Introduction to Anatomy PDF

Introduction to Anatomy 9/19/2024 Prof. Shatarat 2023 1  A-ANATOMICAL POSITION and anatomical terms 9/19/2024 Prof. Shatarat 2023 2  ANATOMICAL POSITION The anatomical position is the standard reference position of the body, use...

Introduction to Anatomy 9/19/2024 Prof. Shatarat 2023 1  A-ANATOMICAL POSITION and anatomical terms 9/19/2024 Prof. Shatarat 2023 2  ANATOMICAL POSITION The anatomical position is the standard reference position of the body, used to describe the location of structures. based on the assumption that the person is: 1 Standing erect 2 The upper limbs by the sides 3 The face and palms of the hands directed forward 4 Feet by the sides 9/19/2024 Prof. Shatarat 2023 3  Various parts of the body are described in relation to certain imaginary planes Sagittal Two Vertical planes Coronal This is why we need to know the difference between them One Horizontal OR Transverse Or Axial 9/19/2024 Prof. Shatarat 2023 4  1-Vertical planes 1-The Sagittal Plane Passes through the center of the body Divides the body into right and left halves Types: 1- median sagittal plane; Divides the body into equal right and left halves 2-Coronal Plane Is an imaginary vertical plane at right angles to the median plane and divides the body into anterior and posterior parts 9/19/2024 Prof. Shatarat 2023 5  2- Transverse, horizontal, divide the body into superior and inferior parts 9/19/2024 Prof. Shatarat 2023 6  Terms to describe location sternum posterior Anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) Anterior describe the position of structures relative to the 'front' and 'back' of the body. For example, the nose is anterior to the ears and the vertebral column is posterior to the sternum. vertebral column 9/19/2024 Prof. Shatarat 2023 7  Medial and lateral Medial and lateral describe the position of structures relative to the median sagittal plane and the sides of the body. Any structure situated nearer to the median plane of the body than another is said to be medial to the other. Similarly, a structure that lies farther away from the median plane than another is said to be lateral to the other For example, the thumb is lateral to the little finger. 9/19/2024 Prof. Shatarat 2023 8  Superior and inferior Superior and inferior describe structures in reference to the vertical axis of the body. For example, the head is superior to the shoulders and the knee joint is inferior to the hip joint. 9/19/2024 Prof. Shatarat 2023 9  Proximal and distal are used with reference to being closer or farther from a structure's origin, particularly in the limbs. For example, the hand is distal to the elbow joint. Cranial (towards the head) and caudal (towards the tail) are sometimes used instead of superior and inferior respectively Superficial…….Nearer to body surface Deep………… Away from body surface 9/19/2024 Prof. Shatarat 2023 10  B-The joints 9/19/2024 Prof. Shatarat 2023 11  Hinge Ball and socket Synovial Gliding Saddle Ellipsoid Types of Joints Sutures Fibrous Cartilaginous 9/19/2024 Prof. Shatarat 2023  Joints When two bones or more come together wither there is movement between them or not. According to the tissue laying between the articulating bones ,joints are classified into: Synovial joints are connections between skeletal components where the elements involved are separated by a narrow articular cavity 9/19/2024 Prof. Shatarat 2023 13  A- Sutures occur only in the skull where adjacent bones are linked by a thin layer of connective tissue termed a sutural ligament. B-Gomphoses occur only between the teeth and adjacent bone. In these joints, short collagen tissue fibers in the periodontal ligament run between the root of the tooth and the bony socket. C-Syndesmoses are joints in which two adjacent bones are linked by a ligament. Examples are the ligamentum flavum, which connects adjacent vertebral laminae, and an interosseous membrane, which links, for example, the radius and ulna in the forearm. 9/19/2024 Prof. Shatarat 2023 14  A-Synchondroses occur where two parts in a developing bone remain separated by a layer of cartilage, for example the growth plate that occurs between the head and shaft of developing long bones. These joints allow bone growth and eventually become completely ossified. B-Symphyses occur where two separate bones are interconnected by cartilage. Most of these types of joints occur in the midline and include the pubic symphysis between the two pelvic bones, and intervertebral discs between adjacent vertebrae 9/19/2024 Prof. Shatarat 2023 15 1-The presence of a space called a synovial Features of Synovial Joints (joint) cavity between the articulating bones 2-The bones are covered by a layer of hyaline cartilage called articular cartilage. The cartilage covers the articulating surface of the bones with a smooth, slippery surface 3-Articular Capsule A sleeve-like articular (joint) capsule surrounds a synovial joint, The articular capsule is composed of two layers, an outer fibrous membrane and an inner synovial membrane 4-Synovial Fluid 5-Accessory Ligaments, The synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid Articular Discs Its functions include reducing friction and Many synovial joints also supplying oxygen and nutrients to and removing contain accessory ligaments carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes from the called extracapsular ligaments 9/19/2024 within articular cartilage.Badran chondrocytes Prof. Shatarat 20232022 & Shatarat and intracapsular ligaments 16 23 Selected Types of synovial joints 2-Pivot Joints Read only In a pivot joint, the rounded or pointed surface of one bone articulates with a ring formed partly by another bone and 1-Hinge Joints partly by a ligament In a hinge joint, the convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another bone 3-Ball-and-Socket Joints consists of the ball-like surface of one bone fitting into a cuplike depression 9/19/2024 Prof. BadranShatarat 20232022 & Shatarat 17 of another bone24 9/19/2024 Prof. Shatarat 2023 18  Ball Socket 9/19/2024 Prof. Shatarat 2023 19  TYPES OF MOVEMENTS AT SYNOVIAL JOINTS The major movements are: 1 FLEXION 2 EXTENSION 3 ABDUCTION 4 ADDUCTION 5 medial and lateral rotation 5-CIRCUMDUCTION 9/19/2024 Prof. Shatarat 2023 20 Flexion, Extension Flexion and extension are opposite movements. In flexion there is a decrease in the a n g l e b e t w e e n articulating bones in extension (to stretch out) there is an increase in the angle between articulating bones, often to restore a part of the body to the anatomical position after it has been flexed 9/19/2024 Prof. Shatarat 2023 21  Abduction, Adduction Abduction is the movement of a bone away from the midline adduction is the m o v e m e n t o f a bone toward the midline Examples of abduction include moving the humerus moving the palm laterally moving the femur laterally laterally at at the wrist joint at the hip joint the shoulder joint The9/19/2024 movement that returns each of thBProf. eadsraenShatarat boShdatyara & pt 2a0r2t2s to the anatomical position is 2023 22 29 Rotation In rotation a bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis If the anterior surface of the bone of a If the anterior surface of a bone of the limb is limb is turned away from the midline, the turned toward the midline, the movement is movement is called lateral called medial (internal) (external) rotation 9/19/2024 Prof. Shatarat 2023 23 Supination is a movement of the forearm at the proximal and distal radioulnar joints in which the palm is turned anteriorly Pronation is a movement of the forearm at the proximal and distal radioulnar joints in which the palm is turned posteriorly 9/19/2024 Prof. Shatarat 2023 24 Major concepts of muscle’s actions 1- Each muscle has to be supplied by a nerve 2 For a muscle to produce a movement it has to cross over a joint 3 Muscles are attached to bones through points of attachments called origin and insertion 4 Usually the (insertion) moves towards the origin during contraction of the muscle 5 During contraction usually the muscle fibers shorten and this results in puling the insertion towards the origin over a joint 9/19/2024 Prof. Shatarat 2023 25 9/19/2024 Prof. Shatarat 2023 26 9/19/2024 Prof. Shatarat 2023 27  Nervous System Central Peripheral Brain Spinal cord Spinal nerves 8 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 1 coccygeal 9/19/2024 Prof. Shatarat 2023 28  8 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 1 coccygeal 9/19/2024 Prof. Shatarat 2023 29  Each spinal nerve is connected to the spinal cord by two roots: The anterior root and the posterior root The posterior (dorsal) root The anterior (ventral) root It consists of bundles of nerve fibers that consists of bundles carry impulses to the of nerve fibers central nervous system carrying nerve The cell bodies of these impulses away from nerve fibers are situated the central nervous in a swelling on the system posterior root called the Their cells of Autonomic posterior root ganglion root origin lie in the anterior gray horn of the spinal cord. The autonomic(sympathatic) root it goes to blood vessels and sweat glands 9/19/2024 Prof. Shatarat 2023 30 At each intervertebral foramen: The anterior and posterior roots unite to form a spinal nerve, here, the motor and sensory fibers become mixed together, so that a spinal nerve is made up of a mixture of motor and sensory fibers Posterior horn Anterior horn Rootlets of posterior root Rootlets of anterior root Spinal nerve Posterior ramus Anterior ramus 9/19/2024 Prof. Shatarat 2023 31  Anterior On emerging from the foramen, the spinal nerve divides into: (A) large anterior ramus and (B) a smaller posterior ramus Anterior root Spinal cord Spinal nerve B-The posterior Anterior ramus ramus passes posteriorly around the vertebral column to supply muscles and skin of the back A-The anterior ramus Posterior root continues anteriorly to Posterior ramus supply the muscles and skin over the anterolateral body wall and all the muscles and skin of the limbs Posterior Cross section of the spinal cord 9/19/2024 Prof. BadranShatarat 20232022 & Shatarat Inside the vertebral column 39 32