1- Steps in Program Development.pdf

Steps in Program Development Read carefully the topics in Steps in Program Development. Do the following task: 1. Each group should have 1 piece bond paper. 2. The task requires each group to create as many airplane as they can with a piece of paper. 3. The task will be done for only 5 minutes....

Steps in Program Development Read carefully the topics in Steps in Program Development. Do the following task: 1. Each group should have 1 piece bond paper. 2. The task requires each group to create as many airplane as they can with a piece of paper. 3. The task will be done for only 5 minutes. 4. The task requires that the group should create an airplane that could fly smoothly. Introduction The knowledge of the basic steps in program development is a fundamental tool for every Information and Communication Technology (ICT) student. These steps shall serve as their foundation as professionals in the software development process. Introduction According to Soergel (2015), it is estimated that for every 1000 lines of codes, programmers committed 15-50 erroneous lines, usually syntax or semantic errors. Introduction These errors are commonly caused by programmers who misunderstood the: – software specification, – logic, – numeric, and – memory management requirement of the program (Homer, J., and Symons, J., 2018). #include int main() { // printf() displays the string inside quotation printf("Hello, World!"); return 0; } Introduction Most of these errors also are due to the fact that some programmers directly write the program codes before properly designing solutions and checking the solutions for the given program. Introduction According to Robertson, L (2007), there are seven basic steps in program development. The steps include : – Define the Problem, – Outline the Solution, – Develop the Outline into an Algorithm, – Test the Algorithm for Correctness, – Code the Algorithm into a specific programming language, – Run the program on the Computer, and – Document and Maintain the Program. Step 1: 1. Define the problem into three separate components: – inputs – processing steps to produce required outputs. – outputs Step 1: For example, the problem is stated as: Ask the user to enter two numbers, add these numbers, and display the result. Input Process Output Two numbers: Add the two numbers: Display result Number1, Sum= Number1 + Number2 Sum Number2 Step 2: 2. Outline the solution. – Decompose the problem to smaller steps. – Establish a solution outline. – Initial outline may include: major processing steps involved major subtasks user interface major control structures major variable and record structures Step 3: 3. Develop the outline into an algorithm. – The solution outline is now expanded into an algorithm. What is an algorithm? – a set of precise steps that describe exactly the tasks to be performed and the order in which they are to be carried out. Pseudocode will be used to represent the solution algorithm Step 3: For example, the problem is stated as: Ask the user to enter two numbers, add these numbers, and display the result. The algorithm could be written as: 1. Get two numbers from the user. 2. Add the two numbers. 3. Display the sum or result. Step 4: 4. Test the algorithm for correctness. – Very important in the development of a program, but often forgotten. – Major logic errors can be detected and corrected at an early stage – Go through the algorithm step-by- step with test data to ensure the program will actually do what it is supposed to do. Step 4: 4. Test the algorithm for correctness. – According to Robertson (2007), one should test the correctness of an algorithm using desk checking. Desk checking allows the programmer to “walk” through and test the logic of the written algorithm. Step 5: 5. Code the algorithm into a specific programming language. – Start to code the program into a chosen programming language after all design considerations from Steps 1–4 are met. Step 6: 6. Run the program on the computer. – This step uses a program compiler and programmer- designed test data to machine- test the code for Syntax errors- happen when the programmer failed to follow the standard format of how the codes should be written in a programming language Logic errors-happen during run time. There is an instance where the syntax of the program is correct during run-time but the program generates an erroneous result. Step 7: 7. Document and maintain the program. – Is really an ongoing task from the initial definition of the problem to the final test – Documentation involves: External documentation-can include a user manual, process flow, and the like Internal documentation-written alongside the code using comments. References Homer, J and Symons J. (2018). Understanding Error Rates In Software Engineering: Conceptual, Empirical, and Experimental Approaches. Retrieved from http://www.johnsymons.net/wp- content/uploads/2018/09/Understanding-error- rates-.pdf Lee, K., and Hubbard, S. (2015). Data Structures and Algorithms with Python. Springer International Publishing Switzerland Robertson, L. (2007). Simple Program Design, A Step by Step Approach Fifth Edition. Thomson Course Technology Soergel, David A. ( 2015). Rampant Software Errors May Undermine Scientific Results. Retrieved from ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4629271/#:~:TEX T=It%20has%20been%20estimated%20that,lines%20 of%20delivered%20code%E2%80%9D%204.