History of Behaviorism: Key Figures
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following describes Tolman's view on operant conditioning?

  • It relies heavily on observable behaviors.
  • Learning can happen without reinforcement. (correct)
  • Only positive reinforcement leads to learning.
  • It is the only valid method of learning.

What did Blodgett's maze experiment demonstrate about rats?

  • They could navigate the maze without any prior experience.
  • They formed a cognitive map of the maze. (correct)
  • They needed constant feedback for effective learning.
  • They learned only when rewarded.

What does the term 'latent learning' refer to in the context of Tolman's experiments?

  • Learning that is immediately observable.
  • A learning process that occurs only in the presence of rewards.
  • Knowledge gained that remains hidden until required. (correct)
  • Learning that is solely based on reinforcement.

How do the error curves from Tolman's experiments illustrate learning?

<p>They reveal a drop in error rates when rewards are introduced. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Skinner's radical behaviorism primarily emphasizes which of the following concepts?

<p>The role of reinforcement in shaping behavior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major conclusion drawn from Tolman's experiments compared to Skinner's approach?

<p>Rats can learn without direct reinforcement. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory is supported by the observation of rats learning maze navigation without reinforcement?

<p>Cognitive map theory. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Tolman’s framework, how is learning characterized across different trials without rewards?

<p>It accumulates until a reward is available. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes classical conditioning?

<p>Learning by associating a neutral stimulus with a response (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of positive reinforcement?

<p>Giving a student praise for good grades (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which situation does negative punishment apply?

<p>Taking away recess time for talking back (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does systematic desensitization help individuals?

<p>By exposing them to their fears while teaching them to relax (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of escape behavior in negative reinforcement?

<p>A child does homework to avoid parental disapproval (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents positive punishment?

<p>Assigning extra chores to a child for misbehavior (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding operant conditioning?

<p>It integrates both reinforcement and punishment to shape behavior (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method is primarily used in juvenile facilities to modify behavior?

<p>Positive reinforcement through rewards for good behavior (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Thorndike's Law of Effect emphasize in the learning process?

<p>Rewarding consequences strengthen behavior. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best illustrates classical conditioning as demonstrated by Pavlov?

<p>A dog salivates at the sound of a bell paired with food. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Thorndike's approach differ from traditional anecdotal methods?

<p>It used systematic experimentation instead of stories. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

John B. Watson is known for expanding on which psychological concept?

<p>Behaviorism focusing on observable behavior. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key similarity between Thorndike's and Pavlov's research?

<p>Both focus on observable behaviors rather than thoughts. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best reflects a trial-and-error learning scenario described by Thorndike?

<p>A monkey learns to solve a puzzle by randomly trying different methods. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of Pavlov's experiments in classical conditioning?

<p>The association between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant criticism did Thorndike have regarding introspective methods?

<p>They lacked reliability and scientific rigor. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Classical Conditioning

A type of learning where an organism learns to associate a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that naturally elicits a response. Over time, the neutral stimulus alone can trigger the response.

Law of Effect

The idea that behaviors followed by a reward are more likely to be repeated, while behaviors followed by punishment are less likely to be repeated.

Trial and Error Learning

A type of learning that occurs through trial and error, where an organism learns by experiencing the consequences of its behaviors.

Behaviorism

A school of psychology that focuses on studying observable behavior, rather than internal mental states.

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Scientific Methods

A scientific approach that utilizes systematic observation, experimentation, and data analysis to understand behavior.

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Comparative Psychology

The study of animal behavior and how it relates to human behavior.

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Thorndike's Puzzle Boxes

Experiments conducted by psychologist Edward Thorndike involving animals solving puzzles to obtain rewards.

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Pavlov's Research on Classical Conditioning

Experiments conducted by psychologist Ivan Pavlov involving dogs learning to associate a neutral stimulus with a response normally triggered by a natural stimulus.

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Cognitive Behaviorism

A type of behaviorism that emphasizes the role of internal mental processes in learning, like thinking and planning, rather than solely relying on external stimuli and responses.

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Latent Learning

A theory that suggests learning can occur even without immediate reinforcement. The learner acquires knowledge or skills that are not immediately expressed until a reward or incentive is provided.

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Cognitive Map

A mental representation of the spatial layout of an environment, which allows an individual to navigate and find their way around.

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Tolman's Maze Experiment

An experiment by Edward Tolman that showed rats could learn the layout of a maze even without receiving immediate rewards for their actions.

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Blodgett's Maze Experiment

An experiment conducted by Blodgett, where rats learned the layout of a maze without receiving immediate rewards. They only started showing their learning when they were later rewarded.

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Error Curve

A way to visualize the learning process over time, typically by plotting the number of errors made by an individual.

