Introduction to Mental Disorder 2024 PDF

Introduction to Mental Disorder IUP - 2024 Discussion Point What is a mental disorder? Is it the same with abnormality? How we define normal and abnormal behavior? ### **What is a Mental Disorder?** A mental disorder is a condition that affects a person’s thinking, behavior,...

Introduction to Mental Disorder IUP - 2024 Discussion Point What is a mental disorder? Is it the same with abnormality? How we define normal and abnormal behavior? ### **What is a Mental Disorder?** A mental disorder is a condition that affects a person’s thinking, behavior, emotions, or mood in a way that causes distress or impairs their ability to function in daily life. Examples include depression, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder. ### **Is it the Same as Abnormality?** Not exactly. A **mental disorder** refers specifically to a diagnosable condition, while **abnormality** is a broader term that refers to behaviors, thoughts, or feelings that deviate from what is considered typical or normal in a given society. Not all abnormal behaviors qualify as mental disorders; for example, eccentricity or unusual behavior might be considered abnormal but not necessarily a mental disorder. ### **How Do We Define Normal and Abnormal Behavior?** - **Normal Behavior**: Typically refers to behaviors that conform to societal norms and expectations. What is considered "normal" can vary depending on cultural, social, and situational factors. - **Abnormal Behavior**: Refers to behavior that deviates significantly from what is considered normal in a specific context. It can include behaviors that are statistically rare, violate social norms, cause distress to the individual, or impair their ability to function. In psychology, abnormal behavior is often evaluated based on factors like **deviation from statistical norms**, **violation of social norms**, **personal distress**, and **maladaptiveness** (whether the behavior interferes with daily life). What is Mental Disorder? – Cassie’s case (1) Cassie is an 18-year-old female from suburban Seattle, WA. She was a successful student in high school, graduating valedictorian and obtaining a National Merit Scholarship for her performance on the PSAT during her junior year. She was accepted to a university on the opposite side of the state, where she received additional scholarships giving her a free ride for her entire undergraduate education. Excited to start this new chapter in her life, Cassie’s parents begin the 5-hour commute to Pullman, where they will leave their only daughter for the first time in her life. The semester begins as it always does in mid to late August. Cassie meets the challenge with enthusiasm and does well in her classes for the first few weeks of the semester, as expected. (Bridley & Daffin, 2022) What is Mental Disorder? – Cassie’s case (2) Sometime around Week 6, her friends notice she is despondent, detached, and falling behind in her work. After being asked about her condition, she replies that she is “just a bit homesick,” and her friends accept this answer as it is a typical response to leaving home and starting college for many students. A month later, her condition has not improved but worsened. She now regularly shirks her responsibilities around her apartment, in her classes, and on her job. Cassie does not hang out with friends like she did when she first arrived for college and stays in bed most of the day. Concerned, Cassie’s friends contact Health and Wellness for help. (Bridley & Daffin, 2022) What is Mental Disorder? – Cassie’s case (3) Cassie’s story, though hypothetical, is true of many Freshmen leaving home for the first time to earn a higher education, whether in rural Washington state or urban areas such as Chicago and Dallas. Most students recover from this depression and go on to be functional members of their collegiate environment and accomplished scholars. Some students learn to cope on their own while others seek assistance from their university’s health and wellness center or from friends who have already been through the same ordeal. These are normal reactions. However, in cases like Cassie’s, the path to recovery is not as clear. Instead of learning how to cope, their depression increases until it reaches clinical levels and becomes an impediment to success in multiple domains of life such as home, work, school, and social circles. (Bridley & Daffin, 2022)  Normal and Abnormality as a Continuum Normal Behavior Abnormal Behavior of ASD categories mild autism in DSM-I : 3 (DSM-4) is merged in mild-Asperger's syndrome moderate intellectual disability · with severe -- usually accompanied Socially constructed ASD is a neurodevelopmental disorder. division between normal and abnormal  disturbaapmental Mental Disorder elinicallySignifican Defining Abnormality · disrupts daily life A mental disorder is a syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or development processes underlying mental functioning. Mental disorders are usually associated with significant distress or disability in social, occupational, or other important activities. (APA, 2013)  Abnormality : Not required : required : · · -distress -deviance Defining Abnormality dysfunction dangerousness - - Deviance Distress not required Departure from the norm; the The emotional experience of usual or accepted standards being upset, frightened, Influenced by time, place, uncomfortable, or