pteridophyta?

<p>Reproduction through spores. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes a Dicotyledon?

<p>It has a tap root system. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are the mitochondria structured in the division Chromophyta?

<p>With tubular cristae (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes Fungi?

<p>They can be saprophytes or parasites. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What storage product is commonly found outside the chloroplast in bacteria of the division Chromophyta?

<p>Beta-1,3-linked polysaccharide (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the major color influencing the appearance of brown algae?

<p>The ratio of fucoxanthin to chlorophyll (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of Angiosperms?

<p>They produce flowers and seeds enclosed in fruits. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lichens are an association between which two organisms?

<p>Algae and Fungi. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of red algae?

<p>Have flagella (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one primary use of brown algae today?

<p>For algin, a stabilizer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure is primarily responsible for the water and nutrient transport in Pteridophyta?

<p>Conducting tissues. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Approximately how many described species are found within red algae?

<p>6,000 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are algal blooms primarily composed of?

<p>Photosynthetic microorganisms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long can algal blooms last?

<p>Days to weeks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct order of classification for Escherichia coli within the Linnaean hierarchy?

<p>Domain: Procaryotae, Kingdom: Eubacteria, Phylum: Gracilicutes, Class: Scotobacteria, Family: Enterobacteriaceae, Genus: Escherichia, Species: coli (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of plankton in aquatic ecosystems?

<p>To serve as a primary food source (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bacteria is known for causing Anthrax?

<p>Bacillus anthracis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of Nitrogen-fixing bacteria such as Azotobacter in agriculture?

<p>To fix free nitrogen from the air into usable forms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of algae is primarily responsible for bioluminescence?

<p>Dinoflagellates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bacteria is associated with causing Cholera?

<p>Vibrio cholerae (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon occurs as a result of high phytoplankton concentrations in the water?

<p>Red tides (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ecological role do bioluminescent algae provide when disturbed?

<p>Defense mechanism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do bacteria contribute to soil fertility?

<p>By breaking down organic matter into nutrients (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a disease caused by bacteria?

<p>HIV/AIDS (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do phytoplankton contribute to space travel benefits?

<p>By recycling carbon dioxide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one negative effect of algal blooms on marine life?

<p>Toxin release into the water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when bacteria convert proteins in dead bodies into nitrates?

<p>Nitrification (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bacteria is known to cause food poisoning?

<p>Clostridium botilinum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Archaebacteria

Ancient bacteria; prokaryotic, unicellular organisms without a nuclear membrane or membrane-bound organelles, and cell walls lacking peptidoglycan.

Eubacteria

True bacteria; prokaryotic, unicellular organisms without a nuclear membrane or membrane-bound organelles, and cell walls with peptidoglycan.

Prokaryotic cells

Cells without a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles.

Unicellular

Organisms composed of only one cell.

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Peptidoglycan

A polymer found in the cell walls of eubacteria.

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Angiosperms

Flowering plants that produce seeds enclosed within a fruit.

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Dicotyledone

A type of angiosperm with two cotyledons (seed leaves) in their embryos.

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Monocotyledone

A type of angiosperm with one cotyledon (seed leaf) in their embryo.

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Thallophytes

Plants that lack true roots, stems, and leaves.

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What is the function of the cell wall in bacteria?

The cell wall provides structural support and protection to the bacteria.

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How do Bacteria reproduce?

Bacteria reproduce asexually through binary fission, where one cell splits into two identical cells.

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What are the shapes of Bacteria?

Bacteria have various shapes, including rod-shaped (bacilli), spherical (cocci), spiral (spirilla), and comma-shaped.

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Binomial Nomenclature

A system of naming organisms using two words: genus and species.

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International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology

An organization that sets the rules for naming bacteria.

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What is a pathogenic bacteria?

A bacteria that causes disease.

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Bacillus typhosus

The bacteria that causes Typhoid Fever.

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Bacillus anthracis

The bacteria that causes Anthrax.

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Clostridium tetani

The bacteria that causes Tetanus.

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What do bacteria do to help soil fertility?

Bacteria convert dead organic matter into nitrates, sulfates, and phosphates, making nutrients available to plants.

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Nitrogen fixing bacteria

Bacteria like Azotobacter and Clostridium that convert atmospheric nitrogen into usable forms.

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Fungi

Non-green thallophytes lacking chlorophyll. They grow on land as saprophytes (decomposers) or parasites on living organisms.

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Lichens

A symbiotic relationship between algae and fungi, where the algae provides food and the fungus provides structure and protection.

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Bryophyta

Higher cryptogams (non-flowering plants) with thalloid or leafy body structures. They have rhizoids (root-like structures) but no true roots, and simple conducting tissue.

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Pteridophyta

The highest group of cryptogams with a differentiated body (rhizome, leaves, and roots). They have well-developed conducting and mechanical tissues and reproduce using spores.

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What are the two main characteristics of Phanerogams?

They produce pollen for fertilization and form seeds for reproduction.

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Gymnosperms

Naked-seeded plants with simple flowers that are unisexual. Their seeds are not enclosed in a fruit.

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Algal bloom

A rapid increase in phytoplankton populations, creating dense concentrations in bodies of water.

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Plankton

Small organisms that drift with ocean currents.

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Bioluminescence

Light produced by a chemical reaction in a living organism.

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Bioluminescent Algae

Small marine organisms that emit a soft glow.

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Red Tide

A harmful algal bloom that can release toxins and kill fish.

