Project Management Chapter 6: Scoping Techniques
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary risk of using untrained facilitators in a TPM project?

Untrained facilitators can lead to negative responses from stakeholders.

List one strength and one risk of the interview method in scoping a TPM project.

Strength: End-user participation; Risk: Descriptions may differ from actual detailed activities.

What is a potential risk when using prototyping in a project?

A potential risk is that the client may want to implement the prototype prematurely.

Why might a requirements workshop be overwhelming for a customer?

<p>A requirements workshop may overwhelm the customer due to the volume of information and the variety of stakeholder inputs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Provide an example of a functional requirement.

<p>An example of a functional requirement is 'The system must allow users to log in using their email and password.'</p> Signup and view all the answers

Give an example of a non-functional requirement.

<p>An example of a non-functional requirement is 'The system should load within 2 seconds under normal operating conditions.'</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a global requirement in a project?

<p>Global requirements describe the highest level of requirements within a system or product.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a product/project constraint?

<p>An example of a product/project constraint is 'The application must be developed within a budget of $50,000.'</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the overarching goal of the cost containment program?

<p>To keep office supply expenses within budget by the end of the next fiscal year.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify one objective related to office supply management from the content provided.

<p>Establish a departmental office supply budgeting and control system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much should the total project cost be relative to the current office supply budget?

<p>Less than 4% of the current year office supply budget.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected outcome regarding office supply requests?

<p>At least 98% of office supply requests are filled on demand.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mention one assumption made about the central stores operation.

<p>Central stores can be operated at or below the breakeven point.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of having management support for the cost containment program?

<p>It ensures that the initiatives are consistently enforced and that resources are allocated appropriately.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should employee awareness be addressed according to the objectives?

<p>By increasing awareness of copying practices that can reduce costs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'POS Project Goal' refer to in the provided content?

<p>It refers to a statement on how to address the identified problem or opportunity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does RBS stand for in the context of TPM projects?

<p>RBS stands for Requirements Breakdown Structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the RBS approach benefit clients during project planning?

<p>The RBS allows clients to stay within their comfort zone and work collaboratively with the project team.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of the RBS related to its structure?

<p>The RBS is a deliverables-based approach that remains client-facing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the completeness of the RBS considered important when choosing a PMLC model?

<p>The degree of completeness of the RBS determines the suitability of different PMLC models.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenges might arise in the management of project requirements?

<p>Conflicting requirements from different parties and the evolving nature of business conditions can pose challenges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What advantage does the RBS offer in terms of facilitator requirements?

<p>The RBS does not require a trained facilitator for its implementation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does the RBS present an intuitive approach to requirements gathering?

<p>The RBS presents an intuitive method that is familiar to clients, simplifying the requirements gathering process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can the RBS help in visualizing a project's defined solution?

<p>The RBS paints a clear picture of how well-defined the solution is based on the requirements collected.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the conditions under which high-level requirements can serve as project objectives?

<p>High-level requirements can be used as project objectives when they align with the project's success criteria and provide measurable outcomes that address specific problems or opportunities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the three components of the IRACIS project success criteria.

<p>The three components are Increasing Revenue (IR), Avoiding Cost (AC), and Improving Service (IS).</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to use quantitative metrics for project objectives?

<p>Quantitative metrics are important because they provide clear, measurable targets that enable evaluation of project success and accountability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify two types of obstacles that can affect a project's success.

<p>Technological obstacles, such as obsolescence, and interpersonal obstacles, including working relationships, can significantly affect project success.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do management review questions play in the project approval process?

<p>Management review questions help evaluate the project's alignment with organizational goals, clarify objectives, and assess feasibility and value.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who are the key participants typically involved in the project approval process?

<p>Key participants include the core project team, project manager, resource managers, function/process managers, client, and senior management.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe how risks are related to project objectives and success criteria.

<p>Risks must be evaluated against project objectives and success criteria to determine if the potential benefits outweigh the negative impacts on project viability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of conducting financial analyses such as cost/benefit analysis in project planning?

<p>Financial analyses provide insights into the feasibility of the project and help determine whether the expected benefits justify the costs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of involving the client during the scoping process?

<p>To ensure that the client's wants align with their actual needs and to keep them informed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What document is created to outline the project's overall scope during the scoping meeting?

<p>The Project Overview Statement (POS).</p> Signup and view all the answers

List two key roles that should attend a project scoping meeting.

<p>The Project Manager and the Client Group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does RBS stand for in the context of project scoping deliverables?

