Effective Project Management: Project Scoping (PDF)

Effective Project Management: Traditional, Agile, Extreme, Hybrid 8th Edition Ch06: How to Scope a TPM Project Presented by (facilitator name)  Ch06: How to Scop...

Effective Project Management: Traditional, Agile, Extreme, Hybrid 8th Edition Ch06: How to Scope a TPM Project Presented by (facilitator name)  Ch06: How to Scope a TPM Project Summary of Chapter 6  Using tools, templates, and processes to scope a TPM project  Managing client expectations  Project scoping process  Project scoping meeting & deliverables  Requirements breakdown structure (RBS)  Project classification  Choosing the best fit PMLC Model  Project Overview Statement  Ch06: How to Scope a TPM Project Tools, Templates & Processes used to Scope a Project Conditions of Satisfaction Project Scoping Meting Requirements Elicitation Brainstorming Facilitated Group Sessions Interviews Prototyping Requirements Workshops Project Overview Statement Approval to Plan the Project  Ch06: How to Scope a TPM Project Client Wants vs. Client Needs Dilemma NEEDS WANTS What your client wants may not be what your client needs. Your job is to make sure that what they want is what they need and that you will deliver what they need.  Ch06: How to Scope a TPM Project Tips to Managing Client Expectations During Scoping Make sure you understand what your client wants/needs/expects Make sure the client understands what you will do Assure yourself that what your client wants is what your client needs Actively include your client in scoping the project Put yourself in the shoes of your client Meaningfully involve your client wherever possible Keep your client informed of project status  Ch06: How to Scope a TPM Project Project Scoping Process  Ch06: How to Scope a TPM Project Establishing Conditions of Satisfaction Clarify Request Request Response Agree on Response Negotiate agreement and write Project Overview Statement  Ch06: How to Scope a TPM Project Planning and Conducting the Project Scoping Meeting Purpose Document requirements Project Overview Statement Attendees Project Manager Client Group Core Team Members The Facilitator & Technographer  Ch06: How to Scope a TPM Project Planning and Conducting the Project Scoping Meeting Agenda Introductions Purpose of the Meeting (led by Facilitator) COS (conduct or review if done earlier) Description of current state (led by client representative) Description of problem or business opportunity (led by client representative) Description of end state (led by client representative) Requirements definition and documentation (led by facilitator) Discussion of the gap between current and end state (led by project manager) Choose best fit project management approach to close the gap (led by project manager) Draft and approve the POS (whole scope planning group) Adjourn  Ch06: How to Scope a TPM Project Planning and Conducting the Project Scoping Meeting Deliverables RBS creation Assessment of completeness of RBS Project classification Determination of best fit PMLC Model The POS  Ch06: How to Scope a TPM Project What Are Requirements? A requirement is something the product/project should do/produce or a quality that it must have.  Ch06: How to Scope a TPM Project Requirement – A Business Value Perspective Requirement A requirement is a desired end-state whose successful integration into the solution meets one or more needs and delivers specific, measurable, and incremental business value to the organization. Furthermore the set of high-level requirements forms a necessary and sufficient set for the attainment of incremental business value.  Ch06: How to Scope a TPM Project Building the Requirements Breakdown Structure NOTE:  Requirements #1 through #n form a necessary & sufficient set for attaining expected business value  Not all levels are required.  Ch06: How to Scope a TPM Project Building the Requirements Breakdown Structure Project goal and solution Requirement 1 Requirement n Function Function Function Function Function Function 1.1 1.2 1.3 n.1 n.2 n.3 Sub-function Sub-function Sub-function 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 Feature Feature Feature Feature Feature Feature Feature Feature 1.2.1.1 1.2.1.2 1.2.1.3 1.2.1.4 n.3.1 n.3.2 n.3.3 n.3.4  Ch06: How to Scope a TPM Project Stakeholder Interaction in Requirements  Ch06: How to Scope a TPM Project Approaches to Requirements Gathering Brainstorming Facilitated Group Sessions Interviews Prototyping Requirements Workshop NOTE: These approaches can be used for decomposition too:  The RBS is most meaningful to the client  The RBS is deliverables-based  The RBS is consistent with the PMBOK  The RBS is client-facing  The RBS is the higher order part of the WBS  Ch06: How to Scope a TPM Project Brainstorming Strengths 1. Reduces social inhibitions 2. Stimulates idea generation 3. Increases overall creativity of the group Risks 1. Can be dominated by a strong