1. Anatomy Lab 1.pdf

Anatomy LABORATORY Lab # 1 Bones of Upper Limb By Dr. Hassan Mohammed Rizk (Ph.D.) Associate Professor of Human Anatomy and Embryology  Objectives: by the end of this lab the student must understand the following...

Anatomy LABORATORY Lab # 1 Bones of Upper Limb By Dr. Hassan Mohammed Rizk (Ph.D.) Associate Professor of Human Anatomy and Embryology  Objectives: by the end of this lab the student must understand the following knowledge: Lab. (1) Bones of Upper Limb ▪ Describe the Type & General Features of Bones of Upper Limb. ▪ Identify the sides of these bones (Right or Left). ▪ Identify the joints formed by these bones. Lab. 1: Bones of Upper Limb By Dr. Hassan Rezk July 30, 2024 2  Introduction: Lab. (1) Bones of Upper Limb Name of the Bones forming segment ▪ Formed of: Pectoral (Shoulder) 1. Girdle 1) Anteriorly: Clavicle. Girdle 2) Posteriorly: Scapula. 2. Proximal Segment Arm Humerus ▪ Formed of: 3. Middle Segment Forearm 1) Medially: Ulna. 2) Laterally: Radius ▪ Formed of: 3 groups 1) 8 Carpal bones. 4. Distal Segment Hand 2) 5 Metacarpal bones 3) 14 Phalanges. Lab. 1: Bones of Upper Limb By Dr. Hassan Rezk July 30, 2024 3  Template to describe any BONE in any Limb: Lab. (1) Bones of Upper Limb ▪ Site. ▪ Type of bone: All are Long bone Except Scapula (flat), Hip (irregular). ▪ General Features: Any long bone has two ends & shaft. ▪ Particular Features: muscles attached, arteries & nerves related. ▪ Joints sharing. ▪ Side determination (Right or Left): A. Superior from Inferior? B. Anterior from Posterior? C. Medial from Lateral? Lab. 1: Bones of Upper Limb By Dr. Hassan Rezk July 30, 2024 4  (1) Clavicle (Collar Bone) Lab. (1) Bones of Upper Limb ▪ Connects the upper limb to the trunk. ▪ Type: Long bone situated horizontal. ▪ General Features: two ends & shaft. The shaft: ✓ of the clavicle has a double curve in a horizontal plane (S- shaped) (Concavo-convex). ✓ The medial two thirds of the shaft of the clavicle are convex anteriorly, whereas the lateral third is concave anteriorly. ✓ These curvatures increase the resilience of the clavicle and give it the appearance of an elongated capital S. Sternal (medial) end: is enlarged and triangular. Acromial (lateral) end: is flat Lab. 1: Bones of Upper Limb By Dr. Hassan Rezk July 30, 2024 5 Lab. (1) Bones of Upper Limb Lab. 1: Bones of Upper Limb By Dr. Hassan Rezk July 30, 2024 6 Lab. (1) Bones of Upper Limb ▪ Joints Sharing: 1) Sternal end articulates with the manubrium of the sternum at the sternoclavicular (SC) joint. 2) Acromial end articulates with the acromion of the scapula at the acromioclavicular (AC) joint. Lab. 1: Bones of Upper Limb By Dr. Hassan Rezk July 30, 2024 7 Lab. (1) Bones of Upper Limb ▪ Side determination: Superior surface is smooth. Inferior surface, shows the following from lateral to medial: 1. Trapezoid ridge. Superior from Inferior? 2. Conoid tubercle. 3. Groove for subclavius. 4. Costal impression The medial two thirds of the shaft of the clavicle are convex anteriorly, Anterior from Posterior? whereas the lateral third is concave anteriorly. 1. Sternal (medial) end: is enlarged and triangular. Medial from Lateral? 