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Questions and Answers
What accidental discovery did Fleming make after returning from vacation?
What accidental discovery did Fleming make after returning from vacation?
- An effective vaccine
- An antibiotic (correct)
- A chemical reaction
- A new laboratory technique
Which of the following correctly matches a drug source with its corresponding drug name and therapeutic effect?
Which of the following correctly matches a drug source with its corresponding drug name and therapeutic effect?
- Synthetic: erythropoietin, Effect: stimulates digestion
- Plant: foxglove, Drug name: omeprazole, Effect: gastric acid inhibitor
- Animal: stomach of cow, Drug name: digoxin, Effect: cardiotonic
- Mineral: silver, Drug name: silver nitrate, Effect: anti-infective (correct)
What is the primary purpose of Phase III clinical trials?
What is the primary purpose of Phase III clinical trials?
- To study the drug in healthy individuals
- To monitor long-term effects post-approval
- To compare the drug to commonly used treatments (correct)
- To determine the drug’s safety and dosage
In the FDA pregnancy categories, which category indicates a definite risk to the fetus?
In the FDA pregnancy categories, which category indicates a definite risk to the fetus?
What distinguishes the brand name of a drug from its generic name?
What distinguishes the brand name of a drug from its generic name?
What significant contribution did Hippocrates make to medicine?
What significant contribution did Hippocrates make to medicine?
Which medical practitioner focused on the individual use of drugs rather than mixtures?
Which medical practitioner focused on the individual use of drugs rather than mixtures?
What was the main focus of Pedanius Dioscorides' work?
What was the main focus of Pedanius Dioscorides' work?
What distinguishes the contributions of Alexander Fleming to pharmacology?
What distinguishes the contributions of Alexander Fleming to pharmacology?
Which term best describes the Greek word 'pharmakos'?
Which term best describes the Greek word 'pharmakos'?
What is Claude Bernard known for in the field of medicine?
What is Claude Bernard known for in the field of medicine?
Which healer's ideas represented a shift towards understanding disease as a natural phenomenon?
Which healer's ideas represented a shift towards understanding disease as a natural phenomenon?
What medical advancements did Francois Magendie contribute to?
What medical advancements did Francois Magendie contribute to?
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Study Notes
Pharmacology Overview
- Pharmacology involves studying substances that interact with living systems via chemical processes, especially through binding to regulatory molecules.
- The term "drug" originates from "drogue," meaning dry herb.
History of Medicinal Drugs
- Healing properties of natural substances were discovered through trial and error.
- Religious leaders historically controlled medical treatments.
- The term "Pharmakos" in Greek translates to magic spell, remedy, or poison.
Key Historical Figures
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Hippocrates (460-377 B.C.)
- Known as the "Father of Medicine."
- First to separate medicine from religion and superstition.
- Believed diseases had natural causes and used dissection for studying human anatomy.
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Pedanius Dioscorides
- Greek physician who investigated plants and their medicinal uses.
- Authored "de Materia Medica," which was authoritative in pharmacology for over 1500 years.
- Classified 600 plants based on their substances rather than the diseases they treated.
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Paracelsus (1493-1541)
- Pioneer in using chemicals and minerals in medicine.
- Advocated for the use of individual drugs over mixtures (opposed polypharmacy).
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Francois Magendie
- French physiologist and pioneer of experimental physiology.
- Introduced new drugs like morphine, codeine, and quinine into French medicine.
- Known for the foramen of Magendie and the Magendie sign.
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Claude Bernard (1813-1878)
- Known as the Father of Modern Experimental Medicine.
- Expanded on Magendie’s work by identifying specific sites of drug action in the body.
- Laid the foundation for experimental pharmacology.
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Alexander Fleming (1881-1955)
- Discovered penicillin from the mold Penicillium notatum in 1928 by chance.
- Noticed mold growth on petri dishes that inhibited bacterial growth.
Present-Day Pharmacology Practice
- Drug Sources and Names
- Plant: Foxglove → Digoxin (cardiotonic).
- Animal: Hog and cow stomach → Pepsin (digestive enzyme).
- Mineral: Silver → Silver Nitrate (anti-infective).
- Synthetic: Omeprazole → Losec (gastric acid inhibitor).
- Bioengineering: Erythropoietin → Epogen (stimulates RBC formation).
Drug Names and Classifications
- Chemical Name: Reflects chemical makeup (e.g., Immunoglobulin G1).
- Generic Name: Manufacturer-assigned, non-proprietary (USAN).
- Brand Name: Trademarked, exclusive copyright use.
Clinical Trials Phases
- Phase I: Tested on 20-100 healthy individuals.
- Phase II: Tested on patients with the condition the drug intends to treat.
- Phase III: Compared to commonly used treatments.
- Phase IV: Ongoing testing post-approval.
FDA Pregnancy Categories
- Category A: No risk.
- Category B: Risk cannot be ruled out.
- Category C: Caution advised.
- Category D: Definite risk.
- Category X: At risk.
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