individual 2. Individual fear of being criticized 3. Evaluation of ideas  Ch06: How to Scope a TPM Project Facilitated Group Session Method Strengths 1. Excellent for cross-functional processes 2. Detailed requirements are documented and verified immediately 3. Resolves issues with an impartial facilitator Risks 1. Untrained facilitators can lead to negative responses 2. Time and cost of planning and executing can be high  Ch06: How to Scope a TPM Project Interview Method Strengths 1. End-user participation 2. High-level description of functions and processes provided Risks 1. Descriptions may differ from actual detailed activities 2. Without structure, stakeholders may not know what information to provide 3. Real needs ignored if analyst is prejudiced  Ch06: How to Scope a TPM Project Prototyping Strengths 1. Innovative ideas can be generated 2. Users clarify what they want 3. Users identify requirements that may be missed 4. Client –focused 5. Early proof of concept 6. Stimulates thought process Risks 1. Client may want to implement prototype 2. Difficult to know when to stop 3. Specialized skills required 4. Absence of documentation  Ch06: How to Scope a TPM Project Requirements Workshop Strengths 1. Good way for first-time use Risks 1. May overwhelm customer  Ch06: How to Scope a TPM Project Categories of Requirements Functional Non-functional Global Product/project constraints  Ch06: How to Scope a TPM Project Definition: Functional Requirement Functional requirements specify what the product or service must do. Give an example of a functional requirement.  Ch06: How to Scope a TPM Project Definition: Non-Functional Requirement Non-functional requirements demonstrate properties that the product or service should have in order to do what must be done. Give an example of a non-functional requirement.  Ch06: How to Scope a TPM Project Definition: Global Requirement Global requirements describe the highest level of requirements within the system or product. They can be thought of as general requirements. Give an example of a global requirement.  Ch06: How to Scope a TPM Project Definition: Product/Project Constraints Product/project constraints are those requirements that, on the surface, resemble design constraints or project constraints. Give an example of a product/project constraint.  Ch06: How to Scope a TPM Project RBS – The Reality Project goal and solution Requirement 1 Requirement n Function Function Function Function Function al Function Function 1.1 1.2 1.3 n.1 n.2 Require n.3 ment n Sub-function Sub-function Sub-function 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 Feature Feature Feature Feature Feature Feature Feature Feature 1.2.1.1 1.2.1.2 1.2.1.3 1.2.1.4 n.3.1 n.3.2 n.3.3 n.3.4  Ch06: How to Scope a TPM Project Characteristics of the RBS The RBS is intuitive and most meaningful to the client The RBS is a deliverables based approach The RBS is consistent with the PMI PMBOK The RBS remains client facing as long as possible into the planning exercise  Ch06: How to Scope a TPM Project Advantages of using the RBS Does not require a trained facilitator Does not require learning one of the contemporary approaches to requirements gathering Presents an intuitive approach to gathering requirements Allows the client to work with the project team in an environment familiar to them, i.e., to stay in their own comfort zone Paints a clear picture of the degree to which the solution is clearly defined Provides the input needed to choose the best fit PMLC Model  Ch06: How to Scope a TPM Project The Challenge of Requirements Management Many different types of requirements at different levels of detail Requirements are not independent of one another and may create conflict situations Many interested and responsible parties with different needs Change as a result of changing business conditions Can be time-sensitive Shuttle diplomacy to resolve differences Assess completeness of requirement decomposition  Ch06: How to Scope a TPM Project Hints in Deciding which PMLC Model to Use The degree to which the RBS is complete is the major factor in deciding which PMLC Model to use. Consider using the highest level of decomposition in the Objective section of the POS and leaving creation of the RBS and WBS for the Planning Phase. The highest level requirements could be those that deliver business value. Senior managers might prefer this.  Ch06: How to Scope a TPM Project When to use each PMLC Model PMLC Model Type When to Use It Linear The solution and requirements are clearly defined. You do not expect too many scope change requests. The project is routine and repetitive. You can use established templates. Same conditions as the Linear approach, but the client wants to deploy Incremental business value incrementally. There may be some likelihood of scope change requests. Iterative You feel that requirements are not complete or may change. You will learn about remaining requirements in the course of doing the project. Some features of the solution are not yet identified. Adaptive The solution and requirements are only partially known. There may be functionality that is not yet identified. There will be a number of scope changes from the client. The project is oriented to new product development or process improvement. The development schedule is tight and you can’t afford rework or re-planning. Extreme The goal and solution are not clearly known. The project is an R & D type project.  