Untitled Quiz

Anatomy Defined

• Anatomy is the study of body structure, derived from the Greek "anatome" meaning to dissect.

Anatomical Position and Body Positions

• Standard anatomical position: upright, facing forward, arms straight at sides, palms forward, feet parallel.
• Supine position: lying flat on the back.
• Prone position: lying flat on the front, face down.

Anatomical Planes

• Median (sagittal) plane: vertical, divides the body into equal left and right halves.
• Paramedian (parasagittal) plane: vertical, parallel to the median plane, divides the body into unequal halves.
• Coronal plane: vertical, divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.
• Horizontal (transverse) plane: divides the body into upper and lower parts.

Directional Terms

• Medial: towards the midline.
• Lateral: away from the midline.
• Superior (cranial): towards the head.
• Inferior (caudal): towards the feet.
• Proximal: closer to the point of origin or trunk.
• Distal: farther from the point of origin or trunk.
• Anterior (ventral): towards the front.
• Posterior (dorsal): towards the back.
• Superficial: towards the surface.
• Deep: away from the surface.
• Ipsilateral: same side of the body.
• Contralateral: opposite side of the body.
• Intermediate: between.

Anatomical Terms of Movement

• Abduction: moving away from the midline.
• Adduction: moving towards the midline.
• Medial rotation: ventral surface moves towards the midline (pronation in forearm).
• Lateral rotation: ventral surface moves away from the midline (supination in forearm).
• Flexion: approximation of ventral surfaces, decreasing the angle between them.
• Extension: ventral surfaces move apart, increasing the angle between them. Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion refer to ankle movements.
• Inversion: sole of foot faces inwards.
• Eversion: sole of foot faces outwards.
• Elevation: moving up.
• Depression: moving down.
• Protraction: moving anteriorly.
• Retraction: moving posteriorly.
• Circumduction: combined movement involving flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction.

Anatomical Regions

• Head
• Neck
• Trunk (thorax, abdomen, pelvis & external genitalia)
• Upper limb (shoulder, arm, elbow, forearm, wrist, hand, fingers)
• Lower limb (gluteal region, hip, thigh, knee, leg, ankle, foot, toes)

Skin Structure

• Epidermis: stratified squamous epithelium.
• Dermis: connective tissue containing sweat glands, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves.
• Subcutaneous fat: lies below the dermis.

Fascia Types

• Superficial fascia: loose connective tissue beneath the skin, thicker in the trunk than in limbs. May contain muscle fibers.
• Deep fascia: condensed fibrous tissue surrounding muscles; forms aponeuroses and retinacula (thickened bands around distal joints). Absent in certain areas (e.g., face, anterior abdominal wall).