Biochemistry Chapter 1 PDF

Many Biomolecules Are Polyfunctional  Small Molecules in cells central metabolites: – amino acids – nucleotides – sugars and their phosphorylated derivatives – mono-, di-, and tricarboxylic acids secondary metabolites = specific to the organism metabolome = entire co...

Many Biomolecules Are Polyfunctional  Small Molecules in cells central metabolites: – amino acids – nucleotides – sugars and their phosphorylated derivatives – mono-, di-, and tricarboxylic acids secondary metabolites = specific to the organism metabolome = entire collection of small molecules in a given cell under a specific set of conditions – metabolomics = the systematic characterization of the metabolome under very specific conditions  Macromolecules are the Major Constituents of Cells macromolecules = polymers with molecular weights above ~5,000 that are assembled from relatively simple precursors – proteins – nucleic acids – polysaccharides oligomers = shorter polymers informational macromolecules = name for proteins, nucleic acids, and some oligosaccharides, given their information-rich subunit sequences  Protein Macromolecules proteins = long polymers of amino acids – can function as enzymes, structural elements, signal receptors, transporters proteome = sum of all the proteins functioning in a cell proteomics = the systematic characterization of this protein complement under a specific set of conditions  Nucleic Acid Macromolecules nucleic acids = DNA and RNA = polymers of nucleotides – store and transmit genetic information – some RNA molecules have structural and catalytic roles in supramolecular complexes genome = entire sequence of a cell’s DNA or RNA genomics = the characterization of the structure, function, evolution, and mapping of genomes  Polysaccharide Macromolecules polysaccharides = polymers of simple sugars – energy-rich fuel stores – rigid structural components of cell walls (in plants and bacteria) – extracellular recognition elements that bind to proteins on other cells glycome = entire complement of carbohydrate-containing molecules  Lipid Molecules lipids = water-insoluble hydrocarbon derivatives – structural components of membranes – energy-rich fuel stores – pigments – intracellular signals lipidome = the lipid containing molecules in a cell  Discussion / Activity Palmitic Acid is a saturated long-chain fatty acid with a 16-carbon backbone. Palmitic acid is found naturally in palm oil and palm kernel oil, as well as in butter, cheese, milk and meat Observe the structure of palmitic acid. Building Blocks of Biochemistry We will go over the details soon Major Classes of Biomolecules in E. coli Cells Table 1-1 Molecular Components of an E. coli Cell Percentage of total Approximate number weight of cell of different molecular species Water 70 1 Proteins 15 3,000 Nucleic acids: 1 1–4 DNA Nucleic acids: 6 >3,000 RNA Polysaccharides 3 20 Lipids 2 50a Monomeric subunits 2 2,600 and intermediates Inorganic ions 1 20  Question The systematic characterization of the entire collection of small molecules in a given cell under a specific set of conditions is called: A. genomics. B. proteomics. C. lipidomics. D. metabolomics.  Question , Response The systematic characterization of the entire collection of small molecules in a given cell under a specific set of conditions is called: D. metabolomics. The entire collection of small molecules in a given cell under a specific set of conditions has been called the metabolome. Metabolomics is the systematic characterization of the metabolome under very specific conditions (such as following administration of a drug, or a biological signal such as insulin).  Question Briefly Explain each of these A. genomics. B. proteomics. C. lipidomics. D. metabolomics. 3-Dimensional Structure Is Described by Configuration and Conformation configuration = the fixed spatial arrangement of atoms stereoisomers = molecules with the same chemical bonds and same chemical formula stereospecific = requiring specific conformations in the interacting molecules – describes typical interactions between biomolecules Illustrating Stereochemistry