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Operant Conditioning

The idea that learning occurs through associations between stimuli and responses, where behaviors that are followed by positive reinforcement are more likely to be repeated.

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Radical Behaviorism

A behavioral approach that focuses on observable behaviors and their relationship to environmental stimuli, emphasizing the role of reinforcement in shaping behavior.

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Classical Conditioning (Pavlov's Dog)

A form of learning where a neutral stimulus (like a bell) becomes associated with a naturally occurring stimulus (like food) that elicits a response (like salivation).

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Operant Conditioning (Skinner)

A learning process where behaviors are strengthened or weakened by their consequences.

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Positive Reinforcement

A type of operant conditioning where a desirable stimulus is added following a behavior to increase the likelihood of that behavior occurring again.

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Negative Reinforcement

A type of operant conditioning where an unpleasant stimulus is removed following a behavior to increase the likelihood of that behavior occurring again.

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Positive Punishment

A type of operant conditioning where an unpleasant stimulus is added following a behavior to decrease the likelihood of that behavior occurring again.

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Negative Punishment

A type of operant conditioning where a desirable stimulus is removed following a behavior to decrease the likelihood of that behavior occurring again.

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Systematic Desensitization

A behavioral therapy technique used to help individuals overcome phobias and anxiety disorders. It involves 3 steps: Relaxation training, Hierarchy Development, and Exposure Therapy.

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Procedural Learning

A type of learning that occurs through repeated practice and feedback, often involving motor skills and procedures.

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Study Notes

History of Behaviorism

  • Behaviorism is a perspective emphasizing observable behavior.
  • It rejects introspection as a method, with a focus on stimulus-response relationships.
  • Key figures include Watson, Pavlov, Skinner, and Thorndike.
  • Behaviorism emerged as a reaction against earlier psychological approaches.

Behaviorism: John B. Watson

  • Watson (1878-1958) advocated for psychology as an objective science.
  • He studied under functionalist John Dewey.
  • Watson's doctoral thesis examined animal learning.
  • He edited the Psychological Review and later became APA president.
  • Watson's work encompassed psychodiagnostics in WWI and advertising.
  • He had an affair with a graduate student, which led to his dismissal from Johns Hopkins University.
  • Watson's career spanned across multiple avenues of psychology, culminating in a focus on observable behaviors and their ties to learning.

Behaviorism: Ivan Pavlov

  • Pavlov's work on classical conditioning is vital to behaviorism.
  • Classical conditioning involves associating a neutral stimulus with a potent stimulus.
  • This association leads the neutral stimulus to trigger the same response as the potent stimulus.
  • Pavlov's work focused on animal responses to stimuli, laying the foundation for understanding learned associations in behaviorism.

Behaviorism: Edward Thorndike

  • Thorndike's research focused on animal learning.
  • His work involved puzzle boxes where animals learned to escape through trial and error.
  • He formulated the "law of effect," which states satisfying outcomes increase the likelihood of a response, while unsatisfying ones decrease it.
  • Thorndike demonstrated the connection between actions and their consequences in animal learning through the Law of Effect, laying a critical groundwork for Behaviorism's understanding of learning.

Behaviorism: B.F. Skinner

  • Skinner (1904-1990) researched operant conditioning.
  • Operant conditioning emphasizes consequences and environmental influences on behavior.
  • Reinforcement strengthens behaviors; punishment weakens them.
  • Skinner's work extended to applications like token economies and societal design.
  • Skinner's ideas profoundly influenced behaviorism and its applications in various fields.

Behaviorism: Clark Hull

  • Hull (1884-1952) aimed to quantify behavioral relationships.
  • He developed mathematical equations to describe learning based on drive, stimulus strength, and incentives.
  • Hull's quantitative approach sought to predict specific behavioral responses.

Behaviorism: Methods

  • Case studies (e.g., "Little Albert") were significant approaches.
  • Researchers examined how learned associations create emotional responses.
  • Principles of learning, including classical conditioning (Pavlov) and operant conditioning (Skinner), were critical to this approach.
  • Thorndike's studies on animal learning, using puzzle boxes, explored the significance of consequences on behavior.

Behaviorism: Impact

  • Behaviorism significantly impacted psychology and other fields.
  • It provided practical applications in therapy and education.
  • Behaviorism challenged the traditional focus on internal mental processes, focusing only on observable behaviors.

Behaviorism: Decline

  • Behaviorism's influence waned as cognitive psychology gained prominence.
  • Cognitive psychology emphasized internal mental processes and their role in guiding behavior.

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Description

Explore the fundamental principles of behaviorism, focusing on key figures such as John B. Watson and Ivan Pavlov. This quiz covers essential concepts of observable behaviors, stimulus-response relationships, and the emergence of behaviorism as a psychological perspective. Test your understanding of their contributions to psychology and behavior analysis.

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