2. Acromial (lateral) end: is flat Lab. 1: Bones of Upper Limb By Dr. Hassan Rezk July 30, 2024 8  (2) Scapula (Shoulder Blade) Lab. (1) Bones of Upper Limb ▪ Type: Flat bone ▪ General Features: It is in the form of inverted triangle, it has ✓ 3 Fossae. ✓ 3 Angles. ✓ 3 Borders. ✓ 3 Processes. ✓ 3 Tubercles. ✓ 2 Notches. ✓ 2 Surfaces. Lab. 1: Bones of Upper Limb By Dr. Hassan Rezk July 30, 2024 9 Lab. (1) Bones of Upper Limb Right Scapula A. Anterior (Costal) Surface B. Posterior Surface Lab. 1: Bones of Upper Limb By Dr. Hassan Rezk July 30, 2024 10 Lab. (1) Bones of Upper Limb Right Scapula Lateral View Lab. 1: Bones of Upper Limb By Dr. Hassan Rezk July 30, 2024 11 Lab. (1) Bones of Upper Limb ▪ Joints Sharing: 1) Glenoid cavity articulates with head of humerus to form shoulder (glenohumeral) joint. 2) Acromial end articulates with the acromion of the scapula at the acromioclavicular (AC) joint. Lab. 1: Bones of Upper Limb By Dr. Hassan Rezk July 30, 2024 12 Lab. (1) Bones of Upper Limb ▪ Side determination: Scapula is in the form of inverted triangle. Superior from Inferior? Acromion process is directed superiorly. Anterior from Posterior? Spine of scapula is directed posteriorly. Medial from Lateral? Glenoid cavity is directed laterally. Lab. 1: Bones of Upper Limb By Dr. Hassan Rezk July 30, 2024 13  Lateral Medial (3) Humerus (Proximal End)) Lab. (1) Bones of Upper Limb ▪ Type: Humerus is long bone ▪ General Features: 1) Head of humerus: directed medially. 2) Anatomical neck. 3) Surgical neck. 4) Lesser tubercle: directed anteriorly. 5) Greater tubercle: directed laterally. It carries three facets: a) Upper facet. b) Middle facet. c) Lower facet. 6) Intertubercular sulcus (groove): it has three parts: a) Medial lip. b) Floor. c) Lateral lip. Right Humerus 7) Deltoid tuberosity: directed laterally. Anterior View Lab. 1: Bones of Upper Limb By Dr. Hassan Rezk July 30, 2024 14 Lab. (1) Bones of Upper Limb Right Humerus Posterior View Lab. 1: Bones of Upper Limb By Dr. Hassan Rezk July 30, 2024 15 Lab. (1) Bones of Upper Limb ▪ Joint Sharing of proximal end of humerus: Glenoid cavity of scapula articulates with head of humerus to form shoulder (glenohumeral) joint. Lab. 1: Bones of Upper Limb By Dr. Hassan Rezk July 30, 2024 16 Lab. (1) Bones of Upper Limb ▪ Side determination of the proximal end of the humerus: Superior from Inferior? Head of the humerus is directed superiorly. Anterior from Posterior? Lesser tubercle is directed anteriorly. Medial from Lateral? Head of the humerus is directed medially. Lab. 1: Bones of Upper Limb By Dr. Hassan Rezk July 30, 2024 17  Medial Lateral (4) Humerus - Shaft Lab. (1) Bones of Upper Limb ▪ In cross section, the shaft of the humerus is somewhat triangular with: ✓ anterior, lateral, and medial borders, and ✓ anterolateral, anteromedial, and posterior surfaces. ▪ Lateral surface shows an elevated bony mark which is deltoid tuberosity. ▪ The middle part of the posterior surface and adjacent part of the anterolateral surface are marked by the shallow radial groove. ▪ Intermuscular septa, which separate the anterior compartment from the posterior compartment, attach to the medial and lateral borders. Lab. 1: Bones of Upper Limb By Dr. Hassan Rezk July 30, 2024 18 Lab. (1) Bones of Upper Limb Right Humerus Posterior View Right Humerus Anterior View Lab. 1: Bones of Upper Limb By Dr. Hassan Rezk July 30, 2024 19  (5) Humerus – Distal (lower) End Lab. (1) Bones of Upper Limb ▪ Two ridges: 1) Lateral supracondylar ridge. 