1. Scope of microbiology and history.pdf

Scope of Microbiology Topics What is microbiology and what does it encompass Brief history of significant microbiological events Impact of microbiology on human lives Topics What is microbiology and what does it encompass Brief history of significant microbiological events Impact of microbiology...

Scope of Microbiology Topics What is microbiology and what does it encompass Brief history of significant microbiological events Impact of microbiology on human lives Topics What is microbiology and what does it encompass Brief history of significant microbiological events Impact of microbiology on human lives Microbiology Study of organisms too small to be seen without magnification Six Types of Microorganisms Bacteria Virus Fungi Protozoa Algae Helminthes History of Microbiology What was life like before Microbiology? History of Microbiology Spontaneous generation Debate over Spontaneous Generation Spontaneous Generation was very popular ◦ Generation of life from nonliving Biogenesis ◦ Living cells arise from living cells Debate over Spontaneous Generation Francesco Redi – 1668 First evidence against theory of spontaneous generation Discovery of Microscope Robert Hook–1635-1703 Proposed all living things are made of little boxes “ cells” Discovery of Microorganisms Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek –1673 First person to observe microbes via microscope First accurate drawings - rod shaped , spiral shaped , etc. “animalcules” Debate over Spontaneous Generation John Needham - 1745 Lazzarro Spallazani - 1765 Debate over Spontaneous Generation Luis Pasteur – mid 1861 Proved microbes are present in the air Disproved spontaneous generation Biogenesis Living cells arise from living cells Preservation Nicolas Appert - 1795 Beginning of preservation of food Golden Age of Microbiology Born after Theory of Spontaneous Generation disproved Great interest in the study of microorganisms ◦ Discoveries included ◦ Fermentation and pasteurization ◦ Agents of disease ◦ Role of immunity ◦ Work on viruses began ◦ Initiation of prevention and treatment Fermentation and Pasteurization Pasteur showed that ◦ Microbes responsible for fermentation ◦ Microbes responsible for spoilage of food ◦ Microbes can be killed by heat ◦ Pasteurization Role of Microorganisms in Disease M. J. Berkeley (ca. 1845) ◦ Great Potato Blight of Ireland was caused by a fungus Epidemiology John Snow – 1854 Father of Epidemiology Cholera outbreak traced to water sources contaminated with sewage Showed that diseases may be transmitted through contamination Role of Microorganisms in Disease Joseph Lister - 1860s Used a chemical disinfectant (carbolic acid) to prevent surgical wound infections Introduced aseptic technique Role of Microorganisms in Disease Robert Koch (1870’s) ◦ Father of bacteriology ◦ Established the relationship between Bacillus anthracis and anthrax Role of Microorganisms in DiseaseKochs postulate- 1884 link specific organism with disease The microorganism must be present in every case of the disease but absent from healthy individuals. The suspected microorganism must be isolated and grown in a pure culture. The same disease must result when the isolated microorganism is inoculated into a healthy host. The same microorganism must be isolated again from the diseased host Immunological studies Edward Jenner (ca. 1798) ◦ Inoculated a person with cowpox virus, the person was then protected from smallpox ◦ Called vaccination from vacca for cow ◦ The protection is called immunity Pasteur and his coworkers ◦ developed vaccines for chicken cholera, anthrax, and rabies Birth of Modern Chemotherapy Alexander Fleming – 1928 Discovered the first antibiotic ◦ Penicillin killed S. aureus. 1940s: Penicillin tested clinically and mass produced Role of Microorganisms in Disease Many foodborne illnesses due to contaminated food, water or milk Role of Microorganisms in Disease What is Brucellosis? ◦ Bang’s disease 1918- Alice Catherine Evans ◦ Brucellosis related to Brucella abortis in milk 1930’s ◦ Children of dairy workers died of brucellosis ◦ Link was made Today ◦ Milk pasteurized Role of Microorganisms in Disease Mary Mallon Typhoid Mary Scope of Microbial World Importance of microorganisms ◦ first living organisms on planet ◦ live everywhere life is possible ◦ more numerous than any other kind of organisms ◦ global ecosystem depends on their activities ◦ influence human society in many ways Why microbiology important? Microbiology Microbiology has an impact on every aspect of life on earth ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ medicine agriculture, food science, ecology, genetics, biochemistry, immunology, many other fields Microbiology Fields MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AGRICULTURAL MICROBIOLOGY APPLIED AND INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY FOOD MICROBIOLOGY GENETIC ENGINEERING ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY Impact of Microorganisms Primary Production - Photosynthesis Decomposition and biodegradation Nitrogen fixation Impact of Microorganisms Association with Animals and Plants Impact of Microorganisms Production of food and fuel ◦ Vinegar ◦ Cheese ◦ Sour cream ◦ Soy sauce ◦ Sauerkraut ◦ Bread ◦ Cocoa ◦ Wine ◦ Tea ◦ Beer ◦ Olives ◦ Pickles ◦ Ham ◦ Sausage ◦ Miso ◦ Yogurt Impact of Microorganisms Medical and Pharmaceutical ◦ Antibiotics ◦ Vaccines ◦ Research Polio Small pox Tetanus Hepatitis A & B Rubella Measles Mumps Chicken pox Diphtheria COVID vaccine Impact of Microorganisms Biotechnology and genetic engineering Impact of Microorganisms Microbiome – collectively all microorganisms in the body -over 100 trillion bacteria Implicated in a range of metabolic processes Impact of Microorganisms Spoilage Impact of Microorganisms Infectious Disease Pathogens – Microbes that do harm Nearly 2,000 different microbes cause diseases 10 B new infections/year worldwide 13 M deaths from infections/year worldwide The Burden of Infectious Disease “Top Causes of Death.” Access the text alternative for slide images. Photo Credit - Brainstorm as group - Aristotle - Aphids - Hooke microscope - Pasteur experiment - Spontaneous Generation - Needham experiment - Koch - Jenner - Decomposers - Cow Legume fermented food Antibiotics Insulin