History of Psychology Past Paper PDF

05HISTPSY_S5_Behaviorism (1) Mittwoch, 23. Oktober 2024 09:13 HISTPSY_S5 BrysbaertaRastle_5.2.pdfyx _Behavior... Reading Summary Making a scie...

05HISTPSY_S5_Behaviorism (1) Mittwoch, 23. Oktober 2024 09:13 HISTPSY_S5 BrysbaertaRastle_5.2.pdfyx _Behavior... Reading Summary Making a science of behaviour ->Inspiration from animal research Evolutionary Theories: The text discusses the contributions of Francis Galton, Herbert Spencer, and Charles Darwin to the understanding of evolution and intelligence. Survival of the Fittest: Herbert Spencer coined the term and integrated Darwin’s ideas into his own theories. Lamarckian Views: The text contrasts Lamarck’s idea of the inheritance of acquired characteristics with Darwin’s theories. Animal Behavior: The influence of Darwin and Spencer led to increased interest in studying animal behavior to understand human intelligence. -> Early research*- trying to understand animals mind Early Research: The text discusses early efforts to understand animal minds, often based on anecdotal evidence. George Romanes: Introduced the term “anthropomorphism” and inferred animal intelligence by comparing it to human consciousness. Lloyd Morgan’s Canon: Emphasizes interpreting animal behavior through scientific approaches rather than human-like reasoning. Anecdotal Evidence: Examples like Mr. Bidie’s cat illustrate how early researchers attributed human-like reasoning to animals. *(f.e.) Thorndikes puzzle boxes (kindtitonierung) Thorndike’s Puzzle Box: Edward Lee Thorndike’s experiments demonstrated that animals learn through trial and error, leading to the formulation of the law of effect. Scientific Methods: Thorndike’s approach marked a shift from anecdotal evidence to systematic experimentation, aligning with modern research methods. Impact on Psychology: His work laid the foundation for comparative psychology, influencing future studies on animal and human intelligence. Learning Processes: Thorndike’s findings emphasized the importance of associative learning in understanding behavior. Pavlovs research on classical conditioning Classical Conditioning: Ivan Pavlov’s experiments with dogs demonstrated how a neutral stimulus, when paired with a stimulus that elicits a reflex, can eventually trigger the reflex on its own. Behaviorism: John B. Watson expanded on Pavlov’s work, emphasizing observable behavior over introspection. Criticism and Evolution: Thorndike criticized introspective methods and focused on observable behavior, aligning with Pavlov’s physiological approach. Impact on Psychology: These foundational studies shaped modern understanding of learning and behavior, influencing both animal and human psychology. -> Researches of people like Pavlov or thorndikeon animal behaviour brought it on the table of natural science this cnange in research methods was summarized by a young researcher called watson: The 1913 behaviourist maifesto Through Watsons articles Research Findings: The text discusses various research findings, likely supported by figures and tables. Subsections: The content is divided into subsections with headings and subheadings, indicating a structured approach to presenting information. Interactive Element: The bottom of the right page includes a question and answer section, suggesting an interactive or self-assessment component. Influence of Philosophy to the science ->positivism Philosophy of Science: The text discusses how philosophies like positivism and post -positivism have influenced psychological research methods. Key Figures: Mentions philosophers and scientists such as Karl Popper and Thomas Kuhn. Concepts: Covers concepts like falsifiability, paradigm shifts, and the importance of objective measurements in science. Historical Context: Highlights the impact of scientific philosophies on the development of psychology over time. ->Requirement of operational definitions Operational Definitions: Discusses the importance of operational definitions in behaviorist psychology, introduced by Bridgman and Stevens. Scientific Inquiry: Highlights the need for measurable variables in scientific theories. Behaviorist Approach: Mentions Clark L. Hull’s use of mathematical equations to explain learning and motivation. Limitations: Notes that predictions based on these theories are limited to controlled situations. Dependent and independent variables (UV/AV) also was taken by behaviourists from the phisolophers -> the need for verification Verification in Science: Emphasizes the necessity of verification for ideas to be scientifically useful. Exclusion of Non-Empirical Statements: Rules out religious or introspective statements that cannot be empirically verified. Behaviorism Context: Discusses these concepts within the framework of behaviorist psychology. Further developments in behaviourism: Skinner vs. Tolman Skinner and radical behaviourism Skinner and Radical Behaviorism: Discusses B.F. Skinner’s contributions to behaviorism, particularly operant conditioning and radical behaviorism. summary Seite 1 summary Seite 2  Further developments in behaviourism: Skinner vs. Tolman Skinner and radical behaviourism Skinner and Radical Behaviorism: Discusses B.F. Skinner’s contributions to behaviorism, particularly operant conditioning and radical behaviorism. Operant Conditioning: Explains how behavior changes based