1-pharma-The-Evolution-of-Medicinal-Drugs-14.pdf

PHARMACOLOGY The Evolution of Medicinal Drugs MSALT  Pharmacology Study of substance that interact with living systems through chemical process especially binding to regulatory molecules and activating for inhibiting body process. Drug- comes from...

PHARMACOLOGY The Evolution of Medicinal Drugs MSALT  Pharmacology Study of substance that interact with living systems through chemical process especially binding to regulatory molecules and activating for inhibiting body process. Drug- comes from the word “drogue” (dry herb) MSALT  History of Medicinal Drugs Knowledge of healing properties of natural substances grew from trial and error Historically, medical treatment was controlled by religious leaders Pharmakos, Greek word meaning magic spell, remedy, or poison MSALT  History of Medicinal Drugs Hippocrates – “Father of Medicine” – 460-377 B.C. – He was the first to attempt to separate the practice of medicine from religion and superstition – Proposed that disease came from natural, not supernatural causes – Used dissection to study human body organs’ functions MSALT  History of Medicinal Drugs Pedanius Dioscorides – A Greek physician who personally researched plant and its uses – de Materia Medica (Regarding Medical Matters) = the supreme authority on medicine and pharmacology for nearly 1500 years – Described and classified 600 plants by substance not disease they were intended to treat MSALT  History of Medicinal Drugs Paracelsus – 1493-1541 – He pioneered the use of chemicals and minerals in medicine – Advocated use of individual drugs, not mixtures and potions (opposed polypharmacy) MSALT  History of Medicinal Drugs Francois Magendie – He is a French physiologist, and is considered a pioneer of experimental physiology – He is known for describing the foramen of Magendie and Magendie sign – He was able to introduce into French medicine a variety of new drugs, including morphine, codeine, and quinine MSALT MSALT  History of Medicinal Drugs Claude Bernard – 1813-1878 – Father of Modern Experimental Medicine – He further expanded the work of Magendie – Certain drugs have specific sites of action in the body – Started field of experimental pharmacology MSALT  History of Medicinal Drugs Alexander Fleming (1881-1955) – His best known discovery is the antibiotic penicillin from the mold Penicillium notatum in 1928, which was a discovery by chance MSALT  Alexander Fleming, a professor of Bacteriology at St. Mary's Hospital in London, didn't do a great job of cleaning his laboratory before heading out on vacation in 1928. When Fleming came back, he began cleaning the petri dishes on which he was experimenting with bacteria. On one dish, however, he found a mold growth. In the area around the mold growth, there was no bacteria. There was bacteria in other parts of the petri dish, but the mold was sitting in an area alone. Fleming had a "eureka!" moment, as he had just accidentally discovered an antibiotic. MSALT Present-Day Pharmacology Practice Drug Source Drug Name Therapeutic Effect plant: foxglove digoxin cardiotonic animal: stomach of hog pepsin digestive enzyme and cow mineral: silver silver nitrate anti-infective synthetic: omeprazole Losec gastric acid inhibitor bioengineering: Epogen stimulates RBC erythropoietin formation  Drug Names and Classifications Chemical Name – Chemical makeup (Immunoglobulin G1 ) Generic name – Name the manufacturer gives a drug – USAN – Nonproprietary drug, not protected by trademark Brand name – Trade name – Copyrighted and used exclusively MSALT MSALT  Clinical Trials Phase I – Studied in 20-100 healthy people Phase II – Studied in patients who have the condition it is intended to treat Phase III – Compared to commonly used treatments Phase IV – Continuation of testing after approved for marketing MSALT FDA Pregnancy Categories Category Risk Level A No risk B Risk cannot be ruled out C Caution is advised D Is a definite risk X At risk