Who Is Heard in Public Debates? PDF

Who is heard in public debates? Prof Dr. Regula Hänggli Fricker Digital Society Master September 24, 2024 UNIVERSITÉ DE FRIBOURG / UNIVERSITÄT FREIBURG | Regula Hänggli Fricker Relevance of Public Debates UNIVERSITÉ DE FRIBOURG / UNIVERSITÄT FREIBURG | Regula Hänggli Fricker Typology of...

Who is heard in public debates? Prof Dr. Regula Hänggli Fricker Digital Society Master September 24, 2024 UNIVERSITÉ DE FRIBOURG / UNIVERSITÄT FREIBURG | Regula Hänggli Fricker Relevance of Public Debates UNIVERSITÉ DE FRIBOURG / UNIVERSITÄT FREIBURG | Regula Hänggli Fricker Typology of Public Debates: Institutionally and event-driven public debates  Institutionally driven public debates: institutionally staged, initiated by political actors, can be anticipated, planned, and administratively managed.  event-driven public debates: news that focus on unusual, unplanned or unexpected events like airplane crashes, earthquakes, terrorist attacks, less anticipated, planned and administratively managed. Source: Hänggli and Beck 2024, Hänggli and Trucco 2022, Lawrence 2000, Livingston and Bennett 2003 UNIVERSITÉ DE FRIBOURG / UNIVERSITÄT FREIBURG | Regula Hänggli Fricker Debate Types  Institutionally driven debates  Event-driven debates UNIVERSITÉ DE FRIBOURG / UNIVERSITÄT FREIBURG | Regula Hänggli Fricker Traditional media coverage Asylum Contra Camp: Arguments in Media Coverage Pro Camp: Arguments in Media Coverage 50 50 0 0 15 10 5 0 weeks before vote 15 10 5 0 weeks before vote core argument contra core argument pro 2nd argument contra 2nd argument pro core argument contra core argument pro 2nd argument contra 2nd argument pro Source: Hänggli, Regula (2020): The Origin of Dialogue in the News Media. Macmillian: Palgrave UNIVERSITÉ DE FRIBOURG / UNIVERSITÄT FREIBURG | Regula Hänggli Fricker  Naturalization Contra Camp: Arguments in Media Coverage Pro Camp: Arguments in Media Coverage 100 100 50 50 0 0 15 10 5 0 15 10 5 0 weeks before vote weeks before vote core argument contra core argument pro core argument contra core argument pro 2nd argument pro 2nd argument pro UNIVERSITÉ DE FRIBOURG / UNIVERSITÄT FREIBURG | Regula Hänggli Fricker Seite 6 07.10.2024 Social media: national direct-democratic votes – posts and interactions UNIVERSITÉ DE FRIBOURG / UNIVERSITÄT FREIBURG | Regula Hänggli Fricker Political communication is prepared UNIVERSITÉ DE FRIBOURG / UNIVERSITÄT FREIBURG | Regula Hänggli Fricker Resonance in Traditional Media: Comparison between input and Media Coverage (= Proportional) Asylum- contra camp Asylum- pro camp 50 50 40 40 percentage percentage 30 30 20 20 10 10 0 0 human. rule-of- abuse efficacy human. rule-of- abuse efficacy trad. law trad. law media input news media media input news media UNIVERSITÉ DE FRIBOURG / UNIVERSITÄT FREIBURG | Regula Hänggli Fricker Resonance in Social Media: highly skewed Political Parties: Seats-Pages-Posts- Interactions Source: Maitra, Julian and Hänggli Fricker, Regula (2023). Who speaks and who is heard on Facebook? Political mobilization and engagement patterns of partisanship and gender in Switzerland’s direct democracy. Journal of Quantitative Description: Digital Media, 3. UNIVERSITÉ DE FRIBOURG / UNIVERSITÄT FREIBURG | Regula Hänggli Fricker Resonance in Social Media: highly skewed Gender: Seats-Pages-Posts-Interactions UNIVERSITÉ DE FRIBOURG / UNIVERSITÄT FREIBURG | Regula Hänggli Fricker Resonance in Social Media: highly skewed Histograms of Total Posts and Total Interactions of Swiss political actors’ Facebook pages. UNIVERSITÉ DE FRIBOURG / UNIVERSITÄT FREIBURG | Regula Hänggli Fricker Key factors in frame building: institutionally driven debates in traditional media UNIVERSITÉ DE FRIBOURG / UNIVERSITÄT FREIBURG | Regula Hänggli Fricker Key factors in frame building: institutionally driven debates in social media UNIVERSITÉ DE FRIBOURG / UNIVERSITÄT FREIBURG | Regula Hänggli Fricker Political communication is goal-oriented UNIVERSITÉ DE FRIBOURG / UNIVERSITÄT FREIBURG | Regula Hänggli Fricker Traditional media: Input material in Swiss votes Comparison among Channels UNIVERSITÉ DE FRIBOURG / UNIVERSITÄT FREIBURG | Regula Hänggli Fricker 16  Political Ad (Pro Camp) UNIVERSITÉ DE FRIBOURG / UNIVERSITÄT FREIBURG | Regula Hänggli Fricker  Political Ad (Contra Camp) UNIVERSITÉ DE FRIBOURG / UNIVERSITÄT FREIBURG | Regula Hänggli Fricker Posts on Social Media UNIVERSITÉ DE FRIBOURG / UNIVERSITÄT FREIBURG | Regula Hänggli Fricker UNIVERSITÉ DE FRIBOURG / UNIVERSITÄT FREIBURG | Regula Hänggli Fricker Debate Types  Institutionally driven debates  Event-driven debates UNIVERSITÉ DE FRIBOURG / UNIVERSITÄT FREIBURG | Regula Hänggli Fricker Results: Diversity of Perspectives Event-driven Institutionally All (n=593) driven (n=122) (n=715) No perspectives 18.2% 21.3% 20.3% Only one perspective 43.2% 25.4% 40.8% One perspective 31.2% 36.1% 30.5% predominating Several perspectives 7.4% 17.2% 8.4% equally represented Overview of percentage – perspectives (χ2 = 19.89, df = 3, p < 0.01) UNIVERSITÉ DE FRIBOURG / UNIVERSITÄT FREIBURG | Regula Hänggli Fricker Results: Debate Style Event-driven Institutionally All (n=466) driven (n=89) (n=555) Very polite 3.6% 6.7% 4.1% Rather polite 17.4% 20.2% 17.8% In-between 28.5% 30.3% 28.8% Rather provoking 39.9% 41.6% 40.2% Very provoking 10.5% 1.1% 9.0% Overview of percentage – debate style (χ2 = 9.52, df = 4, p < 0.05) UNIVERSITÉ DE FRIBOURG / UNIVERSITÄT FREIBURG | Regula Hänggli Fricker Results: Types of actors mentioned quoted Event-driven Institutionally driven Event-driven Institutionally driven Type of actor (n=1821) (n=370) (n=1295) (n=268) Executive authority 8.8% 16.5% 8.2% 15.3% Legislative authority 2.9% 18.9% 3.3% 22.0% Judiciary 7.7% 3.0% 8.0% 2.6% Political parties 7.1% 38.1% 7.2% 33.6% Non-Muslim interest groups 11.5% 5.7% 13.6% 6.3% Muslim organizations 5.7% 2.7% 6.0% 3.7% Muslim clerics 6.6% 0.8% 5.9% 0.7% Other Muslim actors 15.8% 1.1% 10.6% 1.1% Experts 9.1% 5.1% 10.2% 5.6% Media 7.6% 2.7% 8.6% 3.0% Police 2.1% 0.5% 1.9% 0.7% Others 15.2% 4.9% 16.7% 5.2% Types of actors mentioned or quoted in the articles, in % of actors (max. 6 actors per article) UNIVERSITÉ DE FRIBOURG / UNIVERSITÄT FREIBURG | Regula Hänggli Fricker Results: Positions of Muslims Quoted position Attributed position Event-driven institutionally Event-driven institutionally (n=514) driven (n=17) (n=514) driven (n=17) No position 79.6 % 88.2 % 49.2 % 94.1 % Fundamentalist 10.1 % 0.0 % 43.4 % 0.0 % Keeping with 5.6 % 5.9 % 3.3 % 5.9 % tradition Critical to tradition 4.7 % 5.9 % 4.1 % 0.0 % Quoted and attributed positions of Muslim actors (in % actors: Muslim organizations, Muslim clerics, and other Muslim actors) UNIVERSITÉ DE FRIBOURG / UNIVERSITÄT FREIBURG | Regula Hänggli Fricker Results: Journalistic Roles Event-driven Institutionally driven (n=593) (n=122) Mean Std. Dev. Mean Std. Dev. T Interventionist 0.1069 0.21046 0.0738 0.16505 1.920 Watchdog 0.0973 0.14198 0.0539 0.08871 4.379** Infotainment 0.3035 0.26977 0.0492 0.14000 15.110** Civic 0.0399 0.08610 0.0273 0.06897 1.754 Practised roles in articles on event-driven and institutionally driven debates, comparison of the mean values of indices with T-test of independent samples (** significant deviation with p < 0.01) UNIVERSITÉ DE FRIBOURG / UNIVERSITÄT FREIBURG | Regula Hänggli Fricker  Hänggli Fricker, Regula, & Trucco, Noemi (2022). Bad guy or good guy? The framing of an imam. Studies in Communication Sciences, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.24434/j.scoms.2022.03.2928 UNIVERSITÉ DE FRIBOURG / UNIVERSITÄT FREIBURG | Regula Hänggli Fricker Key events Inauguration of the Gotthard Base Tunnel (2016) Alimi’s naturalization process (2018) Picture Source: