Anatomical Terminology & Movement - Zagazig University Lecture Notes PDF

Introduction to Human Anatomy Anatomical terminology Anatomy Department Zagazig University Objectives: Define: Anatomy Describe: The anatomical position. Identify : Anatomical terms of direction Identify : Different anatomical planes. Identify: different types of bone Anat...

Introduction to Human Anatomy Anatomical terminology Anatomy Department Zagazig University Objectives: Define: Anatomy Describe: The anatomical position. Identify : Anatomical terms of direction Identify : Different anatomical planes. Identify: different types of bone Anatomy means to dissect in latin It is the science which describes the features of the parts of the body (their shape, size, position and relations). What`s Anatomy? Anatomical position  Anatomical position  Def.: The position in which the body is: Standing erect. The head is directed upwards with neck extended The face and eyes look straight forward The upper limbs hang by the side with palms of the hands directed forwards and the thumb is lateral The lower limbs are parallel, approximated with the feet & toes pointing forwards and resting on the ground  All the directional terms are based on the anatomical position Different body positions 1. Supine position: the person lies on his back with face directed upwards 2. Prone position: the person lies on his belly with face directed down- wards Regions of the human body Cavities of the human body The major cavities are: 1. Abdominal cavity: the largest cavity in the body divided into upper part called abdominal cavity and lower part called pelvic cavity. 2. Thoracic cavity: separated from the abdominal cavity by diaphragm. 3. Cranial cavity: the cavity of skull containing the brain. 4. Vertebral canal: within the vertebral column containing spinal cord.  Cavities of the human body The minor cavities: 1. Oral cavity: contains teeth and tongue. 2. Two nasal cavities 3. Two orbital cavities: contain eyeballs. 4. Two middle ear cavities: for ear ossicles Anatomical Planes: Reference planes for indicating the location or direction of body parts  Median plane Midsagittal (Sagittal): Vertical division of the body into right & left halves Coronal (frontal) plane: A vertical plane the divides the body into anterior & posterior parts, it is at right angle to the median plane  Transverse (Horizontal plane): The plane at right angle to both the median & coronal planes, dividing the body by cross section  Parasagittal (paramedian) plane: Is any parallel plane to mid-sagittal plane  ANATOMICAL terms of position  ANTERIOR (Ventral) – The structure which lies near to the front of the body is called anterior.  POSTERIOR (Dorsal)–The structure which lies away from the front of the body is called posterior.  SUPERIOR ( Cranial)– Toward the top of the body.  INFERIOR ( Caudal)– Toward the bottom of the body.  ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONS  MEDIAL– Toward the midline of the body.  LATERAL – Away from the midline of the body.  PROXIMAL- Nearer to the trunk.  DISTAL- Away from the trunk.  Superficial (external): nearer to body walls (away from center).  Deep (internal): away from body walls (near to the center). Palmar and dorsal surfaces: These terms are used for the hand. The anterior surface of the hand is palmar while its posterior surface is dorsal. Planter and dorsal surfaces of foot : The surface which lies on the ground is planter , while the surface which is directed upwards is dorsal. Plantar surface Dorsal surface (Sole of the foot)  MOVEMENTS  Movements take place at joints where two or more bones or cartilages articulate with one another. MOVEMENTS MOVEMENTS  MOVEMENTS Flexion and Extension Adduction and abduction Circumduction  PRONATION – Medial rotation of the forearm along the longitudinal axis - so that the palm of the hand faces backward.  SUPINATION – lateral rotation of the forearm and hand along the longitudinal axis – so the palm of the hand faces forward.  MOVEMENTS  ELEVATION – Raising or upward movement. E.g. Elevating the shoulders (shrugging) or the mandible.  DEPRESSION – Lowering or moves a part inferiorly. E.g. Depressing the shoulders or the mandible Shrugging of shoulder MOVEMENTS Protraction –forward movement of the mandible. Retraction – backward movement of the mandible. MOVEMENTS PROTRACTION- forward movement of shoulder girdle. RETRACTION – backward movement of shoulder girdle.