<p>Requirements Breakdown Structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to clarify the Conditions of Satisfaction (COS) during scoping?

<p>It ensures all parties agree on what constitutes success for the project.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be discussed to identify the gap between the current state and end state?

<p>The description of the current state and the problem or business opportunity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a requirement in the context of project management?

<p>A requirement is a specific function or quality that the product or project must fulfill.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can a project manager effectively manage client expectations?

<p>By actively communicating with the client and ensuring they understand project progress and limitations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a requirement in the context of a project?

<p>A requirement is a desired end-state that, when integrated into the solution, meets specific needs and delivers measurable business value.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do high-level requirements contribute to business value?

<p>High-level requirements form a necessary and sufficient set to attain expected incremental business value.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of the Requirements Breakdown Structure (RBS)?

<p>The RBS aims to provide a structured framework that categorizes project requirements into manageable components.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name two strengths of brainstorming as a requirements gathering technique.

<p>It reduces social inhibitions and stimulates idea generation among participants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant risk associated with brainstorming sessions?

<p>A strong individual may dominate the session, stifling contributions from others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List one approach to requirements gathering mentioned in the text.

<p>Interviews.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important that the RBS is client-facing?

<p>Being client-facing ensures that the RBS aligns with the client's perspective and needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What advantage does the Facilitated Group Session Method provide?

<p>It is excellent for managing cross-functional processes, enabling diverse input and collaboration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Effective Project Management

  • Traditional, Agile, Extreme, Hybrid
  • 8th Edition

Chapter 6: How to Scope a TPM Project

  • Using tools, templates, and processes to scope a TPM project
  • Managing client expectations
  • Project scoping process
  • Project scoping meeting & deliverables
  • Requirements breakdown structure (RBS)
  • Project classification
  • Choosing a suitable Project Life Cycle Model (PMLC)
  • Project Overview Statement

Tools, Templates & Processes used to Scope a Project

  • Conditions of Satisfaction
  • Project Scoping Meeting
  • Requirements elicitation
  • Brainstorming
  • Facilitated group sessions
  • Interviews
  • Prototyping
  • Requirements Workshops
  • Project Overview Statement
  • Approval to Plan the Project

Client Wants vs. Client Needs Dilemma

  • Client wants may not match client needs
  • Ensuring client wants align with client needs
  • Delivering what the client needs

Tips to Managing Client Expectations During Scoping

  • Understanding client wants/needs/expectations
  • Ensuring client understands project scope
  • Ensuring project scope meets client needs
  • Involving client in the scoping process
  • Considering the client's perspective
  • Keeping the client informed about project status

Project Scoping Process

  • Conduct conditions of satisfaction
  • Define requirements
  • Write and submit Project Overview Statement (POS)
  • Create Requirements Breakdown Structure (RBS)
  • Assess completeness of requirements
  • Classify project in the landscape
  • Determine the best-fit PMLC Model
  • Write POS
  • Submit POS

Establishing Conditions of Satisfaction

  • Clarify request
  • Agree on response
  • Negotiate an agreement and write Project Overview Statement

Planning and Conducting the Project Scoping Meeting

  • Purpose
    • Documenting requirements
    • Project Overview Statement
  • Attendees
    • Project Manager
    • Client Group
    • Core Team Members
    • Facilitator & Technopgrapher
  • Agenda
    • Introductions
    • Meeting Purpose (led by Facilitator)
    • Conditions of Satisfaction (COS)
    • Current State Description (led by client)
    • Problem/Opportunity Description (led by client)
    • End State Description (led by client)
    • Requirements Definition & Documentation (led by facilitator)
    • Discussion of Gap (led by project manager)
    • Choosing Project Management Approach (led by project manager)
    • Draft & Approve POS (whole scope planning group)
    • Adjourn
  • Deliverables
    • RBS creation
    • Assessment of RBS completeness
    • Project classification
    • Determination of best-fit PMLC Model
    • The POS

What Are Requirements?

