Introduction to Anatomy PDF

by MBBS, MS, PhD Lecturer, Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University. By the end of this lecture, the students should be able to: 1. Define anatomy and know its subdivisions. 2. Discuss terms of position and directions 3....

by MBBS, MS, PhD Lecturer, Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University. By the end of this lecture, the students should be able to: 1. Define anatomy and know its subdivisions. 2. Discuss terms of position and directions 3. Determine basic body planes and sections 4. Enumerate systems of the body 5. Discuss structure, types and functions of the skin and skin appendages 6. Determine the two types of fascia of the body  Anatomy the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another.  Gross Anatomy Microscopic Anatomy (Histology) Developmental Anatomy (Embryology) Clinical anatomy  When in the anatomical position, the subject stands – Standing upright – Eyes facing forward – Arms at the sides – Palms turned forward Terms of position  Terms of position and direction describe the position of one body part relative to another. Superior(cranial) Refers to a structure being closer to the head or higher than another structure in the body Inferior(caudal) Refers to a structure being closer to the feet or lower than another structure in the body Anterior(ventral) Refers to a structure being more in front than another structure in the body Posterior(dorsal) Refers to a structure being more in back than another structure in the body Medial Refers to a structure being closer to the midline or median plane of the body than another structure of the body Lateral Refers to a structure being farther away from the midline than another structure of the body Distal (Reference to the extremities only) Refers to a structure being further away from the root of the limb than another structure in the limb Proximal (Reference to the extremities only) Refers to a structure being closer to the root of the limb than another structure in that limb Superficial Refers to a structure being closer to the surface of the body(skin) than another structure Deep Refers to a structure being far away from the skin than another structure  Hand surfaces Palm of the hand & dorsum of the hand Foot surfaces Sole of the foot= plantar surface of the foot & dorsum of the foot Basic body planes or sections  Fixed lines of reference along which the body is often divided or sectioned to facilitate viewing of its structures. Allow one to obtain a three- dimensional perspective by studying the body from different views Sagittal plane – The plane dividing the body into right and left portions – Midsagittal or median are names for the plane dividing the body into equal right and left halves Coronal plane – The plane dividing the body into front and back portion Transverse plane – This plane dividing the body into upper and lower portions – Also called the Horizontal plane Body planes and sections - cut into sections along a flat surface called a plane (also called coronal) (also called XS – cross section) Transverse Planes: divide the body into superior/inferior sections. Frontal Planes: divide the body into anterior and posterior sections. Sagittal Planes: divide the body into left and right sections. Midsagittal Section Exactly equal halves Body Systems  Integumentary Skeletal Cardiovascular Digestive Respiratory Urinary Genital Nervous Muscular Endocrine Lymphatic The Integumentary System The integumentary system includes the skin and the skin derivatives hair, nails, and glands.  Derma- skin Study of the structure, composition, and functions of the skin Thin Skin Covers most of the body Eye lids Thick Skin Covers the palms of the hands and soles of the feet hairy Skin-------Scalp Non hairy Skin-----palm of the hand  Epidermis  Dermis  Hypodermis (subcutaneous layer) The Epidermis Epithelial tissue Dermis Dense connective tissue  The collagen fibers are groups of fibers running parallel to each other. They pass in certain direction in each part of the body. This special arrangement of collagen fibers is called “Langer’s Lines”. 5-33  Derived from epidermis but extend into dermis Include – Hair and hair follicles – Sebaceous (oil) glands – Sweat glands – Nails Protection  First line of defense against  Bacteria  Viruses  Protects underlying structures from  Ultraviolet (UV) radiation Vitamin D production  Needed for calcium absorption Sensation  Sensory receptors  Body temperature regulation If too hot  Dermal blood vessels dilate  Vessels carry more blood to surface so heat can escape If too cold  Dermal blood vessels constrict  Prevents heat from escaping  Excretion Small amounts of waste products are lost  Skin Incisions: The skin of the anterior abdominal wall is incised during operations in order to reach underlying organs. The incisions are mostly transverse according to Langer’s Lines in order to leave narrow scars.  Burns: During burns the skin is removed from the area burnt. Burns are classified into degrees according to the depth of the burn and its size.  Albinism: Is the absence of the melanin pigment from the skin. The skin looks white in color with a pinkish ting of the underlying vessels.