Bio 323 Principles of Biochemistry Lecture Notes PDF

 Bio 323 Principles of Biochemistry NO. of hours: 2 Total: 100 Final exam 50 Mid-term 20 Student activity 20...

 Bio 323 Principles of Biochemistry NO. of hours: 2 Total: 100 Final exam 50 Mid-term 20 Student activity 20 Oral exam 10 Overall aims of course Provide students with information needed to understand the essential topics of biochemistry including the structure of micro and macromolecules. Provide students with the basic concepts of the classification of micro and macromolecules of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleotides, nucleic acids & vitamins. Apply the processes of scientific research and experimental design to the diversity of biomolecules in living cells. Describe how biomolecules control every aspect of the cell functions. Provide the students with the skills of self-learning and work in groups. Biochemistry  Three areas to study Structural and Functional Biochemistry: Chemical structures and 3D arrangements of molecules. Informational Biochemistry: Language for storing biological data and for transmitting that data in cells and organisms. Bioenergetics: The flow of energy in living organisms and how it is transferred from one process to another.  Principles of Biochemistry Cells (basic structural units of living organisms) are highly organized and constant source of energy that is required to maintain the ordered state. Living organism contains thousands of chemical RXs. All organisms use CHO, proteins, lipids & nucleic acids. Instructions for growth, reproduction & development for organism is encoded in their DNA. What are types of the cells? Cells are broadly categorized into two types: Prokaryotic cells: – Which lack a nucleus but have a nucleoid region ‘DNA‘ is found in the form of bundles called nucleoids. – are single-celled organisms. Eukaryotic cells: – Which possess a nucleus. – eukaryotes can be either single-celled or multicellular. Prokaryotic Cell Eukaryotic Cell Eukaryote Cells: More Complexity Eukaryotic Cell Animal Cell  The cell is the fundamental unit of life Cells are composed of small molecules (water), macromolecules and organelles macromolecules fold into complex 3D structure. Macromolecules can be classified into 4 different categories: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Each type possesses distinct chemical properties that suit it for the functions it serves in the cell. Characteristics of Cells All cells share four common components: 1) A plasma membrane, an outer covering that separates the cell’s interior from its surrounding environment. 2) Cytoplasm, consisting of a jelly-like region within the cell in which other cellular components are found. 3) DNA, the genetic material of the cell. 4) Ribosomes, particles that synthesize proteins.  Cell Organelles and their Functions Cell Membrane The plasma membrane is one type of cell membrane, provides protection for a cell. It also provides a fixed environment inside the cell.  Nucleus 1. The nucleus is the most vital organelle within the cell. 2. It contains the genetic material, the DNA, which is liable for controlling and directing all the activities of the cell. Nuclear membrane  Nucleolus The nucleolus is the site of ribosome synthesis. It is involved in controlling cellular activities and cellular reproduction. Chromosomes Chromosomes play an important role in determining the sex of an individual. Each human cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes  Endoplasmic reticulum The endoplasmic reticulum can either be smooth or rough, and in general its function is to biosynthesis, processing & transport for protein and lipid. Golgi Bodies Also known as a Golgi apparatus Named after its discoverer, Camillo Golgi, The factory in which proteins received from ER are further processed and sorted for transport for using inside & outside from the cell.  Ribosome Ribosomes are found 'free' in the cytoplasm or bound to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to form rough ER. Responsible for synthesizing proteins by translating the genetic code transcribed in mRNA into an amino acid sequence. Mitochondria A mitochondrion is a round to oval-shaped organelle found in the cells of almost all eukaryotic organisms. It produces energy, known as ATP.  Lysosomes The lysosomes are the animal cell's “garbage disposal or digestive system of cell” because it contains an array of enzymes capable of breaking down all types of biological polymers: proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and lipids. Vacuole It consists of a bubble of fluid surrounded by a membrane. A vacuole, like a closet‫ دو"ب‬in a house, can store whatever a cell needs at the time.  Finally: Summarize the functions of cell organelles What are the cell types in human? Based on where they are found and their function, human cells can be divided into 1- Stem cells 2- Bone cells, 3- Blood cells 4- Muscle cells, 5- Fat cells 6- Skin cells, 7- Nerve cells 8- Epithelial cells, 9- Sex cells 10- Cancer cells. What are the major functions of the cell  Structure and Support The cell wall and the cell membrane are the main components that function to provide support and structure to the organism. Transport The waste produced by the chemical processes is eliminated from the cells, Small & The larger molecules diffuse across the cell membrane through active transport where the cells require a lot of energy to transport the substances. Energy Production Cells require energy to carry out various chemical processes. This energy is produced by the cells through a process called photosynthesis in plants and respiration in animals. Growth In complex organisms such as humans, the tissues grow by simple multiplication of cells. Hence, cells are responsible for the growth of the organism. The entire thing takes place via a process of mitosis.  There are two types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis Mitosis is termed as a sexual reproduction where the parent cell divides to form daughter cells. Meiosis causes the daughter cells to be genetically different from the parent cells. Differences between Mitosis & Meiosis  Do normal cells live forever? The normal cells in our bodies get old and die. For example, white blood cells only live for about 13 days, whereas red blood cells live for about 120 days. Liver cells, on the other hand, can live up to 18 months. Cells in the brain will stay alive throughout a person's life. Cell death is a normal process in multicellular organisms, playing an important role in homeostasis. There are two types of cell death: necrosis (or accidental cell death), and apoptosis, a form of programmed cell death (PCD) characterized by specific morphological changes. Apoptosis is responsible for the removal of damaged or unnecessary cells throughout the lifecycle, including normal cell turnover,  Apoptosis is a natural and essential process required for growth as well as maintenance of a healthy state. Cell apoptosis occurs in a gentle, controlled manner without causing damage to neighboring cells. What is Homeostasis? 2 important cellular processes must balance each other perfectly