2) Medial supracondylar ridge. ▪ Two condyles: 1) Capitulum (small head): Articulates with the radius of the forearm. Lateral in position. Is not visible when the humerus is viewed from the posterior aspect. 2) Trochlea (pulley shaped): Articulates with the ulna of the forearm. Lies medial to the capitulum. Unlike the capitulum, it extends onto the posterior surface of the bone. ▪ Two epicondyles: 1) Medial epicondyle: a large bony protuberance. is the major palpable landmark on the medial side of the elbow, and projects medially from the distal end of the humerus. 2) Lateral epicondyle: is much less pronounced than the medial epicondyle. ▪ Three fossae: occur superior to the trochlea and capitulum on the distal end of the humerus. 1) Radial fossa is the least distinct of the fossae and occurs immediately superior to the capitulum on the anterior surface of the humerus. 2) Coronoid fossa is adjacent to the radial fossa and is superior to the trochlea. 3) Olecranon fossa: largest of the fossae,, occurs immediately superior to the trochlea on the posterior surface of the July 30, 2024 distal end of the humerus. Lab. 1: Bones of Upper Limb By Dr. Hassan Rezk 20 Lab. (1) Bones of Upper Limb ▪ Joint Sharing of distal end of humerus: Trochlea and capitulum articulate with radius and ulna to form elbow joint. Lab. 1: Bones of Upper Limb By Dr. Hassan Rezk July 30, 2024 21  (6) Ulna – Proximal (Upper) End: Lab. (1) Bones of Upper Limb ▪ Ulna is the medial skeleton of forearm. ▪ The proximal end of the ulna is much larger than the proximal end of the radius and consists of: Medial 1) Olecranon process: directed superiorly. 2) Coronoid process: directed anteriorly. 3) Trochlear notch: articulates with trochlea of humerus. 4) Radial notch: directed laterally and articulates with head of radius. 5) Tuberosity of the ulna. 6) Supinator fossa. 7) Supinator crest. Lab. 1: Bones of Upper Limb By Dr. Hassan Rezk July 30, 2024 22 Lab. (1) Bones of Upper Limb Lab. 1: Bones of Upper Limb By Dr. Hassan Rezk July 30, 2024 23  Medial (7) Ulna – Shaft: Lab. (1) Bones of Upper Limb ▪ shaft of the ulna is triangular in cross section and has: 1) Three borders: a) Anterior. b) Posterior: sharp and palpable. c) Interosseous (lateral) border: sharp & for attachment of interosseous membrane. 2) Three surfaces: a) Anterior. b) Posterior. c) Medial. Lab. 1: Bones of Upper Limb By Dr. Hassan Rezk July 30, 2024 24 Lab. (1) Bones of Upper Limb Lab. 1: Bones of Upper Limb By Dr. Hassan Rezk July 30, 2024 25  (8) Ulna – Distal End: Lab. (1) Bones of Upper Limb ▪ The distal end of the ulna is small and characterized by a rounded head and the ulnar styloid process. ▪ The ulnar styloid process originates from the posteromedial aspect of the ulna and projects distally. Lab. 1: Bones of Upper Limb By Dr. Hassan Rezk July 30, 2024 26 Lab. (1) Bones of Upper Limb ▪ Joints Sharing: 1) Trochlea of humerus articulates with trochlear notch to form elbow joint. 