Educational Psychology Past Paper PDF 2021-2022

EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021-2022 EDITED BY MOHAMED MOSTAFA ELIWA, PH.D.  Educational Psychology Dr.Mohamed Mostafa Eliwa By the end of this chapter, you will be able to: 1) Differentiate the concepts of Psycholog...

EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021-2022 EDITED BY MOHAMED MOSTAFA ELIWA, PH.D.  Educational Psychology Dr.Mohamed Mostafa Eliwa By the end of this chapter, you will be able to: 1) Differentiate the concepts of Psychology, Psychologist and Psychiatrist. 2) Study the main branches of Educational Psychology. 3) Identify the concept and meaning of Educational Psychology. 4) Figure out the importance of studying Educational Psychology. 5) Identify the objectives of Educational Psychology. 1  Educational Psychology Dr.Mohamed Mostafa Eliwa 1-First Chapter Introduction to Psychology& Educational Psychology 1-Definition: Psychology is the study of the mind and behavior, according to the American Psychological Association. It is the study of the mind, how it works, and how it affects behavior. The APA adds that it "embraces all aspects of the human experience, from the functions of the brain to the actions of nations, from child development to care for the aged" Psychologists and psychiatrists work together to help people with mental health conditions, but they are not quite the same. A psychologist treats a patient through psychotherapy, helping to relieve symptoms through behavioral change. The role of the psychiatrist, who is a medical doctor, focuses more on prescribing medication and other interventions to manage mental health conditions. -Fast facts about psychology  Psychology is the study of behavior and the mind.  A person with a condition that affects their mental health may benefit from assessment and treatment with a psychologist.  A psychologist may offer treatment that focuses on behavioral adaptations.  A psychiatrist is a medical doctor who is more likely to focus on medical management of mental health issues. 2 Educational Psychology Dr.Mohamed Mostafa Eliwa 2-A brief introduction about Psychology  In a philosophical context, psychology was around thousands of years ago in ancient Greece, Egypt, India, Persia, and China.  In 387 BCE, Plato suggested that the brain is where mental processes take place, and in 335 BCE Aristotle suggested that it was the heart.  Avicenna, the famous Muslim doctor, born in 980 AD, studied and treated epilepsy, nightmares, and poor memory. The first hospitals treating psychiatric conditions were said to have been set up by Islamic doctors in medieval times.  In 1774, Franz Mesmer proposed that hypnosis, or "mesmerism," might help cure some types of mental illness.  In 1793, Philippe Pinel released the first patients with mental health problems from confinement in a move that signaled a move toward more humane treatment.  In 1879, Wilhelm Wundt, Germany, founded psychology as an independent experimental field of study. He set up the first laboratory that carried out psychological research exclusively at Leipzig University. Wundt is known today as the father of psychology.  In 1890, an American philosopher, William James, published a book entitled Principles of Psychology. It was discussed by psychologists worldwide for many decades. In the same year, New York State passed the State Care Act, in which people with mental health problems were to leave poor houses and enter the hospital for treatment. 3 Educational Psychology Dr.Mohamed Mostafa Eliwa  In 1890, the American Psychological Association (APA) was founded, under the leadership of G. Stanley Hall.  Hermann Ebbinghaus, who lived from 1850 to 1909, and worked at the University of Berlin, was the first psychologist to study memory extensively.  Ivan Pavlov, who lived from 1849 to 1936, carried out the famous experiment which showed that dogs salivated when they expected food, introducing the concept of "conditioning."  The Austrian Sigmund Freud, who lived from 1856 to 1939, introduced the field of psychoanalysis, a type of psychotherapy. He used interpretive methods, introspection, and clinical observations to gain understanding of the mind. He focused on resolving unconscious conflict, mental distress, and psychopathology. Freud argued that the unconscious was responsible for most of people's thoughts and behavior, and for mental health problems.  E. B Titchener, an American, strongly believed in structuralism, which focuses on the question: "What is consciousness?"  William James and John Dewey were strong believers in functionalism, which addressed the "What is consciousness for?"  The debate between the functionalists and structuralists led to a rapid growth in interest in psychology in the United States and elsewhere, and the establishment of the first psychology laboratory in the U.S., at Johns Hopkins University. 4 Educational Psychology Dr.Mohamed Mostafa Eliwa What Are the main branches of psychology? In order to understand just how broad and deep of s subject psychology truly is, let us take a closer look at some of the different branches of psychology. APA has now approximately 86 subfields or branches, here are some details: Abnormal Psychology: This branch of psychology seeks to identify, understand, and treat behavioral, thought, and emotional patterns that are considered abnormal and maladaptive. There are diverse ways of defining what is normal and what is not. In statistical terms, things that are considered abnormal are those that lie outside of what the majority of people experience. Abnormality can also be defined in terms of functioning. Behaviors that are considered maladaptive and make it difficult to functioning normally in daily life are often considered abnormal. Behavioral Psychology: Also known as behaviorism, this area of psychology is devoted to the study of observable behaviors and how learning takes place via conditioning processes. Important behavioral concepts include classical conditioning, which involves learning through associations, and operant conditioning, which involves learning as a result of consequences. 