Peopling the Philippines PDF

Peopling the Philippines Debunking what we know regarding Austronesians Dr. Henry Otley Beyer ➔ An American historical-anthropologist ➔ Believed theories that are rooted in colonial thinking (WHITE SUPREMACY)...

Peopling the Philippines Debunking what we know regarding Austronesians Dr. Henry Otley Beyer ➔ An American historical-anthropologist ➔ Believed theories that are rooted in colonial thinking (WHITE SUPREMACY) ➔ Terms used in describing class were problematic ◆ Negritos - had negative connotation during his time ➔ Assumptions presented to the table held no true data Dr. General David ➔ The academic that allowed Beyer’s ideologies to seethe into Barrows the academe ➔ Taught such narratives to justify colonialism What did Beyer What did he suggest regarding austronesians: suggest regarding ➔ Negritos austronesians: ◆ Arrived in 8000 BC ➔ Negritos ◆ Stout ➔ Indones ◆ Dark-skinned ➔ Malays ◆ Curly-haired ◆ Thick lips ◆ Lived a simple life ◆ Used land bridges to live their nomadic life ➔ Indones ◆ Arrived in 5000 BC ◆ Tall ◆ Light-skinned ◆ Had caucasian features ➔ Malays ◆ Arrived in 3000 BC ◆ Brown-skinned ◆ Average in height How did this theory Core Population Theory come to place? ➔ Theory that suggested that older people looked comparable to the appearance of people today What then is true? Peter Bellwood & Dr. ➔ Pioneered the theory for austronesians Wilhelm Solheim II The way they conducted observations: ★ Observation of their tools ★ Transportation methods ★ Speaking Austronesian? ➔ Categorized as an ethnicity ➔ Underwent expansion with no parallel in human history (400  BC and 1000 AD) ➔ Derived from linguistics ➔ Figures of their existence can only be supported by biological anthropology and archaeology The true description How they were Categorized into four groups: Sawah and Swidden: categorized ★ Sawah ➔ Agriculture ★ Swidden Differences ★ Sailud ➔ Sawah ★ Saraya ◆ Water-based; wet ◆ Used by settlers ➔ Swidden ◆ Burning ◆ Used in nomadic settings Sailud and Saraya ➔ Can be found near waters Differences ➔ Sailud ◆ Near riverbeds ➔ Saraya ◆ Near beach fronts Livelihood ➔ Manifested mostly in Debunking a belief agriculture Western ◆ Farms: historical-anthropologists Located in believed that austronesians loam soils were at war with each other; Location they were comparable to where battering rams irrigation is What is true? convenient ➔ Dr. Onofre Corpuz ◆ Water ◆ The reason for ➔ Thrived off trading war was rooted resources from one source in trading to another ◆ Misunderstandin g in disrespected trade routes The fruit of their OLDEST TERRACES livelihood (Terraces) ➔ Found in Chiang-mai (Thailand) THE PHILIPPINES ➔ Terraces measured 2200 miles long (UNESCO) ➔ Cultivated during 800 BC to 800 AD Transportation Bellwood believed that Austronesians arrived in boats. They Used different boats depending on where they choose to venture to: ➔ Oceanic boats ◆ Caracoa ◆ Lanong/Lanung (Iranun) ◆ Balanghai ➔ Littoral boats (NAVY) ◆ Prahu ◆ Paraw ◆ Vinta ➔ Riverine boats ◆ Baroto ◆ Panco Barangay What is it? ➔ Communal in nature ◆ Everything is shared by the community in the barangay The position (Datu) ➔ Headed by: Datu, Lakan, Rajah ➔ The head of the barangay ➔ Being a datu is rooted from the barangay’s trust ➔ Chosen by the barangay’s Lalakay (Council of Elders: former datus/warriors) ➔ Neither a permanent position; nor a transferable one. Origin ➔ Believed to have came from 60-80 foot oceanic boats (Balanghai) ➔ Boats had sharp fronts intended to be used for defensive purposes Other social classes Maharlika Social dispositions during the ➔ The datu’s class Austronesian era were not ➔ Possible to be permanent. demoted to being an alipin once indebted Laguna Copperplate Inscription Timawa ➔ Oldest written document ➔ Middle class ➔ Founded by two married ➔ Can be freed from treasure hunters in Lumban, being an alipin once Laguna; Translated by Dr. their dues are paid or Antoon Postma once they save the ➔ Recorded the act of being barangay pardoned from debt enabling Alipin a person to