2) Three articulations between radius & ulna which are radio-ulnar joints (proximal, middle & distal). Ulna Does not share in the formation of wrist joint. Lab. 1: Bones of Upper Limb By Dr. Hassan Rezk July 30, 2024 27  (2) Shoulder (1) Shoulder (Pectoral) Girdle Joint (2) Site of Shoulder Joint Lab. (1) Bones of Upper Limb (1) Site of Shoulder (Pectoral) Girdle (3) Site of Elbow (3) Elbow Joint Joint (4) Sites of Radio-ulnar (4) Radio-ulnar Joints Joints (5) Site of Wrist Joint (5) Wrist Joint (6) Site of Small Joints of (6) Small hand Joints of hand Lab. 1: Bones of Upper Limb By Dr. Hassan Rezk July 30, 2024 28 Lab. (1) Bones of Upper Limb ▪ Side determination: Trochlear notch is directed superiorly. Superior from Inferior? Styloid process directed inferiorly. Anterior from Posterior? Trochlear notch is directed anteriorly. Radial notch is directed laterally. Medial from Lateral? Interosseous sharp border is directed laterally. Lab. 1: Bones of Upper Limb By Dr. Hassan Rezk July 30, 2024 29  (9) Radius – Proximal (Upper) End: Lab. (1) Bones of Upper Limb ▪ Radius is the lateral skeleton of the forearm. ▪ Is more constricted than its distal end. ▪ It consists of: 1) Head of the radius: ✓ is a thick disc-shaped structure. ✓ articulates with the capitulum of the humerus. ✓ The margin of the disc articulates with the radial notch on the proximal end of the ulna. 2) Neck of the radius. 3) Radial tuberosity. 4) Oblique line of the radius. Lab. 1: Bones of Upper Limb By Dr. Hassan Rezk July 30, 2024 30  Medial (10) Radius – Shaft: Lab. (1) Bones of Upper Limb ▪ shaft of the radius is triangular in cross section, with: A. Three borders: a) Anterior border. b) Posterior border. c) Interosseous (medial) border: ✓ is sharp. ✓ attachment site for the interosseous membrane, which links the radius to the ulna. A. Three surfaces: a) Anterior. b) Posterior. c) Lateral surface: with pronator tuberosity in its middle. Lab. 1: Bones of Upper Limb By Dr. Hassan Rezk July 30, 2024 31 Lab. (1) Bones of Upper Limb Lab. 1: Bones of Upper Limb By Dr. Hassan Rezk July 30, 2024 32  (11) Radius – Distal (lower) End: Lab. (1) Bones of Upper Limb ▪ It has 5 surfaces: 1) Anterior surface: is smooth and concave. 2) Posterior surface: is characterized by the presence of a large dorsal tubercle. 3) Medial surface: is marked by ulnar notch for articulation with the distal end of the ulna. 4) Lateral surface: extends distally as a radial styloid process. 5) Inferior surface: is marked by two facets for articulation with two carpal bones (the scaphoid and lunate). Lab. 1: Bones of Upper Limb By Dr. Hassan Rezk July 30, 2024 33 Lab. (1) Bones of Upper Limb ▪ Joints Sharing: 1) Capitulum of humerus articulates with head of radius to form elbow joint. 2) Three articulations between radius & ulna which are radio-ulnar joints (proximal, middle & distal). 3) Wrist joint. Lab. 1: Bones of Upper Limb By Dr. Hassan Rezk July 30, 2024 34  (2) Shoulder (1) Shoulder (Pectoral) Girdle Joint (2) Site of Shoulder Joint Lab. (1) Bones of Upper Limb (1) Site of Shoulder (Pectoral) Girdle (3) Site of Elbow (3) Elbow Joint Joint (4) Sites of Radio-ulnar (4) Radio-ulnar Joints Joints (5) Site of Wrist Joint (5) Wrist Joint (6) Site of Small Joints of (6) Small hand Joints of hand Lab. 1: Bones of Upper Limb By Dr. Hassan Rezk July 30, 2024 35 Lab. (1) Bones of Upper Limb ▪ Side determination: Discoid shaped head is directed superiorly. Superior from Inferior? Styloid process directed inferiorly. Anterior from Posterior? Anterior concave surface of lower end is directed anteriorly. Ulnar notch is directed medially. Medial from Lateral? Interosseous sharp border is directed medially. Lab. 1: Bones of Upper Limb By Dr. Hassan Rezk July 30, 2024 36  (12) Skeleton of the hand: Medial Lab. (1) Bones of Upper Limb There are three groups of bones in the hand: 1) Eight carpal bones are the bones of the wrist. 