5 Educational Psychology Dr.Mohamed Mostafa Eliwa Biological Psychology: This branch of psychology focuses on how biological influences, specifically the brain and nervous system, influence the human mind and behavior. Biopsychologists often study how brain injury and illness impact normal psychological functioning. This area of psychology also often involves using imaging tools such as MRI and PET scans to look at the brain to determine which areas are activated when particular tasks are performed. Clinical Psychology: This field is known as one of the single largest areas of employment within psychology. Clinical psychologists typically work directly in mental health treatment and work with patients who experience some form of mental illness, psychological distress, or emotional disturbance. Cognitive Psychology: This branch of psychology is concerned with looking at mental processes that underlie behavior including thinking, perception, problem- solving, decision-making, memory, and attention. Community Psychology: This field of psychology is devoted to understanding the individual’s relationship with his or her community as well as how that community fits in with the larger society. Consumer Psychology: This field of psychology centers on using psychological principles to understanding consumer behavior. Professionals who work in this branch of psychology utilize their knowledge to help businesses understand what motivated consumers to buy products and services. Counseling Psychology: Like clinical psychology, this field is devoted to the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental health issues. This branch of psychology takes a special focus on functioning in areas related to social, emotional, family, vocational, and developmental well-being. Criminal Psychology: This branch focuses on understanding all aspects and influences of criminal behavior, including the myriad factors that contribute to criminal actions. Professionals who work in this field study the thoughts, intentions, motivations, emotions, and behaviors of people who commit crimes. Those who work in this field are often called to help with criminal investigations and to testify in criminal cases. 6 Educational Psychology Dr.Mohamed Mostafa Eliwa Cross-Cultural Psychology: This area of psychology is devoted to studying both similarities and differences in cultures all over the world. Some aspects of human behavior are universal while others are unique to a culture. By studying these things, professionals are able to better understand how human behavior is influenced by the culture at large. Developmental Psychology: The focus of this branch of psychology is centered on the study of development over the entire course of life. This includes physical, emotional, social, and cognitive growth from the earliest days of infancy into old age. Professionals who work in this field often specialize in the working with a particular population such as young children, adolescents, or older adults. Educational Psychology: This branch of psychology is concerned with this the process of learning. The often involves looking at both behavioral and cognitive methods of learning as well as the motivational, intellectual, and societal factors that impact the learning process. Engineering Psychology: This branch of psychology is an interdisciplinary field that incorporates ergonomics and human machine interactions. The goal of this field is often to make products and machines that people use regularly more user-friendly and safer. Environmental Psychology: This area of psychology is about understanding how humans interact with their environments. This could include both natural settings as well as man-made environments. Professionals who work in this field are often concerned with helping people interact better with her and firemen and creating spaces that are safe and more conducive to well-being. Experimental Psychology: This branch of psychology is an area concerned with understanding the human condition through the use of experimental methods. Experimental psychologists conduct research on a wide range of subjects including memory, intelligence, sensation, perception, social behavior, emotions, personality, and much more. Forensic Psychology: This area of psychology utilizes understanding of the human mind and behavior and applies it to the field of law. Forensic psychologists often perform tasks such as conducting child custody evaluations, assessing competency to stand trial, and testifying in criminal and civil cases. 