Ch06: How to Scope a TPM Project Purpose of the Project Overview Statement A one-page description that is:  A general statement of the project  A reference for the planning team  A decision aid for the project  To get management approval to plan the project Ss PO  Ch06: How to Scope a TPM Project Contents of the Project Overview Statement  Ch06: How to Scope a TPM Project Project Name Project No. Project Manager PROJECT OVERVIEW Office Supply Cost Reduction PAUL BEARER STATEMENT Example POS Problem/Opportunity Our cost reduction task force reports that office supply expenses have exceeded budget by an average of 4% for each of the last three fiscal years. In addition an across the board budget cut of 2% has been announced and there is an inflation rate of 3% estimated for the year. Goal To implement a cost containment program that will result in office supply expenses being within budget by the end of the next fiscal year. Objectives 1. Establish a departmental office supply budgeting and control system. 2. Implement a central stores for office and copying supplies. 3. Standardize the types and brands of office supplies used by the company. 4. Increase employee awareness of copying practices that can reduce the cost of meeting their copying needs. Success Criteria 1. The total project cost is less than 4% of the current year office supply budget. 2. At least 98% of office supply requests are filled on demand. 3. At least 90% of the departments have office supply expenses within budget. 4. No department office supply expense exceeds budget by more than 4%. Assumptions, Risks, Obstacles 1. Central stores can be operated at or below the breakeven point. 2. Users will be sensitive to and supportive of the cost containment initiatives. 3. Equitable office supply budgets can be established. 4. Management will be supportive and consistent. 5. The existing inventory control system can support the central stores operation. Prepared By Date Approved By Date Olive Branch 9/2/04 Del E. Lama 9/3/04  Ch06: How to Scope a TPM Project POS Problem/Opportunity A problem needing resolution or an untapped business opportunity. A statement of fact that everyone would agree to. It stands on its own. This is the foundation on which the proposed project will be based.  Ch06: How to Scope a TPM Project POS Project Goal A one or two sentence statement of how you intend to address the stated problem/opportunity. A scoping statement that bounds the project you are proposing.  Ch06: How to Scope a TPM Project POS Project Objectives  5 or 6 brief statements that further bound your project goal.  From these statements it is clear what is inthe proposed project.  These statements might identify major project deliverables.  These statements form a necessary and sufficient set of objectives. Under what conditions might you consider using the high-level requirements as the project objectives?  Ch06: How to Scope a TPM Project POS Project Success Criteria IRACIS IR Increasing Revenue AC Avoiding Cost IS Improving Service Use quantitative metrics only! How much and by when?  Ch06: How to Scope a TPM Project POS Assumptions, Risks and Obstacles Technological New to the company Obsolescence Environmental Management change Staff turnover Interpersonal Working relationships Cultural Fit to the company Causal Relationships Will the solution solve the problem  Ch06: How to Scope a TPM Project POS Attachments Risk Analysis Financial Analyses Feasibility studies Cost/benefit analysis Breakeven analysis Return on inverstment  Ch06: How to Scope a TPM Project Gaining Approval to Plan the Project  Expected Review Questions from Management  How important is the problem or opportunity to the organization?  How is the project related to our CSFs?  Does the goal statement related directly to the problem or opportunity?  Are the objectives clear representations of the goal statement?  Is there sufficient business value as measured by the success criteria to warrant further expenditures on this project?  Is the relationship between the project objectives and the success criteria clearly established?  Are the risks too high and the business value too low?  Can senior management mitigate the identified risks?  Ch06: How to Scope a TPM Project Participants in the Approval Process  Core project team  Project team  Project manager  Resource managers  Function/process managers  Client  Senior management