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Questions and Answers
Which term describes movement towards the midline of the body?
What does the term 'distal' indicate in anatomical position?
What is the meaning of 'superficial' in anatomical terminology?
Which movement describes the rotation of the ventral surface towards the midline?
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Which term refers to the movement of a body part posteriorly?
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What does the term 'anatomical position' specifically describe?
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Which anatomical plane divides the body into anterior and posterior parts?
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Which of the following is true about the median plane?
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What is the meaning of the term 'supine position'?
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Which type of anatomical plane is referred to as horizontal or transverse?
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Study Notes
Anatomy Defined
- Anatomy is the study of body structure, derived from the Greek "anatome" meaning to dissect.
Anatomical Position and Body Positions
- Standard anatomical position: upright, facing forward, arms straight at sides, palms forward, feet parallel.
- Supine position: lying flat on the back.
- Prone position: lying flat on the front, face down.
Anatomical Planes
- Median (sagittal) plane: vertical, divides the body into equal left and right halves.
- Paramedian (parasagittal) plane: vertical, parallel to the median plane, divides the body into unequal halves.
- Coronal plane: vertical, divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.
- Horizontal (transverse) plane: divides the body into upper and lower parts.
Directional Terms
- Medial: towards the midline.
- Lateral: away from the midline.
- Superior (cranial): towards the head.
- Inferior (caudal): towards the feet.
- Proximal: closer to the point of origin or trunk.
- Distal: farther from the point of origin or trunk.
- Anterior (ventral): towards the front.
- Posterior (dorsal): towards the back.
- Superficial: towards the surface.
- Deep: away from the surface.
- Ipsilateral: same side of the body.
- Contralateral: opposite side of the body.
- Intermediate: between.
Anatomical Terms of Movement
- Abduction: moving away from the midline.
- Adduction: moving towards the midline.
- Medial rotation: ventral surface moves towards the midline (pronation in forearm).
- Lateral rotation: ventral surface moves away from the midline (supination in forearm).
- Flexion: approximation of ventral surfaces, decreasing the angle between them.
- Extension: ventral surfaces move apart, increasing the angle between them. Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion refer to ankle movements.
- Inversion: sole of foot faces inwards.
- Eversion: sole of foot faces outwards.
- Elevation: moving up.
- Depression: moving down.
- Protraction: moving anteriorly.
- Retraction: moving posteriorly.
- Circumduction: combined movement involving flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction.
Anatomical Regions
- Head
- Neck
- Trunk (thorax, abdomen, pelvis & external genitalia)
- Upper limb (shoulder, arm, elbow, forearm, wrist, hand, fingers)
- Lower limb (gluteal region, hip, thigh, knee, leg, ankle, foot, toes)
Skin Structure
- Epidermis: stratified squamous epithelium.
- Dermis: connective tissue containing sweat glands, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves.
- Subcutaneous fat: lies below the dermis.
Fascia Types
- Superficial fascia: loose connective tissue beneath the skin, thicker in the trunk than in limbs. May contain muscle fibers.
- Deep fascia: condensed fibrous tissue surrounding muscles; forms aponeuroses and retinacula (thickened bands around distal joints). Absent in certain areas (e.g., face, anterior abdominal wall).
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