7 Educational Psychology Dr.Mohamed Mostafa Eliwa Health Psychology: This is an area of psychology devoted to understanding the psychological and behavioral influences the impact health and well-being. Health psychologists understand that well-being is influenced by both biological factors as well as social and emotional factors. Professionals who work in this field utilize their knowledge to help both individual patients improve their health and also work in public health programs to improve the health and wellness of communities. Humanistic Psychology: This branch of psychology emerged during the 1950s as a response to psychoanalysis and behaviorism. Humanistic psychology you take the approach that all people are inherently good. This field of psychology takes a more holistic approach and focuses on helping people fulfill their individual potential and achieve self-actualization. Industrial-Organizational Psychology: This branch of psychology is an applied feel that involves applying psychological principles to the workplace. I-O psychologists, as they are often called, are interested in helping organizations by improving employee selection, motivation, workplace performance, productivity, and occupational health. Military Psychology: This branch of psychology is devoted to using psychological principles in military settings. Some professionals who work in this field treat soldiers who have served in the military, while others conduct research design to help improve military operations and increase the chances of success in combat settings. Personality Psychology: This is large area of psychology interested in the development of personality. Researchers in this field are interested in understanding the many forces that influence how personality develops and is expressed. They are also interested in learning more about how personality changes over the course of life. Positive Psychology: This is a relatively young branch of psychology centered on helping people live better lives. One of the key goals of this area of psychology is to help people become happier. Psychoanalysis: This area is one of the oldest branches of psychology. It grew out of the work of the famed psychiatrist Sigmund Freud, Who believed that people were 8 Educational Psychology Dr.Mohamed Mostafa Eliwa influenced by unconscious forces. Freud believed that by bringing these unconscious motivations into awareness, people could find relief from psychological problems. School Psychology: This field of psychology is devoted to helping students deal with academic, social, emotional, and behavioral issues that they face in school settings. These professionals after work with individual students as well as parents, educators, and school administrators. Social Psychology: This branch of psychology is interested in how people’s though, behaviors, and emotions are influenced by other people. Group behavior, attitudes, aggression, conformity, obedience, persuasion, group dynamics, and attraction are just some of the major areas of interest in social psychology. Sports Psychology: This is a branch centered on the psychology of sport and exercise. Professionals who work in this field might help people overcome injury as well as work with professional athletes to improve motivation and focus. Why is it important to learn about the branches of psychology? As you can see from looking at the list above, there are many different branches and sub fields of psychology to explore. But this is not all. Psychology is always growing and adapting to meet new needs. In a shifting world, new demands for psychologists and psychological information will continue to drive the growth of new branches of psychology. Online psychology, traffic psychology, spiritual psychology, and aviation psychology are just a few different fields that have sprung up in recent years. By learning more about these many branches of psychology, you can gain a greater understanding of the many topics that psychology tackles. 9 Educational Psychology Dr.Mohamed Mostafa Eliwa What is Educational Psychology? Educational psychology is that branch of psychology in which the findings of psychology are applied in the field of education. It is the scientific study of human behavior in educational setting. According to Charles. E. Skinner, “Educational psychology deals with the behavior of human beings in educational situations”. Thus, educational psychology is a behavioral science with two main references– human behavior and education. In the words of E.A. Peel, “Educational Psychology is the science of Education”. Education by all means is an attempt to mold and shape the behavior of the pupil. It aims to produce desirable changes in him for the all-round development of his personality. The essential knowledge and skill to do this job satisfactorily is supplied by Educational Psychology. In the words of E.A. Peel, “Educational psychology helps the teacher to understand the development of his pupils, the range and limits of their capacities, the processes by which they learn and their social relationships.” In this way, the work of the Educational Psychologists resembles with that of an Engineer, who is a technical expert. The Engineer supplies all the knowledge and skill essential for the accomplishment of the job satisfactorily… for example, construction of a bridge. In the same way Educational Psychologists, who is a technical expert in the field of Education, supplies all the information, principles, and techniques essential for understanding the behavior of the pupil in response to educational environment and desired modification of his behavior to bring an all-round development of his personality. In this way, it is quite reasonable to call Educational Psychology as a science and technology of Education. 