The Human Organism PDF

5. Development – changes an organism undergoes THE HUMAN through time ORGANISM 6. Reproduction...

5. Development – changes an organism undergoes THE HUMAN through time ORGANISM 6. Reproduction cells/organisms – formation of new Anatomy § Study of the structures of the body Homeostasis § Anatomy; to dissect, or cut apart, or separate § Ability to maintain relatively stable internal Approaches to the Study of Anatomy conditions 1. Systemic Anatomy – study of the body by § Homeo: same; stasis: standing still organ system § Balance / Equilibirum 2. Regional Anatomy – study of the body by areas Homeostatic mechanisms – normally maintain body temp near an ideal normal value; sweating, shivering Gen. Ways to Examine the Internal Structures 1. Surface Anatomy – study of external features; Variables – conditions that can change superficial structures to locate deeper structures Set point – ideal value 2. Anatomical Imaging – non-invasive method for examining deep structures; x-ray, CT scan, PET Normal range – acceptable range of values on which scan, MRI HM can still be met Physiology Homeostatic Control Mechanisms § Study of the processes and functions of the 1. Negative-feedback Mechanism body § Regulates most systems of the body to maintain § Main goals; to understand and predict; to homeostasis understand how the body maintains conditions § Negative; any deviation from the set point is resisted Structural and Functional Organization 1. Chemical Level 2. Positive-feedback Mechanism § How atoms interact and combine into molecules § Not homeostatic and is rare in a healthy individ § Positive; when a value deviates from normal, the 2. Cell Level system’s response is to make it greater § Cell – basic structural and functional unit of § Massive blood loss, child birth organisms Components to Maintain Homeostasis 3. Tissue Level a. Receptors § Tissue – group of similar cells b. Control center – analyzes information and determines the appropriate response 4. Organ Level c. Effector – provides the meant o control the § Organ – composed of two or more tissue types value of a variable that perform common functions Terminology and The Body Plan 5. Organ System Level Body Positions Anatomical Position – a person standing erect with the § Organ System – group of organs classified as a unit with a common set of functions face directed forward, the upper limbs hanging to the sides, and the palms of the hands facing forward 6. Organism Level Supine – lying face upward § Organism – any living thing considered as a whole Prone – lying face downward Characteristics of Life 1. Organization – interrelationship among the parts of an organism and how those parts interact to perform specific functions 2. Metabolism – ability to use energy to perform vital functions 3. Responsiveness – ability to sense changes in the environment and make the adjustments 4. Growth – increase in size M o r a n o , M. A. Directional Terms LOWER LIMB Hip Coxal Inferior Lower Thigh Femoral Superior Higher Kneecap Pat`ellar Leg Crural Anterior Front Posterior Back Foot Pedal Ankle Talus Ventral Belly Top of foot Dorsum Dorsal Back Toes Digital Proximal Nearest Skull Cranial Distal Distant Base of Skull Occipital Back of Neck Nuchal Away from the Lateral midline TRUNK Medial Towards the midline Back Dorsal Shoulder blade Scapular Superficial Toward or on surface Spinal Column Vertebral Deep Internal Lumbar Loin Between hips Sacral Body Parts and Regions Buttock Gluteal Perineum Perineal Head Cephalic Forehead Frontal UPPER LIMB Eye Orbital Point of shoulder Acromial Nose Nasal Point of elbow Olecranon Mouth Oral Back of hand Dorsum Ear Otic Cheek Buccal LOWER LIMB Chin Mental Hollow behind knee Popliteal Calf Sural Neck Cervical Sole Plantar Heel Calcaneal TRUNK Thoracic Thorax Chest Pectoral Subdivisions of the Abdomen Breastbone Sternal Breast Mammary Right Left Upper Upper Abdomen Abdominal Quadrant Quadrant Navel Umbilical Right Left Pelvis Pelvic Lower Lower Groin Inguinal Quadrant Quadrant Genital Pubic UPPER LIMBS Right Left Epigastric Collarbone Clavicular Hypochondriac Hypochondriac Armpit Axillary Right Left Umbilical Arm Brachial Lumbar Lumbar Front of elbow Antecubital Right Left Hypogastric Forearm Antebrachial Iliac Iliac Hand Manual Wrist Carpal Palm Palmar Fingers Digital M o r a n o , M. A. Planes Body Cavities Thoracic cavity – bounded by ribs and the diaphragm Ø Mediastinum – partition containing the heart, thymus, trachea, esophagus Abdominal cavity – bounded by the diaphragm and the abdominal mucles Pelvic Cavity – surrounded by the pelvic bones Pericardial cavity – surrounds the heart Pleural cavity – surrounds the lungs Peritoneal cavity – surrounds certain abdominal and pelvic organs Serous Membranes § Line the trunk cavities and cover the organs Visceral Serous Membrane – covers the internal organs Parietal Serous Membrane – lines the wall of the cavity Mesenteries – hold the abdominal organs in place and provide a passageway for blood vessels and nerves to organs Pericarditis – inflammation of the pericardium Pleurisy – inflammation of the pleura Peritonitis – inflammation of the peritoneum M o r a n o , M. A.