2) Five metacarpals (I to V) are the bones of the metacarpus. 3) Fourteen phalanges: phalanges are the bones of the digits—the thumb has only two; the rest of the digits have three Lab. 1: Bones of Upper Limb By Dr. Hassan Rezk July 30, 2024 37  (13) Skeleton of the hand – (Carpus): Lab. (1) Bones of Upper Limb ▪ The small carpal bones of the wrist are arranged in two rows, a proximal and a distal row, each consisting of four bones. ▪ Proximal row: From lateral to medial 1) Scaphoid: boat-shaped bone). 2) Lunate, (crescent-shaped bone). 3) Triquetrum: (three-sided bone). 4) Pisiform: (pea-shaped bone). ▪ Distal row: From lateral to medial 1) Trapezium: (irregular four-sided bone) 2) Trapezoid: (four-sided) 3) Capitate: (head (largest)). 4) Hamate: (hook). Lab. 1: Bones of Upper Limb By Dr. Hassan Rezk July 30, 2024 38  Medial Lab. (1) Bones of Upper Limb Medial Lateral Lab. 1: Bones of Upper Limb By Dr. Hassan Rezk July 30, 2024 39 Lab. (1) Bones of Upper Limb Lab. 1: Bones of Upper Limb By Dr. Hassan Rezk July 30, 2024 40  (14) Skeleton of the hand – (Metacarpal): Medial Lab. (1) Bones of Upper Limb ▪ Five long bones. ▪ Arranged numerically from lateral to medial: 1) 1st metacarpal. 2) 2nd metacarpal. 3) 3rd metacarpal. 4) 4th metacarpal. 5) 5th metacarpal. Lab. 1: Bones of Upper Limb By Dr. Hassan Rezk July 30, 2024 41 Lab. (1) Bones of Upper Limb Lab. 1: Bones of Upper Limb By Dr. Hassan Rezk July 30, 2024 42  (15) Skeleton of the hand – (Phalanges): Medial Lab. (1) Bones of Upper Limb ▪ 14 long bones. ▪ Each of the medial four fingers has, three phalanges: 1) Proximal phalanx. 2) Middle phalanx 3) Distal phalanx. ▪ The most lateral finger (thumb), has two phalanges only: 1) Proximal phalanx. 2) Distal phalanx. Lab. 1: Bones of Upper Limb By Dr. Hassan Rezk July 30, 2024 43 Lab. (1) Bones of Upper Limb Lab. 1: Bones of Upper Limb By Dr. Hassan Rezk July 30, 2024 44 Lab. (1) Bones of Upper Limb ▪ Joints Sharing: 1) Wrist joint. 2) Intercarpal joint. 3) Carpo-metacarpal joints. 4) Metacarpo-phalangeal joints. 5) Interphalangeal joints. Lab. 1: Bones of Upper Limb By Dr. Hassan Rezk July 30, 2024 45  Lateral Medial Medial Four Fingers Lab. (1) Bones of Upper Limb Names of digits of hand (fingers): from lateral to medial: 1) 1st digit: thumb. 2) 2nd digit: index. 3) 3rd digit: middle. 4) 4th digit: ring. 5) 5th digit: little finger (digit minimi). Palm of Left Hand Lab. 1: Bones of Upper Limb By Dr. Hassan Rezk July 30, 2024 46  Reference Lab. (1) Bones of Upper Limb Gray's anatomy for students, 3rd edition. ISBN: 978-0-7020-5131-9 Copyright© 2015, 2010, 2005 by Churchill Livingstone, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Chapter 7, pages 18 - 24 Lab. 1: Bones of Upper Limb By Dr. Hassan Rezk July 30, 2024 47 Lab. (1) Bones of Upper Limb Lab. 1: Bones of Upper Limb By Dr. Hassan Rezk July 30, 2024 48