10 Educational Psychology Dr.Mohamed Mostafa Eliwa Thus, Educational Psychology concerned primarily with understanding the processes of teaching and learning that take place within formal environments and developing ways of improving those methods. It covers important topics like learning theories; teaching methods; motivation; cognitive, emotional, and moral development; and parent-child relationships etc. In short, it is the scientific discipline that addresses the questions: “Why do some students learn more than others?” and “What can be done to improve that learning?” Some Important Definitions of Educational Psychology: 1. Crow & Crow –“Educational psychology describes and explains the learning experiences of an individual from birth through old age.” 2. C. E. Skinner – “Educational psychology deals with the behavior of human being in educational situation. It is concerned with the study of human behavior or personality its growth, development and guidance under the social process of education.” 3. Judd – “Educational psychology is a scientific study of the life stages in the development of an individual from the time he is born until he becomes an adult.” 4-Topics and scope of Educational Psychology(EP): There are different topics in educational psychology according to scientists and researchers, and the emergence of differences in their views of history and attributed the multiplicity of subject’s educational psychology to the diversity and the different 11 Educational Psychology Dr.Mohamed Mostafa Eliwa problems that may occur during the learning process and teaching, and outcomes resulting from them, researchers and scientists collecting topics of psychology. The most frequent educational and scientific literature and psychological, and these topics:  Understanding of developmental characteristics in all its aspects; emotional, moral, social, and cognitive.  Modern and effective methods of teaching, as well as control of educational situations in different educational environments.  IQ tests and mental abilities that measure students' abilities, as well as ways to understand personality traits and patterns.  Methods and conditions for the establishment of psychological and educational tests , and the principles and bases for the development of tests of achievement through effective methods that confirm the achievement of the goal of the educational process.  Social and interactive life that arises between students and between students and teachers.  Educational theories that deal with the process of learning, scientific methods of learning process and measurement, and factors affecting them negatively and positively.  The process of social and school adjustment in the educational environment of individuals, in addition to the mental health of students and their levels during the educational process. -Scope of Educational Psychology Topics: Scope of educational psychology tells us the areas of application. In other words, it can be called the subject matter of educational psychology. As we have seen in the introduction, it is clear that the principal areas covered by educational psychology are: A. Learner B. Learning process C. Evaluation of learning process. 12 Educational Psychology Dr.Mohamed Mostafa Eliwa A. Learner: When we talk about learning learner takes the significant role. The process of learning depends on the learner and the teacher. While learning, he might face many problems, which can be resolved by understanding the developmental characteristics and abilities of the student. Educational psychology as an applied branch deals with the study of the problems a learner can face and how it can be dealt with it throws light on the developmental characteristics of the learner and individual differences like in intelligence and personalities, their attitudes and interest. It also tries to explain the causes for these individual differences which affect the learner and learning process. Educational psychology gives us information about What is learning? How learning takes place? What are the characteristics of a learner that come in the way of learning? etc. B. Learning process: Educational psychology provides knowledge about learning, factors that affect the process of learning such as maturation, motivation, attention, interest and may other internal and external factors. Role of a teacher in learning process is also significant. The effectiveness of learning not only depends on the learner but also on the teacher. Educational psychology gives us information about how the learning process can be made interesting by motivating the learner with the help of reinforcement. This branch of psychology also deals with the problems of exceptional, gifted, and backward children, thereby guiding the teacher to have her own strategy of making the learning process effective. C. Evaluation of learning process: Some forms of evaluation inevitable in teaching. Also, in all fields of activity when judgments used to be made, evaluation plays a significant role. Even when we want to cross a road, we make a judgment whether it is safe to cross the road. Effectiveness of learning process always depends on the evaluation as it gives the knowledge of result which helps the learner as well as the teacher to modify or correct oneself. 