worried cultural context, and individual about the thoughts, feelings, circumstances and/or behavior Something considered a Distress is not required for a The statement means that deviation in one context may designation of ‘abnormal’; for someone can act in an abnormal way without feeling upset. For not be considered a deviation example, a person in the early example, in the early stages of mania, a person might feel in another context stages of mania may feel really happy, but their behavior could still be seen as abnormal happy because it's unusual or extreme. (Bridley & Daffin, 2022) Defining Abnormality Dysfunction Dangerousness not required Inability or impaired ability to A person experiencing function adequately and psychological abnormality may complete all the task and represent a danger to self, to activities of daily life others, or to both While it may not be This is not required for a immediately apparent, some degree of dysfunction in some designation of ‘abnormal’ area of life is usually present (Bridley & Daffin, 2022) Mental Disorder: Definition Classified as disorders, when: Cause dysfunction in behavior, psychological, and biological aspects Cannot be accepted in a cultural context Cause distress and impairment in one's daily functioning Increase the probability of experiencing suffering, death, pain, or impairment (APA, 2013) Mental disorder as diagnostic label Mental health professional uses diagnostic manuals to diagnose mental disoders, such as: Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5) International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision (ICD 11) Indonesian mental health professional uses the Pedoman Penggolongan dan Diagnosis Gangguan Jiwa (PPDGJ) Diagnostic Manuals Perspectives and Model in Psychopathology Psychopathology is the scientific study of mental disorders. It is a broad field that encompasses the study of the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of mental disorders. Mainstream perspectives and models of Psychopathology: Biological · Biological Psychodynamics Psychodynamic Behavioral 7 · Humanistic Cognitive behavioral · Behavioral Humanistic del · Developmental Psychopathology behavior are Cognitive psychopathology Diathesis stress model · Developmental Discussion Point In groups, discuss how the different perspectives on psychopathology explain the disorder and how the explanation can affect the treatment given to the person with the disorder. Use depression or anxiety as an example Perspectives and Model in Psychopathology Biological Psychodynamic Behavioral Caused by Biological the result of the result of factors (infection, unconscious maladaptive learning neurotransmitter, conflicts and experiences that brain damage, unresolved childhood have led to the Genetic) traumas. development of The treatment focus Id, Ego, Superego; maladaptive on healing the psychosexual stages behaviors affected body parts. freud Operant and Sigmund classical conditioning  Perspectives and Model in cognitive triad Psychopathology negative themselves · world · the · the future Cognitive Behavioral Humanistic The result of faulty thinking patterns Result of a person's inability to and maladaptive behaviors. reach their full potential. Beck’s cognitive model of depression, negative cognitive triad: themselves, They may be blocked from self- the world, and the future actualization by factors such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy trauma, abuse, or negative self- Beck's cognitive model of depression explains that people with depression often have negative thoughts in three main areas: beliefs 1. **Themselves** – They think they're not good enough or worthless. 2. **The world** – They believe everything around them is bad or unfair. Person centered therapy 3. **The future** – They feel hopeless and think nothing will get better. These negative thoughts, called the **negative cognitive triad**, keep the person stuck in their depression. Perspectives and Model in Psychopathology Diathesis Stress Model Developmental Psychopathology mental disorders are caused by a Examines the development of mental combination of two factors: a diathesis disorders across the lifespan (a predisposition or vulnerability to a Biopsychosocial approach disorder) and stress (a negative or Key concepts: risk factor, protective challenging event) factor, vulnerability, potentiating The more severe the stress, the more factors, resiliency likely it is that the person will develop a disorder. However, not everyone with a diathesis will develop a mental disorder, even if they experience stress. Conclusion The psychopathological paradigm of mainstream psychology determines the treatment (therapy) of disorders. Each paradigm is unique. Multiple paradigms can be applied to one case. The principle of equifinality: Multiple factors can cause the same disorder. For example, parental divorce, physical abuse, and substance abuse can all contribute to depression. # The principle of multifinality: A risk factor can be the cause of various disorders. For example, loneliness can be the cause of depression, sleep disturbances, to early death. · F Reference American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5 ed.). Author. Barlow, D., et al. (2018). Abnormal Psychology an integrative approach. Boston: Cengage learning. Bridley, A., & Daffin Jr, L. W. (2022). Fundamentals of Psychological Disorders.