on reinforcement or punishment. Views on Free Will: Skinner’s stance that personal freedom is an illusion and behavior is shaped by environmental contingencies. Controversy: Notes the intense controversy and debate generated by Skinner’s views. Tolman and purposive behaviourism Main Idea: The text discusses the evolution and differentiation within behaviorism, emphasizing the contributions of various psychologists beyond Skinner. Key Points: Behaviorism Variations: Highlights the differences between Skinner’s radical behaviorism and other forms like Hull’s and Tolman’s approaches. Tolman’s Experiments: Describes Tolman’s skepticism of Skinner’s operant conditioning and his experiments to demonstrate alternative views. -> Title: Strengthening the Scientific Standing of Psychology Main Idea: The text discusses the evolution and differentiation within behaviorism, emphasizing the contributions of various psychologists beyond Skinner. Key Points: Behaviorism Variations: Highlights the differences between Skinner’s radical behaviorism and other forms like Hull’s and Tolman’s approaches. Tolman’s Experiments: Describes Tolman’s skepticism of Skinner’s operant conditioning and his experiments to demonstrate alternative views. Blodgett’s Maze Experiment: Details an experiment with rats in a maze, showing that learning can occur without reinforcement, supporting Tolman’s cognitive map theory. Latent Learning: The experimental groups did not show significant learning until they found food. Once food was introduced, their error rates dropped significantly, indicating they had been learning during the non-rewarded trials. Error Curves: The graph shows the number of errors made by three groups of rats over several days, illustrating the concept of latent learning. Conclusion: The findings challenge Skinner’s radical behaviorism, suggesting that learning can occur without immediate reinforcement. Latent Learning: Tolman and Blodgett’s experiments showed that rats learned the layout of a maze even without immediate rewards, demonstrating latent learning. Cognitive Maps: The rats developed cognitive maps of the maze, which they used to navigate once food was introduced. Purposive Behaviorism: Tolman argued that behavior is goal-directed and can be studied objectively, differing from Skinner’s focus on stimulus-response associations. Watsons researches brought him to the point that what happenden in the black box between stimuli and responses, didn't imply that nothing occures at all, against the vision of Skinner Classical Behaviorism (John B. Watson) Focus: Observable behavior and the relationships between stimuli and responses. Core Idea: All behavior is learned through interactions with the environment via conditioning. Mental States: Generally ignored or considered irrelevant. Radical Behaviorism (B.F. Skinner) Focus: Both observable behaviors and the environmental factors that influence them. Core Idea: Behavior is influenced by its consequences, with reinforcements and punishments playing a key role. Mental States: Acknowledged but considered as behaviors that can be studied scientifically. Skinner introduced concepts like operant conditioning. Purposive Behaviorism (Edward C. Tolman) Focus: Goal-directed behavior and the cognitive processes underlying it. Core Idea: Behavior is purposeful and goal-oriented. Cognitive maps and latent learning are key concepts. Mental States: Emphasized the importance of cognitive processes in guiding behavior. summary Seite 3 summary Seite 4 summary Seite 5 summary Seite 6 summary Seite 7 summary Seite 8 summary Seite 9 summary Seite 10 summary Seite 11 summary Seite 12  Experiment-> taube frisst immer dann wenn das Licht angeht Konditionierung(klassische) summary Seite 13 summary Seite 14  Positive Reinforcemeht- add appetative stimulus Negative Reinforcement- 1- Escape - remove a noxious stimulus 2- Active avoidance behaviour avoids noxious stimulus Positive punishment- add noxious stimulus Negative punishment- remove appetative stimulus Practicals of reinforcement still usend a lot today Reward system for good behaviour in a juvenile (Jugendknast) (operante Konditionierung) summary Seite 15 summary Seite 16  Joseph Wolpe Systematic Desensitization is a behavioral therapy technique used to help individuals ov South african psychatrist ercome phobias and anxiety disorders. It involves three main steps: 1. Relaxation Training: The person learns relaxation techniques, such as deep breathing or Systematic desensitization(technique to help people effectively overcome progressive muscle relaxation, to manage anxiety responses. phobias and ohter anxiety disorders based on principles of classical conditioning 2. Creation of a Fear Hierarchy: The person creates a list of fear- an person is exposed to a stimulus at a low l inducing situations, ranked from least to most anxiety-provoking. 3. Gradual Exposure: Starting with the least anxiety- provoking situation, the person is gradually exposed to each item on the list while using r elaxation techniques to stay calm. This helps desensitize them to the fear- inducing stimuli. Aus Language experiemt Older childreen could copy sentences with higher grammar, but younger children couldnt - they coudnt handle the linguistic task eventhough they just had to copy it- evidence against skinners theory summary Seite 17 summary Seite 18