  • Requirements define what a product or project should do/produce or the qualities it must possess

Requirement – A Business Value Perspective

  • Requirements result in specific measurable and incremental business value
  • High-level requirements build necessary and sufficient sets for incremental business value

Building the Requirements Breakdown Structure

  • Project goal and solution
  • Requirements form a hierarchy (e.g., Requirements 1 - n, functions, sub-functions, processes, activities, features)
  • Each subsequent level further decomposes the previous level

Stakeholder Interaction in Requirements

  • Stakeholders (sponsor, LOB Managers, Functional Managers, Resource Managers, Business Process Engineers, Business Analysts, Project Manager, Customers, Users) interact to gather and define requirements

Approaches to Requirements Gathering

  • Brainstorming
  • Facilitated Group Sessions
  • Interviews
  • Prototyping
  • Requirements Workshops

Brainstorming

  • Strengths: Reduces social inhibitions, stimulates idea generation, increases creativity
  • Risks: Dominated by strong individuals, fear of criticism, evaluation of ideas

Facilitated Group Session Method

  • Strengths: Excellent for cross-functional processes, detailed requirements documented immediately, resolves issues with impartial facilitator
  • Risks: Untrained facilitators can lead to negative responses, time and cost can be high

Interview Method

  • Strengths: End-user participation, high-level descriptions provided
  • Risks: Descriptions may differ from actual activities, stakeholders may not know what information to provide, real needs ignored if analyst is prejudiced

Prototyping

  • Strengths: Innovative ideas generated, users clarify what they want, users identify missed requirements, client-focused, early proof of concept, stimulates thought process
  • Risks: Clients may want to implement prototype, difficulty knowing when to stop, specialized skills, absence of documentation

Requirements Workshop

  • Strengths: Good for first-time use
  • Risks: May overwhelm customer

Categories of Requirements

  • Functional
  • Non-functional
  • Global
  • Product/project constraints

Definition: Functional Requirement

  • Functional requirements specify what a product or service must do

Definition: Non-Functional Requirement

  • Non-functional requirements describe properties a product or service should have to perform its function

Definition: Global Requirement

  • Global requirements are high-level requirements of a system or product

Definition: Product/Project Constraints

  • Surface-level requirements resembling design or project constraints

RBS – The Reality

  • Illustrative diagram of a requirements breakdown structure

Characteristics of the RBS

  • Intuitive and meaningful to the client
  • Deliverables-based approach
  • Consistent with PMI PMBOK
  • Remains client-facing

Advantages of using the RBS

  • Does not require a trained facilitator
  • Does not require learning other contemporary approaches
  • Intuitive approach to gathering requirements
  • Client and project team work comfortably
  • Clarifies solution degree of definition
  • Provides input to choose the best fit PMLC Model

The Challenge of Requirements Management

  • Different requirements at various levels of detail
  • Independent requirements may conflict
  • Various stakeholders with varying needs
  • Change resulting from business conditions
  • Time-sensitivity
  • Resolving disagreements

Hints in Deciding which PMLC Model to Use

  • RBS completeness guides PMLC Model choice
  • Highest level requirements often drive business value

When to use each PMLC Model

  • PMLC (Project Life Cycle) Model usage depends on solution definition, scope changes, and degree of known requirements

Purpose of the Project Overview Statement

  • One-page description of the project
  • Reference for planning team
  • Decision aid for the project
  • Getting management approval for project planning

Contents of the Project Overview Statement

  • Problem/Opportunity
  • Project Goal
  • Project Objectives
  • Success Criteria
  • Assumptions/Risks/Obstacles

Example POS

  • Example of a Project Overview Statement (POS) with specific content

POS Problem/Opportunity

  • Statement of a problem or opportunity needing resolution

POS Project Goal

  • One or two-sentence statement outlining how to address the problem or opportunity

POS Project Objectives

  • 5-6 brief statements defining project scope; clear what is in the project

POS Project Success Criteria

  • Quantitative metrics (e.g., increasing revenue, avoiding costs, improving service)

POS Assumptions, Risks and Obstacles

  • Potential technological, environmental, interpersonal, or cultural issues
  • Causal Relationships of the solution to the problem

POS Attachments

  • Risk analysis
  • Financial analysis
  • Feasibility studies
  • Cost/benefit analysis
  • Breakeven analysis
  • Return on investment

Gaining Approval to Plan the Project

  • Management review questions regarding importance, relationship with organization CSFs, direct relationship to the problem, clear objective representation, sufficient value, established relationships, risks and value consideration.

Participants in the Approval Process

  • Core project team
  • Project manager
  • Resource managers
  • Function/process managers
  • Client
  • Senior management

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Description

This quiz focuses on Chapter 6 of the Effective Project Management 8th Edition, exploring essential tools and processes for scoping a project. It covers managing client expectations, the project scoping process, and various scoping techniques. Test your knowledge on effective project planning and client communication strategies.

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