have social ➔ Divided into two mobility ◆ Namamahay ◆ Maharlika indebted People with 1 Suwarna (980G who of 24K Gold), forgiven need to by the barangay;  pay Maharlika turned alipin dues turned maharlika ◆ Saguiguilid ➔ The LCI incorporated these Prisoner concepts s of War ◆ Society’s social Umalohokan mobility ➔ Served as the village ◆ Borderlessness of crier due to the state Barangay’s huge size (Suprabarangay) Religious Heads Catalonan ➔ Head of the Babaylan ➔ Put to place when there is a Suprabarangay ➔ Gives the final decision regarding the state of the region or environment Babaylan ➔ Gives people news regarding the state of the environment ➔ Believed to have connections with their surroundings enabling them to be seer-like Manang Bale ➔ Lowest babaylan class ➔ Men who chose to not partake in war Muslim in the Philippines: The Sultanate Origin of Islam ➔ Emerged in the 1280s ➔ Brought to the land in Jolo by Tuan Mashaika a Mashayikh Clan Trader ➔ Disseminated Islam through trading ◆ Traders are considered Islam Missionaries ➔ Disseminated first to the Datus ◆ Believed to have infiltrated effectively due to how it developed: from the top to bottom ➔ Established fully due to the construction of Mosques ◆ Inspired by Karim ul Makhdum Origin of ➔ Disseminated by Sharif ul Hashim (Abu Bak’r) Sultanate/The Sultan ➔ Believed to be Allah’s shadow ➔ Established in 1405 ◆ Easily disseminated due to Abu Bak’rs betrothment to Paramisuli (dayang-dayang), daughter of Rajah Baguinda ➔ Abu Bak’r wanted absolute power; made feudalism be realized (Similar to monarchies) Islamic Government Q’adi ➔ Judge of Shariah ➔ Their power is the same as Muslim Bishops  Imam ➔ Muslim missionaries ➔ Head of the Mosques; disseminates Islamic beliefs ➔ Teacher to the Madrasah ◆ Islamic academe where they learn Arabic language and teachings of Allah Alim ➔ Religious scholars of Islam Muezzin ➔ Conducts Adhan at the Minaret Islamic Doctrine ➔ Based on two things ◆ Quran/Koran Bible of the Muslim ◆ Adat Culture and traditions of Muslim (varies) The Sultanate ➔ Feudal rather than communal ➔ The Sultan’s power is measured through the number of warriors defending their territory and this is why pangangayaw is imminent ◆ Pangangayaw Attacking Tausug territories to gather men for battle Executed to broaden the Islamic community - Ummah Parang Sabil is sung as a ritual for the successful attack Sultanate Territory ➔ The first territory of the sultanate is based on the sound of the Royal Gong Sultanate Classes Raja Muda ➔ The heir to the Sultan’s throne ➔ This signifies that the Sultan position is transferable Alimudin ★ Served longest in the sultanate ○ Killed his father for the position Ruma Bichara ➔ Council of elders ➔ Headed by the Raja Muda ➔ Strongest council in the Muslim Community Defense: Raja Laut ➔ Head of the seas; Navy chief Datu Temenggong ➔ Hukbong Pangkati (Land Army) Datu Shahbandar ➔ Portmaster general ➔ Collector of the sultanate taxes (Finance secretary) Datu Bendahara ➔ Police officer ➔ Governs the locale Panglima ➔ The governor in times of peace and the general in times of crises ➔ Governs five (5) positions in the sultanate: North, South, East, West, and the Central (strongest protector of the sultanate) Datu ➔ Lowest political class ➔ Former datus who accepted Islam Islamic Tribes Tausug ➔ Islamic warriors ➔ Resides in Sulu Island ➔ First to accept Islamification ➔ Heads the pangangayaw using the Caracoa Maranao ➔ Islamic Traders ➔ Resides near lakes; Lanao = Lawa ➔ Lives through sailud Maguindanaoan ➔ Farming sector ➔ Resides in flat areas ➔ Centers politics at Buluan in ARMM Iranun ➔ Skilled Craftsmen ➔ Makes the weaponry Samal Balangingi James Warren ➔ Greatest Filipino mariners/seafarers  ➔ Primary navigator in pangangayaw ➔ Uses lightning as the basis for their navigation The Outcaste Badjao (Pariah) ➔ Displaced by Abu Bak’r due to non-acceptance of Islam ➔ Did not trust the Tausug = did not trust any offerings ◆ Abu Bak’r felt disrespected Other Pariahs: Resided in caves, forests, and mountains 1. Tagimaha 2. Baclaya 3. Buranun