https://www.schweizer-illustrierte.ch/stars/schweiz/gotthard-basistunnel- www.schweizer-illustrierte.ch/stars/schweiz/gotthard-basistunnel-eroeffnung-doris-leuthard- eroeffnung-doris-leuthard-stil-kleid stil-kleid UNIVERSITÉ DE FRIBOURG / UNIVERSITÄT FREIBURG | Regula Hänggli Fricker Key events influence presence of frames key event 1 key event 2 UNIVERSITÉ DE FRIBOURG / UNIVERSITÄT FREIBURG | Regula Hänggli Fricker Frame sponsors: Political actors UNIVERSITÉ DE FRIBOURG / UNIVERSITÄT FREIBURG | Regula Hänggli Fricker  Picture Source: pd, https://www.tagblatt.ch/ostschweiz/wollen-sie-als-frauenverhinderer-in-die-geschichte- eingehen-wiler-politikerinnen-kritisieren-wuerths-staenderats-kandidatur-ld.1077487 UNIVERSITÉ DE FRIBOURG / UNIVERSITÄT FREIBURG | Regula Hänggli Fricker   Consequences of a Key Event in Frame Building. Source: Hänggli Fricker, Regula, & Trucco, Noemi (2022). Bad guy or good guy? The framing of an imam. Studies in Communication Sciences, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.24434/j.scoms.2022.03.2928. UNIVERSITÉ DE FRIBOURG / UNIVERSITÄT FREIBURG | Regula Hänggli Fricker  Actor Constellations in the AI Media Debate: A Content Analysis of Standing and Framing Mapping AI Actor Constellations in News Media and Journalism Critical Perspectives on Power (Im-)balances, Limited Autonomy, and Reconfigured Practices - Pre-conference to the 10th European Communication Conference Florin Zai, Tobias Rohrbach, Regula Hänggli Fricker University of Fribourg & University of Bern UNIVERSITÉ DE FRIBOURG / UNIVERSITÄT FREIBURG | Regula Hänggli Fricker Increasing Media Coverage 600000 500000 400000 300000 200000 100000 0 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Number of Articles Containing "Artificial Intelligence" Source: Factiva („artificial intelligence“ in all sources, regions, and languages, 1977 – 2023) UNIVERSITÉ DE FRIBOURG / UNIVERSITÄT FREIBURG | Regula Hänggli Fricker 24.09.2024 Mapping AI Actor Constellations in News Media and Journalism - Ljubljana 2024 AI in the Media  Coverage… - is predominantly positive - focuses on economic aspects (Brennen et al., 2018, 2022; Chuan et al., 2019; Cools et al., 2024; Köstler & Ossewaarde, 2022; Sun et al., 2022) - more often treats AI in general and not specific AI applications (Ouchchy et al., 2020) - often portrays AI as a solution to many ongoing problems (Brennen et al., 2018, 2022; Cools et al., 2024; Sun et al., 2022) - addresses limits, threats, social, or ethical aspects less (Brennen et al. 2018, 2022) - mentions more advantages than risks (Chuan et al., 2019) This portrayal can lead to unrealistic ideas and wrong expectations (Brennen et al. 2022) UNIVERSITÉ DE FRIBOURG / UNIVERSITÄT FREIBURG | Regula Hänggli Fricker 24.09.2024 Mapping AI Actor Constellations in News Media and Journalism - Ljubljana 2024 Standing in the AI Debate Standing (Nov 20 - Nov 22) 70.00% 62.56% 60.00% 50.00% 40.00% 30.00% 20.00% 13.39% 11.55% 8.57% 10.00% 3.25% 0.69% 0.00% Journalists Economy Science Civil Society Politics Law & Order  Journalists have the highest standing  Followed by economic actors, and scientific actors  Civil society actors (non-scienctific experts, interst groups, citizens), political actors, and law and order actors have a marginal share of voices UNIVERSITÉ DE FRIBOURG / UNIVERSITÄT FREIBURG | Regula Hänggli Fricker 24.09.2024 Mapping AI Actor Constellations in News Media and Journalism - Ljubljana 2024 Share of Frames (Nov 20 – Nov 22) UNIVERSITÉ DE FRIBOURG / UNIVERSITÄT FREIBURG | Regula Hänggli Fricker 24.09.2024 Mapping AI Actor Constellations in News Media and Journalism - Ljubljana 2024 Danger of the blind leading the blind Figure: Lis Steiner in: Hänggli, Regula (2020): The Origin of Dialogue in the News Media. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. UNIVERSITÉ DE FRIBOURG / UNIVERSITÄT FREIBURG | Regula Hänggli Fricker  Q&A UNIVERSITÉ DE FRIBOURG / UNIVERSITÄT FREIBURG | Regula Hänggli Fricker