13 Educational Psychology Dr.Mohamed Mostafa Eliwa 5-The importance of educational psychology Learning and learning processes are complex processes, where the teacher needs continuous and continuous development of his or her educational skills and teaching methods to suit general and specific educational goals, to achieve these goals and to ensure that the educational process is successful in performing them. The educational psychology benefits from the experiences of psychologists and their experiences in the field of education and education, in order to develop unique theories of learning and methods, and to present the basic principles and laws for the application of these theories, and show the importance and role of educational psychology through the placement of tests of psychological measurement and educational and educational, and taking into account individual differences between the student groups In different stages, and it is possible to mention the importance of educational psychology through the following points:  To enrich the teacher with the laws and fundamentals of the theories that explain the educational process and control them, in order to apply them scientifically and objectively in the school environment and classroom and provide these theories possible suggestions for some problems that may be exposed to the teacher or student during different educational situations.  The most essential information and skills provided by educational psychology to the educational staff; exclusion and exclusion of educational theories and opinions based on personal impressions and inaccurate and subjective observations. Some of these opinions were based on subjective experiences and subjective viewpoints and often contradict the foundations of facts and theories Scientific and evaluate these theories by subjecting them to scientific research organized educational and thoughtful.  Help individuals in charge of the educational process, in order to identify the inputs and elements of the educational process, such as the characteristics of the learners and the educational environment, and their outputs from 14 Educational Psychology Dr.Mohamed Mostafa Eliwa evaluation and measurement tools, and educational and educational tests. Provide the teacher with the skills of scientific description, and the theoretical understanding of the educational process of education, and this through the achievement of the goals of general educational psychology of understanding the educational process and its components, and predict their output, and try to control.  To instruct the teaching staff to take advantage of the relevant psychological theories in the process of growth and developmental characteristics that follow the age stages, in addition to studying the learning motivations, mental skills, intelligence, thinking, remembering and problem solving to understand the mechanism of learning and teaching.  To provide the teacher with a foundation of the correct rules and laws of the theories of learning and education, which enables him to choose the applications of psychological principles and their suitability to a particular educational position, so that the teacher to assess the appropriate method according to the school environment and psychological characteristics of the teacher and student.  To help the teacher in determining the strengths and weaknesses in the mechanism of the work of the educational process and its results, and thus highlights the importance of studying the factors affecting the success or failure of the educational process and the achievement of its objectives. The most important of these factors: methods and strategies of learning and suitability for the categories of students, The student's personality, social circumstances, and level of mental and cognitive maturity, as well as the amount of motivation for the learning process. The general and emotional atmosphere of the classroom has a significant impact on the functioning of the educational process correctly and effectively. Rai, which was touched by educational psychology with theoretical and applied scientific research.  Educational psychology offers strategies and methods that will help the teacher to understand the student's psychology and psychology through the development of educational curricula in the light of the students' abilities and aptitudes so as not to overload them and to research the psychological problems facing the student at different age levels. To research the motivation of students to the process of learning and employment to reach students to the stage of acceptance and positive interaction , and thus to achieve the success of the educational process. 15 Educational Psychology Dr.Mohamed Mostafa Eliwa 6-Objectives of Educational Psychology: General objectives of educational psychology are: 1. To provide a body of facts and methods which can be used in solving teaching problems. 2. To develop a scientific and problem-solving attitude. 3. To train in thinking psychologically about educational problems. Teaching Objectives of Educational Psychology: 1. To develop an understanding and appreciation of the dietary and environ- mental factors which underline learning ability. 2. To provide base for understanding the nature and principles of learning and to supply the techniques for its improvement. 3. To understand and appreciated factors influencing individual ability to learn. 4. To provide understanding of the external factors like training aids, libraries, classrooms which are largely within the control of the teacher and the institution. 5. To evaluate teaching efficiency. 6. To develop an appreciation of the individual and importance of the individual with their individual differences. References: 1. Duchesne, S., & McMaugh, A. (2016). Educational psychology for learning and teaching. Cengage AU. 2. Martin, A. J., Sperling, R. A., & Newton, K. J. (Eds.). (2020). Handbook of Educational Psychology and Students with Special Needs. Routledge. 3. Santrock, J. W. (2010). Educational psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill. 4. Slavin, R. E. (2019). Educational psychology: Theory and practice. 5. Woolfolk, A. (2016). Educational psychology: Active learning edition. Pearson. 16