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Dinoflagellates

Single-celled algae that are often responsible for bioluminescence.

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What is the role of phytoplankton in space travel?

Phytoplankton can recycle carbon dioxide into oxygen and organic compounds, which are essential for astronauts in space.

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How do bioluminescent algae use light?

They use light as a defense mechanism, triggered by environmental disturbances like waves.

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Chromophyta

A division within the plant kingdom, containing algae with chlorophyll a, carotenoids, and a unique storage product outside the chloroplast. Most have two flagella and tubular hairs on one flagellum.

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Golden Algae

A class within the Chromophyta division, consisting of about 33 genera and 1,200 species of mostly single-celled biflagellates. These algae are known for their golden color due to the pigment fucoxanthin and store food as oil.

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Brown Algae (Phaeophyceae)

A class within the Chromophyta division that includes over 1,500 species, almost all marine. These algae range in size from microscopic forms to large kelps and are known for their brown to olive-green color.

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Algin

A stabilizer extracted from brown algae used in food products like baking and ice cream.

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Red Algae (Rhodophyta)

A division within the plant kingdom containing mainly filamentous and photosynthetic algae. They feature chlorophyll a and sometimes chlorophyll d, and their photosynthetic cells contain phycobiliproteins which give them a red color.

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Phycobiliproteins

Pigments present in red algae that give them their distinctive red color. They absorb light energy for photosynthesis.

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What makes red algae different?

Unlike other algae groups, red algae lack flagella, store starch outside the chloroplast, and their mitochondria have flattened cristae.

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What is the economic importance of red algae?

Red algae are used for various purposes, including food (e.g., nori used in sushi), agar (used in microbiology labs), carrageenan (used as a thickener in food and cosmetics), and other products.

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Study Notes

Kingdoms of Life

  • Plantae is a kingdom, including vascular and nonvascular plants
  • Animalia is a kingdom
  • Fungi is a kingdom
  • Protista is a kingdom
  • Eubacteria (True Bacteria) is a kingdom
  • Archaebacteria (Ancient Bacteria) is a kingdom

Vascular and Nonvascular Plants

  • Nonvascular plants lack vascular bundles (xylem and phloem)
  • Small and prostrate to the ground
  • Vascular plants have true roots, stems, and leaves
  • Transport water and minerals throughout the plant

Types of Plants

  • Thallophytes: Undifferentiated plant bodies (thallus); include bacteria, algae, fungi, and lichens
  • Bryophytes: Higher cryptogams with a thalloid or leafy plant body, rhizoids (root-like structures), simple conducting tissues. 
  • Pteridophytes: Highest group of cryptophytes, with differentiated plant bodies (roots, stems, and leaves) and well-developed conducting tissues. They reproduce and multiply via spores.
  • Gymnosperms: Naked-seeded plants with no fruit; unisexual flowers, simple construction, and primitive in nature
  • Angiosperms: Closed-seeded plants with more complex flowers. 
    • Dicotyledons: Embryos with two cotyledons, pentamerous flowers (5 petals), tap root system, and reticulate venation
    • Monocotyledons: Embryos with one cotyledon, trimerous flowers (3 petals), fibrous root system, and parallel venation

Bacteria (Bacteriophyta)

  • Structure:
    • Small, single-celled organisms
    • Lack a nucleus and true plastids
    • Lack chlorophyll
    • Cell walls are made of proteins and carbohydrates
    • Cytoplasm, vacuoles (storage), and an incipient nucleus
  • Shapes:
    • Rod-shaped (bacilli)
    • Spherical (cocci)
    • Spiral (spirilla and vibrio)
  • Physiology:
    • Mostly heterotrophic (feed on dead matter or organisms)
    • Some are autotrophic (produce their own food)
  • Reproduction:
    • Binary fission
  • Classification:
    • Scientific nomenclature uses binomial system (genus and species).
    • Rules established by the International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology
  • Domain, Kingdom, Division, Class, Family, Genus, Species: Linnaean hierarchy used for classification (e.g., E. coli)
  • Disease-Producing Bacteria: Examples such as Bacillus typhosus, Bacillus anthracis, Clostridium tetani, Clostridium botulinum, Bacillus diphtheriae, and others
  • Beneficial Effects:
    • Decomposition of organic matter
    • Nitrogen fixation
    • Industrial uses (e.g., food production, fermentation)
    • Medical uses (e.g., antibiotic production)

Algae (Phycophyta)

  • First true plants; nonvascular
  • Range from unicellular to multicellular forms
  • Thallus structure
  • Motile forms use flagella
  • Found in diverse environments (land, water)
  • Important components of aquatic food webs, especially as phytoplankton
  • Eutrophication: Excessive nutrient buildup in water bodies leading to algal blooms and harmful effects
  • Red Tide: Rapid increase in dinoflagellates, releasing toxins and impacting marine life
  • Algal Blooms: Temporary increases in phytoplankton populations; can change water color.

Additional Information

  • Plankton: Includes microscopic organisms (algae, bacteria, protozoans, crustaceans) that drift in water.
  • Bioluminescence: Production and emission of light by living organisms; some algae exhibit this phenomenon.

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Explore the five kingdoms of life, including Plantae, Animalia, and more. Learn about vascular and nonvascular plants, as well as the different types of plants such as bryophytes and gymnosperms. This quiz will deepen your understanding of the diversity of life forms on Earth.

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